рефераты конспекты курсовые дипломные лекции шпоры

Реферат Курсовая Конспект

Transformational and Transformational Generative Grammar

Transformational and Transformational Generative Grammar - раздел Философия, Lecture 1 The Subject Matter of Grammar There Are Two Periods In The Development Of Transformational Grammar: Tran...

There are two periods in the development of transformational grammar: Transformational Grammar and Transformational Generative Grammar.

Transformational grammar (Zelic Harris, Charles Hockett) distinguishes kernels and transformational rules for expansion and rearrangement of kernels. Kernels are simple naked sentences: The sun shines; She is beautiful; I have a car; I read a book; There is a book on the table, etc. All possible sentences are derived from kernels

Transformational Generative Grammar is primarily associated with the name of N. Chomsky, USA, 1928 , linguist, philosopher and intellectualist, professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Chomsky holds that humans are equipped at birth with innate language faculty to acquire language, which is a specific neurological system. Babies easily develop speech. These are rules that govern sequencing sounds into words and words into sentences. He initiated the shift from behaviorism and empiricism that dominated American linguistics to investigation into language and universal grammar. He criticized behaviorists. According to him, language is not a form of behavior. Generative grammar derives a surface structure from an abstract deep (underlying) structure. Surface are observable structures, deep are underlying structures, they are logical structures of our brain – subject and predicate structures.

Harris and Chomsky developed ideas of transformation in different contexts and for different purposes. For Harris transformation relates to surface structure sentence forms: Jim drinks beer => Beer is drunk by Jim. This transformation relates both structures, passive and active. For Chomsky transformation is a device to transform a deep structure into a surface structure, to show the generation of infinite living structures out of a finite set of deep structures ( I have a car. She is nice.., etc,). The theory of deep structures can serve as a method of analyzing and explaining the generation of surface structures. He married young is a surface structure with a double predicate, the nature of which can be explained transformationally =>He marries and =>He is young. The sentence with a simple nominal predicate can be analyzed as comprising two deep structures : She a beauty?! => She is a beauty. =>It is not true.

– Конец работы –

Эта тема принадлежит разделу:

Lecture 1 The Subject Matter of Grammar

The Subject Matter of Grammar... Grammar is the study of the structure of human language Grammar studies the formal properties of words and sentences It cosists of morphology and syntax Morphology describes how words are structured and...

Если Вам нужно дополнительный материал на эту тему, или Вы не нашли то, что искали, рекомендуем воспользоваться поиском по нашей базе работ: Transformational and Transformational Generative Grammar

Что будем делать с полученным материалом:

Если этот материал оказался полезным ля Вас, Вы можете сохранить его на свою страничку в социальных сетях:

Все темы данного раздела:

The Evolution of English Grammars
In the development of English grammars there have been several grammars: prescientific normative (from the XVI-th century till the beginning of the XX - th century) gra

The Asymmetry of a Linguistic Sign
Under it we understand the absence of one-to-one relationship between meaning and form. One form can express several meanings, one meaning can be expressed by several forms. This asymmetry of the r

Semantic Syntax
Semantic Syntax is represented by the names of Charles McCawley, W. Chafe, Russian linguists O.I.Moskalskaya and V.V.Bogdanov. Semantic syntax describes sentences in terms of propositions,

The Oppositional Method
The oppositional method was developed by N.Trubetskoy to investigate phonology. Comparing vowels and consonants in Russian and English, we see that they are contrasted to each other as to th

The Distributional method
Distributional method describes environments of linguistic units ( morphemes, words, phrases), representing them symbolically: N – noun, A– adjective, T – article,V – verb, D – adverb. Dis

The Transformational Method
This method is based on the notions of a kernel , which is the simplest elementary subject-predicate structure with explicit grammatical relations, transformation which is a process o

The Method of Deep and Surface Structures
This method is primarily associated with the name of N. Chomsky. It is based on the notions of deep and surface structures. A surface structure is observable, while a deep structure is unobservable

The Componential Method
It a logico-linguistic method of decomposing the semantic content of a word or a grammatical form into the smallest units of sense (semantic components, semantic markers, semes, or SCs). A

