General principles of first aid aboard ship - раздел Философия, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК First Aid Must Be Administered Immediately To: Restore Breathing And Heart-Be...
First aid must be administered immediately to: restore breathing and heart-beat, control bleeding, remove poisons, prevent further injury to the patient (for instance, his removal from a room containing carbon monoxide or smoke).
A rapid, emergency evaluation of the patient should be made immediately at the scene of the injury to determine the type and extent of the trauma. Because every second may count, only the essential pieces of the patient's clothing should be removed.
In the case of an injured limb, get the sound limb out of the clothing first, and then peel the clothes off the injured limb. If necessary, cut clothes to expose the injured part.
Keep workers from crowding round.
The patient's pulse should be taken. If it cannot be felt at the wrist, it should be felt at the carotid artery at the side of the neck. If there is no pulse, heart compression and artificial respiration must be started. The patient should be treated for shock if the pulse is weak and rapid, or the skin pale, cold, and possibly moist, with an increased rate of shallow, irregular breathing. Remember that shock can be a great danger to life, and its prevention is one of the main objectives of first aid.
The patient should be kept in the position that best provides relief from his injuries. Usually this is a lying-down position, which increases circulation of the blood to the head.
The patient should be observed for type of breathing and possible bleeding. If he is not breathing, mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose artificial respiration must be given.
Severe bleeding must be controlled.
During this time, the patient, if conscious, should be reassured and told that all possible help is being given. The rescuer should ask about the location of any painful areas.
The patient should be kept in a lying-down position and moved only when absolutely necessary. The general appearance of the patient should be observed, including any signs and symptoms that may indicate a specific injury or illness.
The patient should not be moved if injuries of the neck or spine are suspected. Fractures should be splinted before moving a patient. No attempt should be made to set a fracture.
Wounds and most burns should be covered to prevent infection.
Once life-saving measures have been started or deemed not necessary, the patient should be examined more thoroughly for other injuries. The patient should be covered to prevent loss of body heat. If necessary, protect him also from heat, remembering that in the tropics, the open steel deck on which he may be lying will usually be very hot. The patient should not be given alcohol in any form. Never underestimate and do not treat as minor injuries: unconsciousness; suspected internal bleeding; stab or puncture wounds; wounds near joints; possible fractures; eye injuries.
Note. Never consider anyone to be dead, until you and others agree that: no pulse can be felt, and no sounds are heard when the examiner's ear is put to the chest; breathing has stopped; the eyes are glazed and sunken; there is progressive cooling of the body (this may not apply if the surrounding air temperature is close to normal body temperature).
Все темы данного раздела:
Front - Спереди
Frontal region of the head – Лобная часть головы Side of head – Височная часть головы Top of head - Макушка Face – Лицо Cheek - Щека Jaw - Челюсть
Back - Сзади
Back of head - затылок Back of neck – Шея (сзади) Back of shoulder - Плечо Scapula region - Лопатка Elbow - локоть Back upper arm – Верхняя часть
Если пострадавший в бессознательном состоянии
· Положите пострадавшего на спину и расположите голову так, чтобы подбородок был приподнят;
· Опустите челюсть пострадавшего так, чтобы рот был открыт;
· Убедитесь, что дыхательны
Summary of points to be remembered when applying artificial respiration and heart compression
Don't delay - Place victim on his back on a hard surface.
Step A. Airway - If patient is unconscious, open the airway; thereafter make sure it stays open.
Remember the following expressions
Тщательно составленная история болезни – careful history
Запись в истории болезни – record in a case report
Заполнение истории болезни – filling in a patient’s card
Жалоб
Routine particulars about the ship
1.1. Name of ship
1.2. Call sign
1.3. Date and time (GMT/UTC)
1.4. Course, speed, position
1.5.1. Port of destination is … and is … hours/days away
1.5.
Routine particulars about the ship
1.5. Name of ship
1.6. Call sign
1.7. Date and time (GMT/UTC)
1.8. Course, speed, position
1.5.1. Port of destination is … and is … hours/days away
1.5.
Other comments
Comments by the radio doctor
Make the following radio message Моторист, Н., 45 лет. Приступ сжимающей боли за грудиной, иррадиация в левое плечо
Electrical burns
Make sure you do not become the next casualty when approaching any person who is in contact with electricity. If possible, switch off the current. Otherwise, insulate yourself before approaching an
Treatment
Try to remove patient to hospital within 6 hours, otherwise seek RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE in the case of:
third-degree burns; babies; burns of face and genitalia, and l
Translate the following sentences from Russian into English
1. Ожоги, вызванные сухим и влажным жаром, лечат одинаково.
