The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation A Considerable Intensification Witnessed In Ukrainian Translation During The ...
A considerable intensification witnessed in Ukrainian translation during the 17th century, which could have been influenced by the initial activities in the Kyiv Mohyla Academy (founded in 1632), where translations were at first employed to further teaching processes. These translations were of higher quality though they were mostly free adaptation of anonymous free interpreters or a certain Vitaliy. Symeon Polotskyi(1629-1680) left a number of free translations of some polish poets.
The first decades of the 18th century were marked by unbearable terror imposed on the Ukrainian people by Peter I. With the enthroning of Catherine II the Ukrainian nation was completely enslaved. The official Russian language took the upper hand. Even the great philosopher H. Skovorodahad to perform his translations more in Russian than in bookish Ukrainian.
The first parts ofI. Kotlyarevskyi’sfree adaptation of Virgil’s Aeneidin 1797 in colloquial Ukrainian marked a significant historical turning-point in Ukrainian literature and culture.
Much more successful were free interpretations of P. Hulak-Artemovskyi“The Landlord and His Dog” (1818).
Near faithful versification can be observed in Y. Hrebinka’stranslationof Pushkin’s “Poltava” (1836). Taras Shevchenko had succeeded already to create David’s Psalms from Old Slavic into Ukrainian. Among these were: Y. Fedcovych, M. Maksymovych, M. Kostomarov. Soon there appeared P. Kulish, I. Franko, Lesya Ukrainka (4 languages).
In Austro-Hungarian part of Ukraine during the second half of the 19th century translation began to develop very quickly, translations appeared in magazines and journals Dzvin, Zorya, Bukovyna, Dilo.
8. Translation during the years of Ukraine’s independence and early Soviet rule, post-war period, during the last decade of the 20th century.
First decade of 20th century. Kyiv, Kharkiv, Poltava reprinted those translation published in Lviv, Chernivtsi and in World Library (Western Ukraine). From the nowadays point of view those translations mostly contained many lexico-semantic, structural, stylistic errors. The worst translations – of Jack London’s works.
The second period. The most outstanding translators of poetic works in 1920’s – early 1930’s was Mykola Zerov,he improved and successfully applied new methods of faithful versification. He managed to convey not only the main content, but also the spirit (pragmatic orientation) of the originals. Of course we should name also M.Khvylovyi among Neoclassicists.
The most outstanding place among the surviving Neoclassicists belongs to Maxym Rylskyi (1895-1964) – a very active literary critic of translation who practically laid the foundation for scientific Ukrainian (Soviet) criticism of belles-letters translation.
The third period in Soviet Ukrainian translation during the late 1950’s and early 1960’s was marked by the common understanding of the need for higher standard of translation.
A considerable contributions to Ukrainian belles-letters was made by M.Bazhan (1904-1983), H. Kochur(1908-1994), Yu. Pokolchuk, Perepadya.
Among the prolific translator of the 1960’s – 1990’s was V. Mytrofanov(1929-1998), who translated into Ukrainian about 40 books by American and German classic writers. The authors were Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, E. M. Hemingway, H. Beecher-Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Theoretics of translation theory – Cherednychenko, Karaban, Chernovatyi, Zorivchak.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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