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Abandonment of vessel

Abandonment of vessel - раздел Философия, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Lifeboat Drills Must Be Conducted To Prepare For Possible Disaster. Both Crew...

Lifeboat drills must be conducted to prepare for possible disaster. Both crew and passengers must be instructed in the procedures to be followed. Reasons for such instruction should be given to all concerned, because procedures will be remembered better when the necessity for them is understood.

Forced immersion is the primary hazard to life after surviving the initial impact of hitting the water. It should be kept in mind that no ocean or lake has a temperature equal to body temperature. Thus, in all latitudes, anyone in open water will lose heat, and heat loss lowers the internal body temperature. As the internal body (core) temperature falls below normal and generalized hypothermia develops, there is an increasing likelihood of ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.

The loss of body heat is one of the greatest hazards to the survival of a person in the sea.

The extent to which generalized hypothermia threatens life is determined by the water temperature and the length of exposure. The bodily effects of subnormal temperature will vary depending on geography, season, duration and activity in the water, and body insulation (the amount of fatty tissue and clothing of the individual).

Practical hints for people forced to abandon ship have been published in a pamphlet distributed by the International Maritime Organization. This pamphlet should be available on board ship, and should be used for training the crew.

These hints, aimed at increasing the chances of survival in cold water following disaster at sea, are reproduced below.

1. Put on as much warm clothing as possible, making sure to cover head, neck, hands, and feet.

2. If an immersion suit is available put it on over the warm clothing.

3. If the immersion suit does not have inherent flotation, put on a life-jacket and be sure to secure it correctly.

4. Anyone who knows that he is likely to be affected by seasickness should, before or immediately after boarding the survival craft, take some recommended preventive tablets or medicine in a dose recommended by the manufacturer. The incapacitating effect of seasickness interferes with your survival chances; the vomiting removes precious body fluid, while seasickness in general makes you more prone to hypothermia.

5. Avoid entering the water if possible, e.g., board davit-launched survival craft on the embarkation deck. If davit-launched survival craft are not available, use over-side ladders, or if necessary lower yourself by means of a rope or fire hose.

6. Unless it is unavoidable, do not jump from higher than 5 metres into the water. Try to minimize the shock of sudden cold immersion. A sudden plunge into the cold water can cause rapid death or an uncontrollable rise in breathing rate that may result in an intake of water into the lungs. If it is absolutely necessary to jump into the water, you should keep your elbows to your side and cover your nose and mouth with one hand, while holding the wrist or elbow firmly with the other hand. Do not jump into the water astern of the life raft in case there is any remaining headway on the ship.

7. Once in the water, whether accidentally or as a result of abandoning ship, orientate yourself and try to locate the ship, lifeboats, life-crafts, other survivors, and other floating objects. If you were unable to prepare yourself before entering the water, button up clothing at this point. In cold water, you may experience violent shivering and great pain. These are natural body reflexes that are not dangerous. You do, however, need to take action as quickly as possible before you lose full use of your hands; button up clothing, turn on signal lights, locate whistle, etc.

8. While afloat in the water, do not attempt to swim unless it is to reach a nearby craft, a fellow survivor, or a floating object on which you can lean or climb. Unnecessary swimming will "pump" out any warm water between your body and the layers of clothing, thereby increasing the rate of body-heat loss. In addition, unnecessary movements of your arms and legs send warm blood from the inner core to the outer layer of the body. This results in a very rapid heat loss. Hence, it is most important to remain as still as possible in the water, however painful it may be. Remember, pain will not kill you, but heat loss will!

9. The position you assume in the water is also very important in conserving heat. Float as still as possible with your legs together, elbows close to your side, and arms folded across the front of your life-jacket. This position minimizes the exposure of the body surface to the cold water. Try to keep your head and neck out of the water.

10. Try to board a lifeboat, raft, or other floating platform or object as soon as possible in order to shorten the immersion time. Remember, you lose body heat many times faster in water than in air. Since the effectiveness of your insulation is seriously reduced by soaking in water, you must now try to shield yourself from wind to avoid a wind-chill effect (convective cooling). If you manage to climb aboard a lifeboat, shielding can be accomplished with the aid of a canvas cover or tarpaulin, or an unused garment. Huddling close to the other occupants of the lifeboat will also conserve body heat. Keep a positive attitude of mind about your survival and rescue. This will improve your chances of extending your survival time until rescue comes. Your will to live does make a difference!

11. DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL BEFORE ABANDONING SHIP. It is dangerous - it not only causes rapid heat loss, but also impairs judgment.


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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Керченский государственный морской технологический университет... Кафедра иностранных языков... АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК...

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Все темы данного раздела:

Front - Спереди
Frontal region of the head – Лобная часть головы Side of head – Височная часть головы Top of head - Макушка Face – Лицо Cheek - Щека Jaw - Челюсть

Back - Сзади
Back of head - затылок Back of neck – Шея (сзади) Back of shoulder - Плечо Scapula region - Лопатка Elbow - локоть Back upper arm – Верхняя часть

General principles of first aid aboard ship
First aid must be administered immediately to: restore breathing and heart-beat, control bleeding, remove poisons, prevent further injury to the patient (for instance, his removal from a room conta

Если пострадавший в бессознательном состоянии
· Положите пострадавшего на спину и расположите голову так, чтобы подбородок был приподнят; · Опустите челюсть пострадавшего так, чтобы рот был открыт; · Убедитесь, что дыхательны

Summary of points to be remembered when applying artificial respiration and heart compression
  Don't delay - Place victim on his back on a hard surface. Step A. Airway - If patient is unconscious, open the airway; thereafter make sure it stays open.

Remember the following expressions
Тщательно составленная история болезни – careful history Запись в истории болезни – record in a case report Заполнение истории болезни – filling in a patient’s card Жалоб

Routine particulars about the ship
1.1. Name of ship 1.2. Call sign 1.3. Date and time (GMT/UTC) 1.4. Course, speed, position 1.5.1. Port of destination is … and is … hours/days away 1.5.

Routine particulars about the ship
1.5. Name of ship 1.6. Call sign 1.7. Date and time (GMT/UTC) 1.8. Course, speed, position 1.5.1. Port of destination is … and is … hours/days away 1.5.

Other comments
Comments by the radio doctor Make the following radio message Моторист, Н., 45 лет. Приступ сжимающей боли за грудиной, иррадиация в левое плечо

Electrical burns
Make sure you do not become the next casualty when approaching any person who is in contact with electricity. If possible, switch off the current. Otherwise, insulate yourself before approaching an

Treatment
Try to remove patient to hospital within 6 hours, otherwise seek RADIO MEDICAL ADVICE in the case of: third-degree burns; babies; burns of face and genitalia, and l

Translate the following sentences from Russian into English
1. Ожоги, вызванные сухим и влажным жаром, лечат одинаково. 2. Ожоги первой степени затрагивают только наружный слой кожи, вызывая покраснение, умеренный отек, болезненность при прикоснове

ABDOMINAL PAIN
Minor Abdominal Conditions This group of conditions includes indigestion, “wind”, flatulence, mild abdominal colic (spasmodic abdominal pain without vomiting or diarrhea and fever),

Appendicitis
Appendicitis is the commonest abdominal emergency, occurring mostly in people under 30 years old, though it can appear in people of any age. When considering appendicitis as a diagnosis, always ask

Indigestion
Indigestion occurs when food fails to undergo the normal changes of digestion in the alimentary canal. It is a symptom and not a disease. Occasional indigestion may be of no consequence, but chroni

Intestinal obstruction
Intestinal obstruction may come on either slowly or suddenly; a common cause is a strangulated hernia. The bowel will always try to push intestinal contents past any obstruction, and as it does so

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Communicable diseases are those that can be transmitted from one person (or animal) to another. There may be direct or indirect transmission to a well person from an infected person or animal – at

Dysentery
This disease is due to bacteria taken into the system through water or food and usually occurs in tropical and semitropical countries. This bacteria cause severe inflammation of the mucous membrane

Fractures
A fracture is a broken bone. The bone may be broken into two or more pieces or it may have a linear crack. Fractures are described as closed if the skin remains unbroken. If there is a wound at or

Types of fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – закрытый перелом Combined fracture – сочетанный перелом Comminuted fracture – оскольчатый перелом Сompound fracture - открытый перелом

Internal Bleeding
Internal bleeding may result from a direct blow to the body, from strains, and from diseases such as peptic ulcer. Internal bleeding can be concealed or visible. Bleeding round a broken li

