рефераты конспекты курсовые дипломные лекции шпоры

Реферат Курсовая Конспект

Lexical transformations.

Lexical transformations. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation The Term Was Used By Retsker. Sometimes To Achieve Adequacy The Translator Mu...

The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspondences. Such changes are called contextual substitutions or lexical transformations.

The choice of a more specific word in translation that gives a more detailed description of the idea is a common case in English-Ukrainian translation. English often uses general terms to describe definite objects or actions. We resort to specification: The focus is on the description of the selection process itself. - Тут увага зосереджується на описі самого процесу відбору.

The opposite procedure is the use of more general equivalent -generalization.

A young man of 6 feet 2 inches - Молодий чоловік вище середнього зросту

Another type is called modulation -logical development of the meaning. It involves the creation of an equivalent by replacing a unit in SL with a TL unit, the meaning of which can be logically deduced from it, it is just another way of referring to the same object or an aspect of the same situation.

He let me sit in front with the drive. - Він дозволив сісти мені в кабіну.

Additions are resorted to with the aim of achieving the necessary expressiveness. It becomes necessary in the TL either in order to express more clearly the content of the SL unit, or for the sake of achieving some stylistic effect." I'm so glad you've asked me, darling" -"Я дуже радий, що ти мене запитала про це, люба"

Often occurring are also omissions, which may be of two types:

a) objectively required - (articles, pronouns) -he has his hands in his pockets - він тримає руки в кишенях; -Oh, I like them I really do.-О, вони подобаються мені. Справді.

b) casual or subjectively introduced.

 

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Эта тема принадлежит разделу:

The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation

Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...

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Все темы данного раздела:

The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
  1. Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation. 2. The object of translation theory, the problems which the translation studies. 3. Interrelation with othe

Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
  Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont

The object of translation theory, the problems which the translatology studies.
Translation is a mean of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the TL a text, which has an id

Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes: -understanding (1); -verbalization (2). 4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first

Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a

Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur

Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic

Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex

The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500AD.
World translation in general and European translation in particular has a long tradition. The earliest mention of translation used in viva voce goes back to approximately the year 3000 BC in ancien

Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o

Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre

Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
The controversy between the supporters of three different approaches to translating continued unabated all through the periods of Classicism (17th – 18th centuries) and Enligh

The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
A considerable intensification witnessed in Ukrainian translation during the 17th century, which could have been influenced by the initial activities in the Kyiv Mohyla Academy (founded

Rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns.
Ukrainian proper names are mostly conveyed on the basis of their phonemic / orthographic structure, i. e. aretransliterated in English. One of the efforts to get rid of our former

The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.
[æ] - a, e. Angela-Анджела, Енджела, Andy- Енді, Анді. [٨] - a, y, o. Ulrica- Алріка, Улріка; Ulster- Ольстер, Doug- Даг. [u:] [ju]-. у,ю. Cooper- Купер, Judy-Джуді, M

Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l

Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.
  2.1. Literal translating of genuine internationalisms. - letter-to-letter translation, but a letter may be dropped or added іn the TL (dentist, rector, stadi

Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с. 2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча

Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
  Each nation in the course of its historical development acquires a great number of features characteristic of the nation only and not pertained to any other, even to genealogically

Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
  2.1. By transcription or transliteration exclusively. The units, whose meanings are rendered at the phonological level, usually belong to genuine internationalisms.

Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с. 2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа

Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d

The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
This kind of modality is realized in both 1anguages via modal verbs plus the infinitive of the notional verb, performing the function of compound modal verbal predicate. 1.1. Can /

То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w

Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.

Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl

Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g. I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це

Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex

Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
Transformations of nationally peculiar lexical units become inevitable as a result of differences existing between the ways and means of expression of the same meanings in the SL in the TL . There

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