Completely assimilated words do not differ from the native ones in pronunciation, spelling, frequency, semantic structure and sphere of application. It is difficult to distinguish them from words of Anglo-Saxon origin, e.g.: pupil, master, city, river, window, dish, box. The majority of early borrowings have acquired full English citizenship.
Partly assimilated loan words fall into subgroups:
- words not assimilated semantically, e.g.: sari, sombrero, shah, radja,
-sfeih; bei, toreador, rickshaw/picksha;
- loan words not assimilated grammatically, e.g. nouns borrowed from
Latin or Greek preserve their original plural inflexion: phenomenon - phe
nomena, addendum - addenda, radius - radii, antenna - antennae;
- loan words not assimilated phonetically: communique, chaussee, cafe ;
machine, cartoon, police; bourgeois, camouflage, prestige, regime, sabotage,
memoir/(Fr.); spits (G.); pneumatics, psychology, ptolomey (Gr.);
- loan words not completely assimilated graphically: ballet, buffet, corps,
cafe, cliche, bouquet, brioche( Fr.).
Completely unassimilated words, or barbarisms, e.g.: addio, ciao (It.), af-fiche (Fr.) - «placard», ad libitum (Lat.) - «at pleasure».