The intense development of science and industry, changes in economy, social and political life introduced a great number of new words, denoting new notions in these fields. Prof. I.R.Galperin called such neologisms terminologicalneologisms; they differ from the neologisms having a great emotional-stylistic colouring. They are called by I.R. Galperin stylistic neologisms. Both types of neologisms have different stylistic functions and are used with different aims.
Terminological neologisms referring to the bookish vocabulary, as a rule, in the course of time become part of the language system and they become an important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the language. Gradually they penetrate into the common literary colloquial vocabulary and become widely used by the majority of the people. Here we can mention, e.g., neologisms connected with space researches. The people have a great interest in this problem. Besides, radio, TV, press play a great role in it. Here are some neologisms of this sphere: space, docking, cosmonaut, cosmic food, carrier-rocket, cosmonaut, cosmic-ship, orbital laboratory, manned rocket, etc.
Many new words and word-phrases, referring to science and technic, are formed in English as well as in other languages from the Latin and Greek root-
morphemes available in the language, and they are international words, e.g.: isotope, isotron, cyclotron, supersonic plane.
As it was said, some neologisms are created to express greater emotional and stylistic shades of the existing notions, when it is necessary a) to underline some extra features of the phenomenon, or b) to express one's attitude to the facts of reality, and the old words are not precise and expressive enough, e.g.: космоплавание, троирование.
When the first Soviet sputniks were launched, the Russian suffix -uk appeared in English, in the words denoting rockets, with one which failed to launch, e.g.: kaputnik, flopnik, stay-putnik. Later on this suffix appeared in occasionalisms, e.g.: knowhownik - специалист, умелец, nofoodnik, re-fusenik (человек, которому отказали в получении визы).
Neologisms of this type (the main function of which is to show some extra features of the phenomenon) are met mainly in press, in newspaper style, i.e. in the style which immediately reflects all the events in the country and the world. Such neologisms often penetrate into other languages as cliche (кальки) either in their national form, or translated. E.g. in English we have from Chinese: a great leap; in German from English - die Teenagers. They are formed for use at the moment of speech.
In fiction the main function of neologisms is the function of expressing the author's attitude to the facts of reality, that's why the greater part of the writers' neologisms are characterised by a great emotional meaning, the greater part of them do not live long. They are occasionalisms.