Lexical transformations. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation The Term Was Used By Retsker. Sometimes To Achieve Adequacy The Translator Mu...
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspondences. Such changes are called contextual substitutions or lexical transformations.
The choice of a more specific word in translation that gives a more detailed description of the idea is a common case in English-Ukrainian translation. English often uses general terms to describe definite objects or actions. We resort to specification: The focus is on the description of the selection process itself. - Тут увага зосереджується на описі самого процесу відбору.
The opposite procedure is the use of more general equivalent -generalization.
A young man of 6 feet 2 inches - Молодий чоловік вище середнього зросту
Another type is called modulation -logical development of the meaning. It involves the creation of an equivalent by replacing a unit in SL with a TL unit, the meaning of which can be logically deduced from it, it is just another way of referring to the same object or an aspect of the same situation.
He let me sit in front with the drive. - Він дозволив сісти мені в кабіну.
Additions are resorted to with the aim of achieving the necessary expressiveness. It becomes necessary in the TL either in order to express more clearly the content of the SL unit, or for the sake of achieving some stylistic effect." I'm so glad you've asked me, darling" -"Я дуже радий, що ти мене запитала про це, люба"
Often occurring are also omissions, which may be of two types:
a) objectively required - (articles, pronouns) -he has his hands in his pockets - він тримає руки в кишенях; -Oh, I like them I really do.-О, вони подобаються мені. Справді.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
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Lexical transformations.
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Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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