Transformations in the process of translation. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation 1. The Kind Of Major And Minor Alteration In The Structural ...
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as translator’s transformations. They are carried out either because of the incompatibility of the TL means of expression, which makes the transplantation of some SL units to it impossible, or in order to retain the style Of the SL passage and thus maintain the expressiveness of the SL sense units. Naturally, not all sense units need to be structurally transformed, they remain unchanged or little changed. Among these:
1) Most of genuine internationalisms, some idiomatic expressions, culturally biased notions: gentleman -джентльмен, finita la commedia - ділу кінець.
2) Many of loan internationalisms, which have in the TL the same meaning, often the same structural form but a different phonetic structure: the complex sentence - складне речення, subordination - підрядний зв'язок;
3) almost all proper nouns of various subclasses: Floy – Флой, Newton -Ньютон, Ohio – Огайо, General Motors Corp. But some of them are partly transformed: Charles V - король Карл п'ятий, Leghorn – Ліворно, "Sport"- американська спортивна газета "Спорт", etc.
Translation of sense units at the language level, i.e., at the level they belong to in the SL, represents nothing else than a process of constant transformations. The most frequent of these are the following two:
1) "inner" or implicit transformations taking place at the lexical/ semantic level of the TL as compared with the corresponding SL units;
2) "outer" or explicit transformations causing some alterations in the TL as compared with the structure of the corresponding sense units of the SL units.
A vivid illustration of "inner" transformation is realized in genuine internationalisms through their synonymous or polysemantic meanings: idiomatic - ідіоматичний / фразеологічний but also властивий, характерний, притаманний, imitation - імітація, наслідування, сурогат, замінник (imitation coffee); national -національний, народний/ державний, збройний (national forces of Ukraine - збройні сили України).
The outer transformation is performed in the process of translation practically on any type of the SL sense unit; already the change of the Roman type (шрифт) for the Ukrainian or Arabic one presents an explicit or outer transformation (Lviv Львів). A kind of combined explicit and implicit transformation may take, too: John may have three outer/ explicit realizations of its implicit meanings in Ukraine: Джон, Папа Іоанн Павло Другий -Pope John Paul II, King John І - король Іоанн І.
- at the phonetic/phonological level: ceremony - [ 'serimeni] -церемонія; some have partly transformed phonetic, i.e., outer structure: Ireland [aielend] Ірландія, Маіnе [mein] Meн, Rwanda [ ru:'andə] Руанда, Tunisia - Туніс (країна), Tunis - Туніс (столиця),
- the sense of several simple words may be expressed through word-groups : advance - робити успіх, примерзнути - to get chilled, vice versa : easy-going -добродушний, first-rate - першорядний, mother-in-law -свекруха/теща.
- when a word-group notion is translated through a common word : little Mary (jocul) - шлунок, Lord Harry -чортяка.
- when a word combination is rendered through a sentence structure: Nosy Porker -людина, яка втручається в чужі справи, Lazy Susan -столик, на якому розвозять/подають бутерброди до чаю.
All these outer transformations were prearranged by the semantic aims, i.e., they were used to express as fully and faithfully as possible the sense of SL units in the TL.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
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Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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