The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.

[æ] - a, e. Angela-Анджела, Енджела, Andy- Енді, Анді.

[٨] - a, y, o. Ulrica- Алріка, Улріка; Ulster- Ольстер, Doug- Даг.

[u:] [ju]-. у,ю. Cooper- Купер, Judy-Джуді, Muriel-М’юріель, Ouse-р.Уз, Purim-Пюрім, Rubens- Рубенс, UNESCO- ЮНЕСКО.

[ð] - is substituted for т, д, з: Caruthers-Карудерс, Карузерс, Brothers- Бразерс, Carmarthenshire- Кармартеншір.

[ө] –т, с, ф (in Greek names): Bath- м. Бат, Dartmouth- Дартмут, but Athos- Афон, Carthage- Карфаген, Картаген.

[ŋ] –нг. Darlington- Дарлінгтон, Goulding- Голдінг.

[l] – л, л Larry-Ларрі, Леррі, Charles- Чарльз, Clinton- Клінтон.

Some componental phonemes may have traditionally established substitutions in separate nouns. Thus,

[w] – may be в or у. Washington- Вашінгтон, Wales- Уельс, Westminster- Весмінстер, Wilde- Вальд, Bristow- Брістоу, Show- Шоу.

So, English proper names are either transcribed or transliterated(or partly transcribed and partly transliterated) in Ukrainian. Mostly transcribed are names surnames containing specific English vowel phonemes: Abe – Ейб, Eli – Ілай, Aileen – Ейлін, Chauncey –Чонсі.

A number of English names are rendered by the way of transliteration only: Barbara, Victor, Adams, Barker, Clark, Wilson, Robert, etc.

Some proper names are transliterated with the omission or addition: McDonald – Макдональд, Dinah – Діна, Judah – Юда.

The bulk of all English proper names are also rendered into Ukrainian with the help of phonological / phonetical level units, i.e., either transcribed or transliterated. Care should be taken in order to avoid the influence of both the lingual and extralingual factors. E. g., the well – known names as Adam, David can be Адам, Давид (Biblical or historical) or Едем, Девід (common people’s names). Similarly with Matthew, Paul, Rachel – Матвій, Павло, Рахіль or Метью, Пол, Рейчел; Pope John Paul II – Папа Іоан Павло ІІ.

Mostly translated are the names of kings, queens, princes, princesses. There are exceptions: King Charles /George – Король Карл, Георг; Queen Elisabeth, Mary Stewart – Королева Єлизавета, Марія Стюарт.

Nicknames of people are almost always translated – King Richard the Lion heart – король Ричард Левине Серце, цар Іван Грозний – Tsar Ivan the Terrible, князь Святослав Хоробрий – Prince Svyatoslav the Brave.

Prince Charles of Wales – mass media gives the wrong translation принц Чарльз instead of Карл.

Indian chief’s names and family names of American Indians are translated: Chingachgook the Big Serpen – Чінгачгук Великий Змій, Hawk’s Eye – Соколине око, John Running Deer – Джон Тікаючий Олень.

A considerable number of English geographical names are rendered into Ukrainian by way of transcription only: Capetown, Dashwood – Дешвуд, Seattle – Сіетл. In recent decades there had been a general tendency to transcribe or transliterate and not translate. Some words are rendered with the help of transcription and partly via transliteration: Birmingham – Бірмінгем, Brighton – Брайтон.

A few proper and geographical names have a traditionally established form which doesn’t reflect their pronunciation or orthographic form: Maine – Meн (штат США), Texas – Texac, Lake Superior – Озеро Верхнє, the Arctic Ocean – Північний Льодовитий океан.

Names of seas, oceans, bays, channels and territories having the structure of word – combinations are translated: the Gulf of Mexico – Мексиканська затока, Закарпаття – Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, Краснодарський край – Krasnodar Territory; Азовське море – Sea of Azov.

Many geographical names require some identifying element in the TL: the Seychelles - Сейшельські о-ви; Sutherland – Сазерленд (графство Шотландії); Донбас – Donets coal field, Львівщина – Lviv region, oblast.

3. Conveying the names of companies, corporations, firms.

3.1. Traditionally, most names of companies are transcribedor transliterated and shortly explicated at the same time. This method is also employed when rendering the names of publishing houses, titles of newspapers, magazines. A shorter explication is practiced when the name of the company is well- known, a longer when translating at speech / text level. Campbell Soups Co. – компанія по виробництву консервованих страв „Кемпбелл супс компані”, British – American Tobacco Co. – об’єднана анго-амер. компанія тютюнових виробів „Брітіш – Американ тобекко компані”, but: General Motors – корпорація „ Дженерал Моторз”.

