The comparison of the Germanic and non-Germanic languages within the Indo-European family reveals regular correspondences between German and non-German consonants.
First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) –in the 19th Jacob Grimm, a German scholar, discovered the existence of regular correspondence between Indo-European (IE) and German consonants and subdivided them into 3 groups:
¹ | Consonant Correspondences | Examples | ||||
Old | Modern | |||||
IE | PG | Non-German (Latin) | German (OE) | Non-German (Italian, ðóñ.) | German (English, German) | |
[bh,dh,gh] à aspirated voiced stops | [b, d, g] non-aspirated voiced stops | bhrāta (Hind) | brōþor | áðàò | brother, Bruder | |
rudhira(Hind) | rēad | - | red | |||
hostis | giest | ãîñòü | guest, Gast | |||
[b, d, g] à voiced stops | [p, t, k] voiceless stops/plosives | labare | pōl | áîëîòî | pool, Pfuhl | |
decem | tīen | dieci, äåñÿòü | ten | |||
genu | cnēo | ginocchio | knee, Knie | |||
[p, t, k] à voiceless stops/plosives | [f, q, h] voiceless fricatives | pedis | fōt | piedi | foot, Fuß | |
tres | þrēo | tre, òðè | three | |||
cordis | heort | cuore | heart, Herz |
Verner’s Law –Carl Verner, a Danish scholar (19th c.), explained the consonant correspondences as a gradual historical process (a change takes place in the course of time):
Consonant Correspondences | Latin | OE | ModE | ||
1. [p, t, k] à voiceless stops/plosives | [f, q, h] à voiceless fricatives | [v, ð/d, g] voiced fricatives | septem | seofen | seven |
pater | fæđer | father | |||
socrus | swaiho(Gothic) | Schwager(Germ) | |||
2. Rhotacism | ausis (Lithuanian) | Auso (Gothic) | ear, Ohr (Germ) | ||
[s] à | [z] à | [r] |
P.S.: these processes usually happened on condition that the consonants were situated between vowels and if preceded by an unstressed vowel.
Modern Examples: seethe – sodden, death – dead, was – were.
Second Consonant Shift –happened in the 9th c. in Old High German and today we can observe it comparing English and German:
Consonant Correspondences | English | German | |
1. [t] à à | [ts] | two | zwei |
[s] | water | Wasser | |
2. [q] à | [d] | three | drei |
3. [d] à | [t] | daughter | Tochter |
4. [k] à | [h] | make | machen |
H/w:
1. Ex. 3-5, p. 48-49 in “Èñòîðèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà” by Ò.À. Ðàñòîðãóåâà (copies).