Ships carry a number of substances in addition to cargo that are potentially toxic. For instance, medicines are not generally poisonous but can become so if taken other than prescribed. Then there are substances like cleaners, degreasers, and disinfectants that can give rise to toxic hazards through misuse.
Toxic substances can affect the body in various ways:
· through the lungs by inhalation of toxic gases and fumes;
· through the mouth and digestive system, if swallowed;
· through skin contact;
· through eye contact.
Breathing is the most common route of poisoning in the shipping industry and the toxic substance may consist of vapour, gas, mist, spray, dust, or fumes. Swallowing of a poison occurs less frequently and is usually the result of an accident. Absorption through the skin and by inhalation may have a delayed effect. The substances that cause harm do so by burning, or causing local damage to the skin, eyes or other tissue, or by general poisoning after absorption. Allergic reactions are also possible. The effects may be sudden and dramatic, or gradual and cumulative. The damage may be temporary or permanent. Suspect every chemical to be dangerous until you know otherwise. Whatever the cause of the poisoning, treatment must be prompt. Complications of poisoning can be avoided by rapid emergency treatment.