The Politics of Reforming Social Security - раздел Философия, Social work: What is it? Учебное пособие
Why Is Social Security On The Agenda For The First Time ...
Why is Social Security on the agenda for the first time in fifteen years? Why are policy makers considering modifying or replacing the program? Social Security was once such a regular item on the governmental agenda that no detailed explanation was really required. Between 1935 and 1973 Congress and the President enacted twenty-five Social Security laws – more than one bill every two years – as they transformed a relatively small retirement program, with initial tax rates of one percent each on employees and employers, into the mature program we know today, with tax rates of 6.2 percent. During the final six years of this period, Social Security was constantly on the agenda, as Congress and the President responded to unusually high inflation by raising benefits seven times. Finally, in 1972, they placed Social Security on automatic pilot by enacting a provision that each year adjusts the wage base for changes in average wages and retirement benefits for changes in the consumer price index.
The 1972 law essentially removed Social Security from the regular governmental agenda. The program had reached maturity, and particularly as the economy stalled, there were no further pressures to expand it. Although insulated from inflation, Social Security was still vulnerable to other economic shocks and to long-term demographic changes. Social Security has returned to the governmental agenda only twice since 1972, each time because of actuarial imbalances. It first returned in 1975, after actuaries calculated that the program was facing a deficit within three years. The sources of the problem were two: some mistakes in drafting the original adjustment formula, which overcompensated for inflation, and economic stagnation which reduced revenues below their projections. After two years of debate, Congress and the President enacted a 1977 bill that phased in tax increases and recalibrated the inflation adjustment.
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The Politics of Reforming Social Security
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Агафонова Л.И.
А 235Social Work: What is it? Учебное пособие по английскому языку для
студентов гуманитарных факультетов и институтов, обучающихся по специальности 521100 «Социальная раб
Рецензенты
MA (Honours) Languages (Interpreting and Translating),
British Council Language Assistant (Tomsk)
Gemma Tracey
Старший преподаватель кафедры общ
Nature of the Work
Social work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve other people’s lives. Social workers help people to function the best way they can in their environme
Working Conditions and Earnings
Full-time social workers usually work a standard 40-hour week; however, some occasionally work evenings and weekends to meet with clients, attend community meetings an
Evaluation
1. What have you done in this unit?
2. What have you learnt from it?
3. What did you enjoy about it?
4. Have you any criticisms of it?
5. Have yo
Social Security Policy
Never for the sake of peace and quiet deny your convictions.
Hammarskjold, Dag; 1905-1961,
Swedish Statesman, Secretary-general of U.N.
Disability
“Fear and prejudice are often based on ignorance and unfamiliarity.”
B. Barnes,
British Psychologist, Writer 20-th century
Acceptance
Needs vary but may include financial support, special educational facilities, sheltered employment, support, help in making social contacts,
The 1995 Disability Discrimination Act
In the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act ……1….is defined as long-term physical or mental ……2……..that substantially affects the ability to car
Education and care and support services
There are disadvantages and advantages of educating children and young disabled people in separate schools. A girl with restricted movement in one side tells how
Evaluation
1. What have you done in this unit?
2. What have you learnt from it?
3. What did you enjoy about it?
4. Have you any criticisms of it?
5. Have yo
Females Males
To be a man 30% 21%
To be a woman 59% 65%
5 Ask five women and five men outside the classroom the survey question and present your results to the class.
The Whiniest Generation
Yesterday, in the Costco Parking Lot, a seventysomething woman was trying to squeeze into a narrow spot in her not-so-narrow Cadillac. Between sudden whiplash l
Natural and Human Disasters and Disaster Relief
“The last few years have been the worst period on record for environmental disasters and experts are predicting far worse to come”.
P. Fuller,
Five Days Later, Rescuers Find a Sole Survivor
Rescuers pulled another .......1......... from the ruins on Wednesday as a vast domestic and international operation sought to help hundreds of thousands of people left ....
First Reactions
Even before the dust of the World Trade Center settled, people began reaching out to help. Donors lined up at blood banks around the country to give blood in the hope of helping survivors (unf
Struggling for balance in government reactions
The government too has struggled to balance compassion with fear. Immediately after September 11, hundreds of Middle Eastern ……1…. were arrested on visa violations and it was
Recovery from Traumatic Stress
It will take years to clear the minds of some of those who were witnesses, directly or not, to the terrorist attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center.
After experiencing a
Charity
“Donations go further when you give to groups that spend responsibility”.
N. Jacobe,
French Philosopher and Thinker, 20-th century
The Selfless Side of NBA All-Star HOOPLA
There are stories that don’t need an apology playing out this All-Star Weekend, stories that have to do with men who want to be here, stories of charity, humanity and even r
The practicalities.
Decide on the date, the time and the venue.
5. Prepare to present your ideas to the class following the structure given below:
a.
Charitable Appeals Policy
The BBC has always three primary purposes in mind in its broadcasting of appeals.
· The first is to raise money for good causes and, by extension, to encourage th
Organization of the United Nations
The purposes, principles, and the organization of the United Nations are outlined in the Charter. The ultimate goals of the United Nations, according to its Charter, are “to save succeeding ge
By with under for in to of at up
To look into some aspects of the future, we do not need projections …1… supercomputers. Much of the next millennium can be seen how we care …
Fund Science for Farmers
Madison, Wisconsin – Obesity and hunger coexist in the United States. Farmers in China rebel against low prices and high taxes. India raises excess grain but leaves its people malno
Africans Are Ready for Bold Change, With Help
We at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund regard debt relief, especially for the poorest countries, as crucial to our mission of alleviating poverty. We have been working with n
Answer Keys
Unit1
Ex. 1
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
Ex. 8
1. d
2. e
3. a
4. f
5. b
6. c
Key Terms
Abnormality
the state of being different, especially in a way that is not desirable, from what is normal, ordinary or expected
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