INFECTIOUS DISEASES - раздел Философия, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Communicable Diseases Are Those That Can Be Transmitted From One Person (Or A...
Communicable diseases are those that can be transmitted from one person (or animal) to another. There may be direct or indirect transmission to a well person from an infected person or animal – at times through an intermediate animal host, a vector (a mosquito), or the inanimate environment. Illnesses result when an infectious agent invades and multiplies in the host.
The occurrence and spread of disease are determined by interplay of factors specific to the causative agent, the environment, and the individuals or groups in whom the disease occurs. A causative agent (if many were to fall ill at the same time) could endanger the operation and the safety of the ship. Thus, it is important to know how various diseases are spread, and what measures should be taken to ensure their prevention and control.
Infectious agents
Organisms that produce disease in man range in size from the submicroscopic viruses to the tapeworm, which may attain a length of several meters.
Various groups of infectious agents are listed below, together with some of the diseases they cause.
Common cold, influenza, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, rabies, measles, and viral pneumonia
Rickettsiae
Typhus fever
Protozoa
Malaria, amoebic dysentery
Metazoa
Filariasis, trichinosis, hookworm and tapeworm infections
Fungi
Ringworm and tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
Infectious agents are usually specific in their disease-producing capabilities. Several different organisms can produce diseases that resemble each other clinically (in symptoms and course) and pathogenically (in the anatomical changes they cause).
Essential basic rules for the management of communicable diseases
· Isolate. If anyone suffers from a temperature without obvious cause it is best to isolate him until a diagnosis has been made.
· Strip the patient and make a thorough examination, looking for any signs of utensils, in order to try to establish the diagnosis.
· Put the patient to bed,and appoint someone to look after and nurse him and organize the control of his eating and drinking utensils and their sterilization after use.
· Givefluidsin the first instance.
· If the patient’s temperature exceeds 39.5ºC make arrangements fortepid sponging.
· Arrange the use of bedpan and urine bottle if the patient shows any sign of prostration or if his temperature is high.
· If the patient is seriously ill and if there is any doubt as to diagnosis, seek RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE, failing which you should consider making for port.
· Treat symptoms as they arise.
· Do not attempt to get the patient up during convalescence if he is feeble, but keep him in bed until the next port is reached.
· When approaching port, send a radio message giving details of the case to enable the port health authorities to make arrangements for the isolation of the case and any contacts on arrival.
2. Answer the following questions
1. What is a communicable disease?
2. What factors determine the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases?
3. What groups of infectious agents do you know?
4. What are the essential basic rules for the management of communicable diseases?
3. Give summaries of the following texts
Malaria
It is an acute protozoa disease caused by malaria plasmodia. It is characterized with periodical attacks of fever, augmentation of liver and spleen, anemia and relapses. The source of infection is a sick person and parasite carrier. It is transferred via malaria mosquitoes of Anopheles genus. The parasite can be transferred via blood transfusions. Malaria is frequently occurred in the tropical and subtropical countries. At the beginning a sick person complains for weakness, headache, sometimes chill and fever. In a few days malaria acquires typical signs. At the fist half of a day the temperature increases sharply, the skin is pale and blue, dry and hot to touch. Tachycardia and hypotension are developed. In 2-3 hours the temperature raises up to 40-41ºC, the sick is anxious. Vomiting, loss of consciousness and hallucinations are possible. Then in 2-4 hours temperature reduces critically, abundant hydrosis is observed. Then the state is improved. Attacks repeat in 2-3 days. The total amount of attacks is 8-10. Malaria may provoke complications: anemia, coma, acute kidney failure, mental disorders, etc.
Special treatment is prescribed. All the persons with high temperature should undergo the blood examination for malaria. All the persons supposed to work in malaria-suspicious areas should take anti-malaria medicines 2-3 days prior to the visit, during the visit and afterwards for 4 weeks.
Yellow Fever
Prevention. – This disease is caused by the bite of the mosquito Stegomyia fasciata that has fed on infected persons. All the crewmembers should be vaccinated prior the voyage. All fresh water receptacles on the ship should be protected.
