Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
2.1. By Transcription Or Transliteration Exc...
2.1. By transcription or transliteration exclusively. The units, whose meanings are rendered at the phonological level, usually belong to genuine internationalisms. For example: New rates per word for ads in hryvnias in the Kiev Post. –
Нові тарифи на рекламу в гривнях за слово в газеті "Київ Пост".
Andrew put out some bottled beer and asked to prepare sandwiches –
Ендрю дістав кілька пляшок пива і попросив приготувати йому сендвічі.
2.2. By transcription or transliteration and explication of their genuine nationally specific meaning.
The explanation may be given either in the translated passage/speech flow or in a footnote when a lengthy explication becomes necessary:
They took her to the Tower of London - Вони показали їй стародавню лондонську фортецю Тауер.
A single policeman guards outside Downing Street -Резиденцію прем'єр-міністра Великобританії охороняє один полісмен.
But a frequent usage of footnotes should be avoided, since footnotes may divert the reader's attention from the content of the passage.
2. 3. By descriptive explaining (explication only).
A considerable number of nationally biased units cannot be rendered into the TL by means of transcription, or might bring about an ambiguity in the TL narration/text. The Tommieswere numbered, formed four, right turned and marched away. -Рядових солдатів порахували, вишикували по 4, повернули праворуч і відвели геть, shepherd's pie - картопляна запіканка з м'ясом і цибулею, Union Jack - прапор Великої Британії.
2.4.By translating of componental parts and additional explication of units of the nationally biased lexicon.
The proper meaning of some specific units of the national lexicon can be rendered by way of regular translation of all or some componental parts and explication of the denotative meaning pertaining to the SL units (regular t-n of componental parts + exhaustive explanation of the essence of the specific national element). When translating at 1anguage level (out of context) the explanation may be unrestricted: bull's eyes -бичаче око (круглий великий різноколірний м'ятний льодяник), ginger ale - імбирний ель/ситро (безалкогольний (сильно) газований напій). But in the text of a translation explanations are usually given in the footnotes.
Long and very detailed explanation is not desirable .Students should not unnecessarily enlarge the explanation. Laconism should be the prevailing principle.
2.5.By ways of word- for-word or loan translation. Translated word - for - word are the specific national units of lexicon as: first reading - перше читання, secondary grammar school – середня граматична школа, щоденник учнівський - student's everyday record book, etc.
The denotative meaning may be rendered by way of loan translating as well. Thus: Salvation Army (USA, Gr. Britain) -Армія порятунку, Fan club - клуб прихильників, орден Ярослава Мудрого - the Order of Yaroslav the Wise.
The number of English genuine translation loans in Ukrainian, as well as Ukrainian in English, is considerable. So there is the number of word - for - word translations, as can be seen from some of the examples below: cornflakes - кукурудзяні пластівці; skyscraper - хмарочос; super-market - універсам; brain washing - промивання мізків; медаль за трудову доблесть -the Medal for Labor Distinction.
2.6.Translating by means of semantic analogies.
Some peculiar notions in SL and TL may be identical or analogous in their meaning and functioning. It happens due to the existence of common occupations, social services, food, etc. Sometimes they may appear as a result of direct or indirect borrowings. The City/Town Board of Education - міський відділ освіти, дипломна робота - graduation essay / project, курсова робота – term/yearly essay/project, курси вдосконалення- refresher course, підвищення кваліфікації - in - service training course, консультація - tutorial.
Sometimes translation of analogous units can be achieved only with the help of additional explications: summer school - літня школа (курс лекцій, семінарів, практичних занять для підвищення кваліфікації іноземних вчителів та студентів), caravanning - проводити літній час/відпустку, подорожуючи в будиночку - причепі).
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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