Toxic hazards of chemicals
Ships carry a number of substances in addition to cargo that are potentially toxic. For instance, medicines are not generally poisonous but can become so if taken other than prescribed. Then there

Diagnosis of poisoning
General Principles The diagnosis of poisoning may be simplified if one of the following factors point to the probable cause: · the circumstances of the incident, e.g. a lea

Prevention of poisoning
Remember: Prevention is better than cure Knowledge of the basic safety precautions and strict adherence to them by people working with dangerous goods, and also knowledge

Food-borne diseases (food poisoning)
Food-borne diseases - some forms of which are sometimes also referred to as food poisoning - are illnesses of an infectious or toxic nature caused, or thought to be caused, by the consumption of fo

Less common causes
· Migraine, which usually occurs only on one side of the head and is associated with vomiting and visual disturbances such as flashing lights. · Brain disease; acute as with meningitis and

Angina pectoris (pain in the chest)
Angina usually affects those of middle age and upwards. The pain varies from patient to patient in frequency of occurrence, type, and severity. It is most often brought on by physical exertion (ang

Specific treatment
Pain can be relieved by sucking (not swallowing) a tablet of glyceryl trinitrate (0.5 mg). The tablet should be allowed to dissolve slowly under the tongue. These tablets can be used as often as ne

Heat-stroke (sunstroke)
Heat-stroke is a medical emergency that is associated with a potentially high mortality rate. It occurs when the body's main mechanism of heat loss (evaporation of sweat) is blocked. There m

Treatment
Immediate treatment must be given to reduce the body temperature, or brain damage and death may occur. The patient should be undressed and placed in a tub of cold (around 20 °C) water; or co

Hernia (rupture)
The abdominal cavity is a large enclosed space lined by a sheet of tissue. The muscles of the abdominal wall resist the varying changes of pressure within the cavity. Increased pressure may force t

Strangulated hernia
Most hernias, whatever their size, manage to pass backwards and forwards through the weakness in the abdominal wall without becoming trapped in the opening. However, the contents of the hernia pouc

High blood pressure (hypertension)
  As blood is pumped by the heart, it exerts a pressure on the walls of the arteries. This pressure -blood pressure - varies within normal limits. During activity it tends to be highe

High temperature (hyper pyrexia)
Hyper pyrexia is the word used to describe too high a body temperature, i.e., one of 40 °C or higher. Such temperatures can be dangerous to the survival of the individual and require careful manage

Sore throat
A common complaint, sore throat may be local or it may be part of a serious illness. Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils) and abscesses in the tissues of the tonsillar area are examples of loc

General treatment for sore throats
Take the patient's temperature, and feel for tender enlarged glands in the neck. Patients with sore throats should not smoke. For simple tonsillitis or sore throat, gargling with

Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)
This is an abscess that can follow tonsillitis. It forms normally round one tonsil, and the swelling pushes the tonsil downwards into the mouth. The patient may find it so difficult and painful to

Survivor pick-up by survival craft (lifeboat or raft)
Surviving in a lifeboat or life-craft (hereafter referred to as "the survival craft") is one of the most strenuous ordeals an individual can face. It involves combat against all the eleme

Immediate medical problems aboard survival craft
Trauma Injuries should be handled as outlined in Chap­ter 4. However, a prepared medical survival kit might not be available, so the rescuers will have to improvise. The following m

Other medical problems aboard survival craft
Seasickness Seasickness (motion sickness) is an acute illness characterized by loss of appetite, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. Preventive measures are often effective.

Medical problems of the rescued castaway on board the rescue vessel
The treatment of survivors will depend on the nature of the rescue facility and the number and medical condition of the survivors. Personnel on the rescue vessel should rapidly sort all su

Generalized immersion hypothermia aboard the rescue vessel
At environmental temperatures of less than 20-21 °C, man's survival depends upon insulation (body fat, clothing), the ratio of body surface to volume, the basal metabolic rate, and the w

Contamination with oil
Do not clean oil off the skin (except round the mouth and eyes) until the person is warm and comfortable. Survivors who have recovered from hypothermia can taken to a warm shower or bathroom and sh

Dehydration and malnutrition
Survivors who have been adrift for several days may be suffering from dehydration. If they have been adrift for several weeks, malnutrition may also be a problem. Caution should be exercised in try

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