Symptoms. – The incubations period is usually three or four days, as a rule; the onset is sudden and in the early morning hours. Chilly feelings are common, followed by high fever. The eyes become red and the skin feels hot, dry and yellow. Nausea and vomiting are common. The bowels are usually constipated. The face is flushed and the throat is sore. The first stage of fever lasts two or three days, then is followed by a calm when the fever goes down. This stage lasts two or three days and in mild cases recovery begins but in fatal cases the fever rises and remains constant or goes higher than in the first stage.
In the third stage vomiting increases and the vomit may contain large amounts of blood. This altered blood gives it a dark colour and is commonly called black vomit. It is not a fatal symptom, but occurs only in severe cases.
Treatment. – The patient should be isolated in a well-screened room. The bowels should be opened by a purge. Plenty of alkaline water should be given and the diet should consist only of thin fluids. Cold baths or ice packs may be used to reduce the fever.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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Front - Спереди
Frontal region of the head – Лобная часть головы Side of head – Височная часть головы Top of head - Макушка Face – Лицо Cheek - Щека Jaw - Челюсть
Back - Сзади
Back of head - затылок Back of neck – Шея (сзади) Back of shoulder - Плечо Scapula region - Лопатка Elbow - локоть Back upper arm – Верхняя часть
General principles of first aid aboard ship
First aid must be administered immediately to: restore breathing and heart-beat, control bleeding, remove poisons, prevent further injury to the patient (for instance, his removal from a room conta
Если пострадавший в бессознательном состоянии
· Положите пострадавшего на спину и расположите голову так, чтобы подбородок был приподнят;
· Опустите челюсть пострадавшего так, чтобы рот был открыт;
· Убедитесь, что дыхательны
Remember the following expressions
Тщательно составленная история болезни – careful history
Запись в истории болезни – record in a case report
Заполнение истории болезни – filling in a patient’s card
Жалоб
Routine particulars about the ship
1.1. Name of ship
1.2. Call sign
1.3. Date and time (GMT/UTC)
1.4. Course, speed, position
1.5.1. Port of destination is … and is … hours/days away
1.5.
Routine particulars about the ship
1.5. Name of ship
1.6. Call sign
1.7. Date and time (GMT/UTC)
1.8. Course, speed, position
1.5.1. Port of destination is … and is … hours/days away
1.5.
Other comments
Comments by the radio doctor
Make the following radio message Моторист, Н., 45 лет. Приступ сжимающей боли за грудиной, иррадиация в левое плечо
Electrical burns
Make sure you do not become the next casualty when approaching any person who is in contact with electricity. If possible, switch off the current. Otherwise, insulate yourself before approaching an
Treatment
Try to remove patient to hospital within 6 hours, otherwise seek RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE in the case of:
third-degree burns; babies; burns of face and genitalia, and l
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English
1. Ожоги, вызванные сухим и влажным жаром, лечат одинаково.
2. Ожоги первой степени затрагивают только наружный слой кожи, вызывая покраснение, умеренный отек, болезненность при прикоснове
ABDOMINAL PAIN
Minor Abdominal Conditions
This group of conditions includes indigestion, “wind”, flatulence, mild abdominal colic (spasmodic abdominal pain without vomiting or diarrhea and fever),
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is the commonest abdominal emergency, occurring mostly in people under 30 years old, though it can appear in people of any age. When considering appendicitis as a diagnosis, always ask
Indigestion
Indigestion occurs when food fails to undergo the normal changes of digestion in the alimentary canal. It is a symptom and not a disease. Occasional indigestion may be of no consequence, but chroni
Intestinal obstruction
Intestinal obstruction may come on either slowly or suddenly; a common cause is a strangulated hernia. The bowel will always try to push intestinal contents past any obstruction, and as it does so
Dysentery
This disease is due to bacteria taken into the system through water or food and usually occurs in tropical and semitropical countries. This bacteria cause severe inflammation of the mucous membrane
Fractures
A fracture is a broken bone. The bone may be broken into two or more pieces or it may have a linear crack. Fractures are described as closed if the skin remains unbroken. If there is a wound at or
Internal Bleeding
Internal bleeding may result from a direct blow to the body, from strains, and from diseases such as peptic ulcer.