2. Ожоги первой степени затрагивают только наружный слой кожи, вызывая покраснение, умеренный отек, болезненность при прикоснове
ABDOMINAL PAIN
Minor Abdominal Conditions
This group of conditions includes indigestion, “wind”, flatulence, mild abdominal colic (spasmodic abdominal pain without vomiting or diarrhea and fever),
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is the commonest abdominal emergency, occurring mostly in people under 30 years old, though it can appear in people of any age. When considering appendicitis as a diagnosis, always ask
Indigestion
Indigestion occurs when food fails to undergo the normal changes of digestion in the alimentary canal. It is a symptom and not a disease. Occasional indigestion may be of no consequence, but chroni
Intestinal obstruction
Intestinal obstruction may come on either slowly or suddenly; a common cause is a strangulated hernia. The bowel will always try to push intestinal contents past any obstruction, and as it does so
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Communicable diseases are those that can be transmitted from one person (or animal) to another. There may be direct or indirect transmission to a well person from an infected person or animal – at
Dysentery
This disease is due to bacteria taken into the system through water or food and usually occurs in tropical and semitropical countries. This bacteria cause severe inflammation of the mucous membrane
Fractures
A fracture is a broken bone. The bone may be broken into two or more pieces or it may have a linear crack. Fractures are described as closed if the skin remains unbroken. If there is a wound at or
Types of fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – закрытый перелом
Combined fracture – сочетанный перелом
Comminuted fracture – оскольчатый перелом
Сompound fracture - открытый перелом
Internal Bleeding
Internal bleeding may result from a direct blow to the body, from strains, and from diseases such as peptic ulcer.
Internal bleeding can be concealed or visible. Bleeding round a broken li
Toxic hazards of chemicals
Ships carry a number of substances in addition to cargo that are potentially toxic. For instance, medicines are not generally poisonous but can become so if taken other than prescribed. Then there
Diagnosis of poisoning
General Principles
The diagnosis of poisoning may be simplified if one of the following factors point to the probable cause:
· the circumstances of the incident, e.g. a lea
Prevention of poisoning
Remember: Prevention is better than cure
Knowledge of the basic safety precautions and strict adherence to them by people working with dangerous goods, and also knowledge
Food-borne diseases (food poisoning)
Food-borne diseases - some forms of which are sometimes also referred to as food poisoning - are illnesses of an infectious or toxic nature caused, or thought to be caused, by the consumption of fo
Less common causes
· Migraine, which usually occurs only on one side of the head and is associated with vomiting and visual disturbances such as flashing lights.
· Brain disease; acute as with meningitis and
Angina pectoris (pain in the chest)
Angina usually affects those of middle age and upwards. The pain varies from patient to patient in frequency of occurrence, type, and severity. It is most often brought on by physical exertion (ang
Specific treatment
Pain can be relieved by sucking (not swallowing) a tablet of glyceryl trinitrate (0.5 mg). The tablet should be allowed to dissolve slowly under the tongue. These tablets can be used as often as ne
Heat-stroke (sunstroke)
Heat-stroke is a medical emergency that is associated with a potentially high mortality rate. It occurs when the body's main mechanism of heat loss (evaporation of sweat) is blocked. There m
Treatment
Immediate treatment must be given to reduce the body temperature, or brain damage and death may occur. The patient should be undressed and placed in a tub of cold (around 20 °C) water; or co
Hernia (rupture)
The abdominal cavity is a large enclosed space lined by a sheet of tissue. The muscles of the abdominal wall resist the varying changes of pressure within the cavity. Increased pressure may force t
Strangulated hernia
Most hernias, whatever their size, manage to pass backwards and forwards through the weakness in the abdominal wall without becoming trapped in the opening. However, the contents of the hernia pouc
High blood pressure (hypertension)
As blood is pumped by the heart, it exerts a pressure on the walls of the arteries. This pressure -blood pressure - varies within normal limits. During activity it tends to be highe
High temperature (hyper pyrexia)
Hyper pyrexia is the word used to describe too high a body temperature, i.e., one of 40 °C or higher. Such temperatures can be dangerous to the survival of the individual and require careful manage
Sore throat
A common complaint, sore throat may be local or it may be part of a serious illness. Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils) and abscesses in the tissues of the tonsillar area are examples of loc
General treatment for sore throats
Take the patient's temperature, and feel for tender enlarged glands in the neck.
Patients with sore throats should not smoke.
For simple tonsillitis or sore throat, gargling with
Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
This is an abscess that can follow tonsillitis. It forms normally round one tonsil, and the swelling pushes the tonsil downwards into the mouth. The patient may find it so difficult and painful to
Abandonment of vessel
Lifeboat drills must be conducted to prepare for possible disaster. Both crew and passengers must be instructed in the procedures to be followed. Reasons for such instruction should be given to all
Survivor pick-up by survival craft (lifeboat or raft)
Surviving in a lifeboat or life-craft (hereafter referred to as "the survival craft") is one of the most strenuous ordeals an individual can face. It involves combat against all the eleme
Immediate medical problems aboard survival craft
Trauma
Injuries should be handled as outlined in Chapter 4. However, a prepared medical survival kit might not be available, so the rescuers will have to improvise. The following m
Other medical problems aboard survival craft
Seasickness
Seasickness (motion sickness) is an acute illness characterized by loss of appetite, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Preventive measures are often effective.
Medical problems of the rescued castaway on board the rescue vessel
The treatment of survivors will depend on the nature of the rescue facility and the number and medical condition of the survivors.
Personnel on the rescue vessel should rapidly sort all su
Generalized immersion hypothermia aboard the rescue vessel
At environmental temperatures of less than 20-21 °C, man's survival depends upon insulation (body fat, clothing), the ratio of body surface to volume, the basal metabolic rate, and the w
Contamination with oil
Do not clean oil off the skin (except round the mouth and eyes) until the person is warm and comfortable. Survivors who have recovered from hypothermia can taken to a warm shower or bathroom and sh
Dehydration and malnutrition
Survivors who have been adrift for several days may be suffering from dehydration. If they have been adrift for several weeks, malnutrition may also be a problem. Caution should be exercised in try
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