The Contextual Method
This method is associated with the names of professors V.V. Vinogradov, I.V. Arnold, I.R. Galperin, N. Amosova, N.A. Shekhtman, M. Halliday. A context is an immediate environment of a ling

The Morphological Structure of ME
To understand what the morphological structure of a language is we are to know what a morphological type is. It is a set of prevalent features characterizing a group of languages. At present lingui

The Classifications of Morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful ultimate unit which can’t be further analyzed into immediate constituents. Morphologically words are monomorphic and polymorphic (table; un ] [gent ]

Paradigmatics and Syntagmatics
The domain of morphology is the paradigmatics of a word. Morphology studies the forms of words and their paradigms. A paradigm is a set of forms of a word (a boy-boys-a boy’s-boys’).T

Classifications of Parts of Speech.
Scholars believe that it is impossible to describe a language without describing word classes. As language is a structure, words are to be structurally organised. For centuries the writers of gramm

Notionals and Functionals
Both traditionalists and descriptivists divide parts of speech into notionals (major , autosemantic words, variables, semantically full words) and functionals (synsemantic words, invariables, seman

Heterogeneity
Parts of speech in traditional interpretation are heterogeneous. Nouns can be distinguished into those with a developed paradigm (the plural, the genitive case, articles, any function in a s

The Category of Gender.
In Slavic languages it is a full-fledged category which finds its expression in the inflexioned feminine, masculine and neuter. Inflexions are supported by sound interchange (старик:: старуха).In G

The Category of Number
The category of number is represented by the opposition of the singular and the plural (table:: tables). Paradigmatically the singular expresses oneness, the plural expresses more-than-onene

Debated Problems within the Category of Case
To the debated problems within the category of case there refer 1. the existence of this category in English ( Otto Jespersen ridiculed the very idea of case in English as a morphological category,

Debated Problems
1. Debated is the status of the article in the morphological system of ME. Some scholars treat it as a separate word, a separate part of speech {a pronoun (indefinite , demonstrative) or a p

The Functions of Articles in a Sentence
Articles are peculiar, semantically, syntactically and communicatively. The indefinite article, as a rule, expresses a classifying generalization (An elephant is a big animal). The de

The General Properties of a Verb
Verbs express events, processes, states, actions, activities, performances and achievements. It is an open class of words. Any word can be verbalized. Morphologically, syntactically and semanticall

Classifications of Tenses
There exist classifications embracing a rich variety of tenses. Temporal relations are considered by some scholars to be more complex than merely the present, the past and the future. Otto Jesperse

The Future Tense
As a colourless, neutral synthetic future which is to be found in Russian and French it is non-existent in English. O. Jespersen, Palmer, L. Barkhudarov hold that shall

The Present Tense
As to its syntagmatic semantics, the Present is the richest tense form. Its paradigmatic meaning is that of immediate present coinciding with the moment of speech. It’s syntagmatic meanings are:

The Category of Aspect
Under aspect scholars understand a mode (a phase) of an action, that is, continuity, progressiveness, completion, resultativity, instantaneousness, etc.). The following problems are open t

The Category of Voice
The definition of voice depends upon interpretations of this category, If voice is understood as a logical category it denotes ways of expressing relations between a verb and its subject and object

The Subjunctive Mood
It is the most confusing mood. In Old English there was a fully inflective Subjunctive comparable with Latin or German. It denoted problematic, hypothetical and purely imaginary actions. I

Points of Similarities with the Finites
1. The verbals express the idea of action( to write, writing, written, writing: There are a lot of things to marvel at but, first, a lot of questions to ask. A man to see

Points of Differences with the Finites
1. The verbals cannot refer actions to the present, past, or future. They show precedence, simultaneity, or successiveness of some actions as regards those expressed by the finites {I am surpris

Types of Syntax
There are several varieties of syntax , several syntactic theories in modern linguistics. Traditionalsentential syntax, the primary concern of which is a sentence and its grammatical organiz

Devices of Connecting Words in a Phrase
Main grammatical devices of connecting words within a phrase are agreement, government, adjoinment (примыкание), incorporation, enclosure (включение). Agreement consists in c

