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Syntactic Ties

Syntactic Ties - раздел Философия, Lecture 1 The Subject Matter of Grammar There Exist Several Syntactic Ties Within A Sentence. The Primary Predicat...

There exist several syntactic ties within a sentence. The primary predicative tie makes a sentence as it realizes itself in the changes of the verb for person, number, tense, voice, mood, aspect, time relation. The secondary predicative tie can be revealed transformationally, it does not make a sentence, it is concealed in infinitival, gerundial, participial constructions, predicative constructions with nouns, adjectives, statives {I saw him running (a complex object expressed by an objective participial construction); I find him a genius => I find that he is a genius (a secondary subject and a secondary predicate);I found the houseaflame => I found that the house was aflame ( a predicative construction with a stative); The dishes done, children to bed, herbook read, she watches news on TV (a complex adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances).

Within a simple sentence we also distinguish the subordinating tie which is an expression of dependence of an adjunct on the head{ I was proud of him (proud is the head and him is an adjunct). The coordinating tie establishes syntactically homogeneous elements ( The sky was pale and soft. He was rude and nasty). The appositive tie can be illustrated by “King Alfred was a remarkable figure (King is an apposition). The attributive tie, existing between a modifier and a modified word, can be transformed into a predicative tie (a beautiful girl). The completive tie exists between an indispensable object and a verb( He broke his promise), the object completing the meaning of the verb. The attributive completive tie exists between a verb and an adverbial modifier of manner which is indispensable( He treated me kindly. He broke the thing gently).The introductive tie (very loose) can be illustrated by the example Frankly speaking, I don’t know anything about it.

These are immediate explicit syntactic ties. Along with them there exist implicit semantic ties which can be revealed transformationally and interpreted componentially in terms of semantic agreement/disagreement of subclasses of words (Abstract/concrete, inanimate/animate, human/non-human, young/old, male/female): The flowers stood white and desolate( the adjectives white and desolate are connected with the noun flowers as they semantically agree. The sentence can be transformed into 3 kernels: Flowers stood. Flowers were white. Flowers were desolate.

Predicative Constructions

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Lecture 1 The Subject Matter of Grammar

The Subject Matter of Grammar... Grammar is the study of the structure of human language Grammar studies the formal properties of words and sentences It cosists of morphology and syntax Morphology describes how words are structured and...

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Semantic Syntax
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The Oppositional Method
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The Transformational Method
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The Componential Method
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The Contextual Method
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Notionals and Functionals
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Heterogeneity
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Debated Problems
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The Future Tense
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Points of Similarities with the Finites
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Points of Differences with the Finites
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Types of Syntax
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Debated Problems within the Theory of the Phrase
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THE THEORY OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
  Sentential syntax is to be understood as a language component of our internal grammar, which allows us to generate, process and recognize grammatically correct sentences out of a li

The Definition of a Sentence
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Syntactic Modelling of the Sentence
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Semantic Modelling of the Sentence
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The Notion of a Syntactic Paradigm
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Structural Classification of Simple Sentences
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Within a simple sentence we distinguish primary and secondary (independent/ dependent) elements, the structural nucleus and its adjuncts.
We have seen that there exist several syntactic ties within a sentence. Very peculiar is the secondary predicative tie. It is implicit, formally unexpressed. It is concealed in infinitival,

Syntactic Processes
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The Principal Parts of a Simple Sentence
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An Object
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Debated Problems within a Simple Sentence
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A COMPOSITE SENTENCE
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A Compound Sentence
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The Status of the Subordinate Clause.
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Classifications of Subordinate Clauses.
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Types of Subordinate Clauses.
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Connections between the Principal and the Subordinate Clause.
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Neutralization between Subordination and Coordination.
The borderline between the compound and the complex sentence is very vague and the difference between them can be neutralized. It occurs when a sub-clause comes to be very loose, losing its grammat

Communicative Dynamism within a Composite Sentence( Compound and Complex) and a Supra-phrasal Unit.
In a compound sentence both parts are communicatively equal if they are connected by copulative and adversative coordination. If they are connected by causative and consecutive coordination, the se

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