Ukrainian companies, firms, state or private bodies are translated according to the same rule. E.g.: Київська фірма „Світанок” – Kyiv Svitanok civil services firm, Львівська взуттєва фірма „Прогрес” – Lviv Prohres footwear firm.

3.2. Translation of the names of publishing houses is performed according to the same rules. Cambridge University Press – англійське видавництво наукової та довідкової літератури при Кембріджському університеті „Кембридж юніверсіті прес”, Associated Book Publishers-лондонська книжково-видавнича фірма „Ассошіейтед бук паблішерз”

Frequently, the names of British (American, etc) publishing houses are not mentioned at all. In translation we should add the identifying noun видавництво: Penguin Books –лондонське вид-во „Пінгвін букс”, Random House (USA) – видавництво худ. лiтератури „Рендом Гаус” (США).

Names of Ukrainian publishing houses are rendered into English similarly: with noun Publishers or Publishing House added to it.

Вид-во„Дніпро” – Dnipro Publishers, вид-во „Школа” – Shkola Publishing House (primary and secondary school manuals, reference books, dictionaries).

3.3. Similarly the names of news agencies are rendered: Reuters (News Agency) – англ. інформаційне агентство „Рейтер”, інформаційне агентство ТАРС, Новості – Russian TASS / Novosti News Agency .

3.4. Names of theatres, cinemas, hotels are also mostly reproduced through transcription or transliteration and explication at the sаme time. The Empire – кінотеатр „Емпайер” (великий лондонський кінотеатр), Київський театр юного глядача – The Kyiv Young Spectators Theatre; Kyiv Cinema Hall. The Royal Court Hotel – готель „Роял Корт”, ресторан „Дніпро”,”Москва”- the Dnipro, Moskva restaurant; the Ukraine Hotel.

3.5. Names of Ukrainian newspapers, journals require in English more extended explication than in Ukrainian: газета „Голос України” – the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada Holos Ukrainy newspaper; журнал „Іноземні мови” – Ukrainian teachers of foreign languages Inozemni Movy journal.

The titles of English papers are less explicated in Ukrainian translation: the New York Times – газета „Нью-Йорк таймс”, the article before the tittles is mostly omitted. The Teacher – „Тічер” (щотижнева газета вчителів Великобританії)

3.6. The names of streets, avenues and squares used in contextual environment, they are transcribed or transliterated: Wall Street – Волл-Стріт, Oxford Street – Оксфорд-Стріт.

When used out of context there must be additional noun вулиця, бульвар, провулок: The streets with numbers have them translated, First Avenue – Перша авеню, бульвар Лесі Українки – Lesya Ukrainka Avenue; Андріївський узвіз – in translation plus noun вулиця – Andruivskyi Uzviz Road. The names of streets given in honour of some events are translated: бульвар Дружби народів – The Friendship of Nations Avenue.

The names of English squares are mostly transcribed with adding площа: Percy Circus – пл. Персі – серкус або Parliament Square – пл. Парлeмент-Сквер, Парламентська площа.

Адміністративний район – district, rayon

Житловий район міста – residential area in

3.7. Names of public bodies such as political parties, trade unions, national or international bodiesare translated: the Labour party – лейбористська партія, спортивне товариство „Динамо” – Dynamo sports society.

Names “trade union”, “association”, “society”, “brotherhood”, “organization”, “union” should always be translated as профспілка. Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers – об’єднана профспілка робітників машинобудівної промисловості.

Ukrainian trade unions in the some way: профспілка працівників освіти, вищої школи і наукових установ - Ukrainian Public Education, Higher School and Scientific Institutions Workers Union.

3.8. Specific attention should be paid to the translation of the names of institutions, enterprises, etc., bearing honorary names. In English the honorary name precedes the enterprise, whereas in Ukrainian it follows the name.

Humboldt State College – Державний коледж ім. Гумбальдта, Національна бібліотека України ім. академіка Вернадського - Ukrainian Academician Vernadskyi National Library.

Care should be taken to avoid the expression “the named after” which is to be used only in explanatory versions. Hence, the Lviv V. Stefanyk library and never “the named after” V. Stefanyk Lviv library.