Debated Problems within the Theory of the Phrase
There are several debated problems within the theory of the phrase. Most essential are the predicative character of the phrase, the problem of criteria of classifying phrases, the number of element

THE THEORY OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
  Sentential syntax is to be understood as a language component of our internal grammar, which allows us to generate, process and recognize grammatically correct sentences out of a li

The Definition of a Sentence
We are to distinguish among sentences, clauses and utterances. A sentence is a grammatical unit of written language. An utterance is a speech act, a pragmatic unit. A clause is a constituent of a s

Syntactic Modelling of the Sentence
Without comprehending what a basic model is we cannot understand the computer-like ability of our brain which can create sentences that have never been heard before and process sentences that we re

Semantic Modelling of the Sentence
Semantic modelling is associated with generative semantics and semantic syntax. Here the content side of a sentence is modelled and described in elementary senses. The basic notion is that of a sem

The Notion of a Syntactic Paradigm
A syntactic paradigm is a set of syntactic structures, one of which is a kernel, it is invariable, and others are variables received by various transformational procedures, this process being calle

Structural Classification of Simple Sentences
There are several classifications of a simple sentence: structural, communicative, semantic, pragmatic, etc. Scholars distinguish the following communicative types of sentences: declarative,

Syntactic Ties
There exist several syntactic ties within a sentence. The primary predicative tie makes a sentence as it realizes itself in the changes of the verb for person, number, tense, voice, mood, as

Within a simple sentence we distinguish primary and secondary (independent/ dependent) elements, the structural nucleus and its adjuncts.
We have seen that there exist several syntactic ties within a sentence. Very peculiar is the secondary predicative tie. It is implicit, formally unexpressed. It is concealed in infinitival,

Syntactic Processes
By introducing various dependent elements into the subject-predicate skeleton of a sentence we can derive expanded structures. The ways of introduction of these dependent elements are called syn

The Principal Parts of a Simple Sentence
The principal parts of a simple sentence are the subject and the predicate. They are indispensable. The subject denotes something that is spoken about. It is subdivided into

An Object
An object is a secondary part which depends upon the predicate. It is verb -oriented. Logical relations between a predicate- verb and its object are various. An object is indispensable (obli

Debated Problems within a Simple Sentence
1. Debated is the status of a simple sentence with expansion. 1.1. Expanded are the simple sentences with homogeneous parts. Any member of the sentence can be homogeneous (The beauty of the l

A COMPOSITE SENTENCE
There are dichotomic and trichotomic classifications of sentences. In a dichotomic classification we see a simple ( one –axis) sentence and a composite sentence. The trich

A Compound Sentence
Problems within a compound sentence are: 1. general notion of coordination and types of coordination; 2. the semantic volume of the coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, for

The Status of the Subordinate Clause.
The most accepted view is that a sub-clause is an explicitly predicative structure with a subject and a predicate. Many scholars hold that a clause needn’t have explicit predication (H. Poutsma, G.

Classifications of Subordinate Clauses.
Sub-clauses are classified on two principles: functional and categorial. As to the functional principle, they are classed on the analogy with the parts of the simple sentence. They ar

Types of Subordinate Clauses.
Subject clauses occupy the position of the subject. They are to be found either in the initial or in the final position (What is thine is mine. What happened after that

Connections between the Principal and the Subordinate Clause.
Sub-clauses can be optional or indispensable for the structural and semantic integrity of the complex sentence. So, the sub-clause can be connected with the principal clause indispensably or option

Neutralization between Subordination and Coordination.
The borderline between the compound and the complex sentence is very vague and the difference between them can be neutralized. It occurs when a sub-clause comes to be very loose, losing its grammat

Communicative Dynamism within a Composite Sentence( Compound and Complex) and a Supra-phrasal Unit.
In a compound sentence both parts are communicatively equal if they are connected by copulative and adversative coordination. If they are connected by causative and consecutive coordination, the se

Хотите получать на электронную почту самые свежие новости?
Education Insider Sample
Подпишитесь на Нашу рассылку
Наша политика приватности обеспечивает 100% безопасность и анонимность Ваших E-Mail
Реклама
Соответствующий теме материал
  • Похожее
  • Популярное
  • Облако тегов
  • Здесь
  • Временно
  • Пусто
Теги