They were irregular verbs that combined the features of the weak and strong verbs. There were 4 of them willan (will), bēon (to be), ζān (to go), dōn (to do).
Willan:
· had the meaning of volition;
· resembled the preterite-present verbs in meaning (attitude) and in function (was followed by the Infinitive without to);
· eventually became a modal verb and also together with sculan developed into an auxiliary for the formation of the Future-Tense forms.
Dōn
This verb combined the features of the weak and strong verbs:
Infinitive | Past | Participle 2 |
strong verb feature (root-sound interchange) + weak verb feature (dental suffix -d) | strong verb feature (suffix -nand prefix ζe-) | |
dōn | dyde | ζedōn |
ζan
This verb was suppletive and also combined the features of the weak and strong verbs:
Period | Infinitive | Past | Participle 2 |
OE | ζān | ēode (suppletivism + weak verb feature (dental suffix -d)) | ζeζān(strong verb feature (suffix -nand prefix ζe-) |
ME | goon | wente (suppletivism (from OE wendan) + weak verb feature (dental suffix -t) | goon (strong verb feature (suffix -n)) |
Bēon
This verb was highly suppletive and in OE employed two separate words/roots(Infinitives):
Present | OE | ME | NE | ||
Numb. | Pers. | wesan | bēon | been | been |
Sg | 1st | eom | bēo | am | am |
2nd | eart | bist | art | are | |
3rd | is | biþ | is | is | |
Pl | - | sint | bēoþ | are/arn | are |
Past | wesan | been | be | ||
Sg | 1st | wæs | was | was | |
2nd | wǽre | wēre | were | ||
3rd | wæs | was | was | ||
Pl | - | wǽron | wēren | were |