Internal bleeding can be concealed or visible. Bleeding round a broken li
Toxic hazards of chemicals
Ships carry a number of substances in addition to cargo that are potentially toxic. For instance, medicines are not generally poisonous but can become so if taken other than prescribed. Then there
Diagnosis of poisoning
General Principles
The diagnosis of poisoning may be simplified if one of the following factors point to the probable cause:
· the circumstances of the incident, e.g. a lea
Prevention of poisoning
Remember: Prevention is better than cure
Knowledge of the basic safety precautions and strict adherence to them by people working with dangerous goods, and also knowledge
Food-borne diseases (food poisoning)
Food-borne diseases - some forms of which are sometimes also referred to as food poisoning - are illnesses of an infectious or toxic nature caused, or thought to be caused, by the consumption of fo
Less common causes
· Migraine, which usually occurs only on one side of the head and is associated with vomiting and visual disturbances such as flashing lights.
· Brain disease; acute as with meningitis and
Angina pectoris (pain in the chest)
Angina usually affects those of middle age and upwards. The pain varies from patient to patient in frequency of occurrence, type, and severity. It is most often brought on by physical exertion (ang
Specific treatment
Pain can be relieved by sucking (not swallowing) a tablet of glyceryl trinitrate (0.5 mg). The tablet should be allowed to dissolve slowly under the tongue. These tablets can be used as often as ne
Heat-stroke (sunstroke)
Heat-stroke is a medical emergency that is associated with a potentially high mortality rate. It occurs when the body's main mechanism of heat loss (evaporation of sweat) is blocked. There m
Treatment
Immediate treatment must be given to reduce the body temperature, or brain damage and death may occur. The patient should be undressed and placed in a tub of cold (around 20 °C) water; or co
Hernia (rupture)
The abdominal cavity is a large enclosed space lined by a sheet of tissue. The muscles of the abdominal wall resist the varying changes of pressure within the cavity. Increased pressure may force t
Strangulated hernia
Most hernias, whatever their size, manage to pass backwards and forwards through the weakness in the abdominal wall without becoming trapped in the opening. However, the contents of the hernia pouc
High blood pressure (hypertension)
As blood is pumped by the heart, it exerts a pressure on the walls of the arteries. This pressure -blood pressure - varies within normal limits. During activity it tends to be highe
High temperature (hyper pyrexia)
Hyper pyrexia is the word used to describe too high a body temperature, i.e., one of 40 °C or higher. Such temperatures can be dangerous to the survival of the individual and require careful manage
Sore throat
A common complaint, sore throat may be local or it may be part of a serious illness. Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils) and abscesses in the tissues of the tonsillar area are examples of loc
General treatment for sore throats
Take the patient's temperature, and feel for tender enlarged glands in the neck.
Patients with sore throats should not smoke.
For simple tonsillitis or sore throat, gargling with
Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
This is an abscess that can follow tonsillitis. It forms normally round one tonsil, and the swelling pushes the tonsil downwards into the mouth. The patient may find it so difficult and painful to
Abandonment of vessel
Lifeboat drills must be conducted to prepare for possible disaster. Both crew and passengers must be instructed in the procedures to be followed. Reasons for such instruction should be given to all
Survivor pick-up by survival craft (lifeboat or raft)
Surviving in a lifeboat or life-craft (hereafter referred to as "the survival craft") is one of the most strenuous ordeals an individual can face. It involves combat against all the eleme
Immediate medical problems aboard survival craft
Trauma
Injuries should be handled as outlined in Chapter 4. However, a prepared medical survival kit might not be available, so the rescuers will have to improvise. The following m
Other medical problems aboard survival craft
Seasickness
Seasickness (motion sickness) is an acute illness characterized by loss of appetite, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Preventive measures are often effective.
Generalized immersion hypothermia aboard the rescue vessel
At environmental temperatures of less than 20-21 °C, man's survival depends upon insulation (body fat, clothing), the ratio of body surface to volume, the basal metabolic rate, and the w
Contamination with oil
Do not clean oil off the skin (except round the mouth and eyes) until the person is warm and comfortable. Survivors who have recovered from hypothermia can taken to a warm shower or bathroom and sh
Dehydration and malnutrition
Survivors who have been adrift for several days may be suffering from dehydration. If they have been adrift for several weeks, malnutrition may also be a problem. Caution should be exercised in try
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