Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation The Controversy Between The Supporters Of Three Different Approaches To Trans...
The controversy between the supporters of three different approaches to translating continued unabated all through the periods of Classicism (17th – 18th centuries) and Enlightenment (the 18th century). They are as follows:
1) the word-for-word translation of ecclesiastic and philosophic works. The basic principles were undermined by Luther’s and Tyndale’s translations of the Bible;
2) free translation introduced by Horace and Apuleius, which had strongly established in France;
3) the Cicero’s principles of regular sense-to-sense translation without reductions or additions to the works.
John Dryden (1630-1700), English literary critic, demanded from translators „faithfulness to the spirit of the original” which became a regular motto in this period.
5. The epoch of Romanticism and establishment of the principles of faithful translation in Europe.
Constant and persistent in his intention to discard the harmful practice of strict word-for-word translation as well as of the unrestricted freedom of translating belles-letters works was J. G. Herder(1744-1803) from German. He demanded that all translations of prose and poetic works render strictly, fully and faithfully not only the richness of content, but also the stylistic peculiarities, the artistic beauty and the spirit of the SL works. His criticism of freedom and verbalism found support among Göthe, Schiller, in other countries. This new approach began slowly to gain ground in the 1st decades of the 19th century. Naturally, it was not employed in all European countries at once.
6. Translation in Kyivan Rus’ during the 10th–13th centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th–16th centuries.
Ukrainian history of translation began soon after the adoption of Christianity in the 10th century. The very first translations, however, are supposed to have been made several decades before that historical date, namely as early as 911, when the Kyivan Rus’ Prince Oleh signed a treaty with Byzantium in 2 languages (Greek and then old Ukrainian). According to Nestor the Chronicler Yaroslav the Wise “gathered together in 1037 in the St. Sophia Cathedral many translators (nисарі) to translate books from Greek into the Old Slavonic language, which was in those times the language of many ecclesiastic works and was understood in all Slavic countries”.
Soon the Bible began to appear in different cities of Kyivan Rus’. These Bibles are historically identified after the names of places where they first appeared or after the names of their translators or copiers. Among the fully preserved Bibles of those times today are the Reims Bible, belonged to Princess Anna, the Ostromyr’s Bible (1056), the Mstyslaw’s Bible (1115).
In the 11th and 12th centuries there also appeared several Psalm book (псалтирі) which were followed by the “Apostles” (1195, 1220).
These semi-ecclesiastic works, which were called apocrypha became well-known. These works included also Syrian, Greek legends.
In the period of the 11th–13th centuries a regular upheaval in translation with many ecclesiastic and secular works were observed, among them didactic precepts “Addresses”, wise expressions and aphorism selected from the works of Plutarch, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle.
The Tartar and Mongol invasion in 1240, the downfall of Kyiv, the seizure of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, which completed the collapse of Byzantium, considerably slowed the progress of translation in Ukraine-Rus’, which despite these tragic events, did not die out completely. 1307 – The Bible of Polycarp. The attention of Ukrainian translators during the 14th –15th centuries now turned to numerous philosophic and aesthetic works. From the purely literary works are known the narratives: A Story of the Indian Kingdom, The Passions of Christ.
The 15th centurymarked a noticeable change in the orientation of Ukrainian culture and translation towards Western Europe. The first Ukrainians went to study in the universities of Khrakow, Paris, Florence, Bologna, from which the scientist Yuriy Drohobych had graduated and soon was elected rector.
This time up till the end of 16th century Ukrainian translators as well as German, English, were engaged in bringing mostly ecclesiastical works into our language.
The year 1581 saw a new Bible – Ostroh Bible – published by Fedorov. It was the first ever completed translation of the Hole Book in Slavic countries.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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