Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistics. The linguistic theory is concerned with translation as a form of speech communication establishing contact between communicants who speak different languages. The basis of this theory is macro linguistics with all new branches such as sociolinguistics, text linguistics and communicative linguistics.
Basically, replacement of ST by TT of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are in human speech governed by the same rules and implying the same relationships between language, reality and human mind.
Communication is made possible through a logical interpretation by the users of the speech units, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations.
Extralinguistic factors also include the conditions of translator’s work, the recipient for whom is the translation made the temporal and space characteristics of the original.