Strain and Conflict - раздел Образование, Read and translate the text The Several Roles That Are Linked To Any Particular Status Are Not Always Eas...
The several roles that are linked to any particular status are not always easily integrated, so an individual can feel pulled in several directions at once. Role strain is defined as incompatibility among the roles corresponding to a single status. When several roles linked to a single status make competing demands a person may not always be able to live up to social expectations. A parent, for example, may have difficulty with simultaneous responsibilities to discipline a child and to be the child's trusted confidant.
In addition, roles attached to different statuses often demand incompatible patterns of behaviour. The concept of role conflict refers to incompatibility among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses. Single parents often experience role conflict in their attempt to be both parents and bread winners — each status demands considerable time and energy. Consequently, the individual may find that both roles cannot be fully performed simultaneously.
III. Answer the following questions:
1. When do the individuals perform roles?
2. What is called a role expectation?
3. Аге role performance and role expectation the same or different notions?
4. Does a person have more roles or statuses?
5. What is the difference between role strain and role conflict?
IV. Make up disjunctive questionswith special attention to intonation:
1. A role is described as the dynamic expression of a status.
2. Actual role performance usually varies from role expectation.
3. Individuals occupy many statuses at one time.
4. People perform multiple roles.
5. A person has more roles than statuses.
6. Roles attached to different statuses often demand incompatible patterns of behaviour.
V. Explain:
the difference between “role” and “status”;
the cause of “role strain”;
the reason of “role conflict.”
VI. Summarize the content of the text in 10 sentences.
VII. Identify a number of roles played by:
your parents;
your close friend;
your neighbour;
you personally.
VIII. Read the text and give its general idea in Russian.
Dramaturgical Analysis: “The Presentation of Self”
Dramaturgical analysis is the analysis of social interaction as if it were a theatrical performance. This approach to the study of social interaction is closely associated with the work of Erving Goffman (1922-1980). Goffman agreed that people socially construct reality, but emphasized that in doing so, they make use of various elements of social structure. Thus, like a director carefully scrutinizing actors on a stage, Goffman sought to identify social structures that are used over and over again.
Dramaturgical analysis provides a fresh look at two now familiar concepts. A status is very much like a part in a play, and a role can be compared to a script that supplies dialogue and action to each of the characters. Roles are performed in countless settings that are like a stage in a theatre, and are observed by various audiences. The heart of Goffman’s analysis is the process he called the presentation of self, which means the ways in which individuals, in various settings, attempt to create specific impressions in the minds of others. This process is also called impression management, and contains a number of common elements.
IX. Answer the questions:
1. What problem does the text deal with?
2. What kind of analysis is dramaturgical analysis?
3. What does “the presentation of self” mean?
4. What is the other name for it?
X. Play these roles, please:
1. You are the young mother and leader of the Ecology Committee. You want your children to grow up in a clean, traffic-free environment. You are trying to explain your position to a social worker who has come for the permission of a new traffic route in your residential area.
2. You are a sociologist. You are interviewing a married couple that decided to take a child from a foundling home. Find out about their background, and what they can offer a child. Find out why they want to adopt him, and if they are aware of the problems that may arise. Remember, this is a difficult situation for all involved, so your questions should be less direct and more tactful than usual.
3. You are interviewing a newly-married couple. Try to find out tactfully about their likes and dislikes. Give them some advice if necessary.
Если Вам нужно дополнительный материал на эту тему, или Вы не нашли то, что искали, рекомендуем воспользоваться поиском по нашей базе работ:
Strain and Conflict
Что будем делать с полученным материалом:
Если этот материал оказался полезным ля Вас, Вы можете сохранить его на свою страничку в социальных сетях:
Sociology
The name sociology was first suggested in the 1830s by the French philosopher Auguste Comte, but for many years it remained only a suggestion. Comte urged others to study sociology.
It was
Social Barometer
A great part of sociological research consists of quantitative experimenting. The system of techniques used for that purpose is that of statistical methods. These methods are necessary to ex
WORD STUDY
I. Memorize the following words and word-combinations:
sociological research public opinion
the polled to assess
sociological survey public opinion p
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text «The Origins of Sociology» English equivalents for:
Намного моложе; точно так же; глубоко интересоваться; другими словами; г
Sociological Theory
The discipline of sociology involvesmore than adistinctive point of view. The sociological perspective illuminates new facts in countless familiar situations; but linking specific observations toge
Social Change and the Development of Sociology
The gradual development of scientific thought in Europe was one important foundation of sociology. But something more was involved: revolutionary change in European society itself. The increasing i
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text «Sociological Theory» English equivalents for:
Точка зрения; бесчисленный; набор фактов; а именно; более склонны; одновременно; любо
Theoretical Paradigms
In attempting to develop theories about human society, sociologists face a wide range of choices. What issues should they choose to study? What facts should they link together to form theories? Que
The Methods of Sociological Research
Four research methods are widely employed in sociological investigation. A method is a strategy for carrying out research in a systematic way — comparable to a blueprint used in building or
Experiments.
The logic of science is clearly expressed in the experiment — a method that seeks to specify a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. Experimental research, in other words, is explanatory i
Questionnaires and Interviews
Selecting the subjects who will be contacted is only the first step in carrying out a survey. Also required is a specific way to ask questions and record answers. Two commonly used techniques are q
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text English equivalents for:
Проводить исследования; в абсолютном смысле; лучше или хуже; сильные стороны и слабые; переменная; с учетом; испытуемые; во
The Structure of Social Interaction
Because society is an organized system, it is not surprising that social interaction is patterned. Society is, after all, built on countless interactions among individual human beings, and human be
Social Structure and Individuality
The assertion that human behaviour is socially patterned often provokes some initial resistance. Few human beings readily admit to being part of any kind of system, especially those who live in a c
Summary
1. Sociology is more than a perspective; it is also a form of investigation that uses the logic of science to learn about the social world.
2. The logic of science is an important foundati
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text “The Structure of Social Interactions” English equivalents for:
В конце концов; социальные модели; нормы поведения; в обществе; во
Figure 1. Status Set and Role Set
Figure 1 illustrates the status set and corresponding role sets of one individual. Four statuses are presented, each linked to a different role set. First this woman occupies the status of “wife.”
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the texts English equivalents for:
соответствующий; приближаться; посредством; одновременно; ряд ролей; вести хозяйство; частичный
Kinds of Groups
We have already found out that sociology, as one of its main objects, studies social institutions and social relations, social bodies and social groups. Sociologists were early concerned with the p
The Nature of Group Cohesiveness
The term 'group cohesiveness’ is widely discussed by sociologists. Although different sociologists attribute different properties to the term, most agree that group cohesiveness is the degree to wh
Primary and Secondary Groups
Several times a day, one person greets another with a smile and a simple phrase such as “Hi! How are you?” Of course, an honest reply may be actually expected, but not often. Usually the other pers
XV. Answer the following questions.
1. What groups do sociologists distinguish?
2. Who was the first to speak on the importance of such distinction?
3. What group is called primary?
4. What is the most impo
Networks
The term social network designates social ties that link people without the intensity of social interaction and common identity of a social group. A social network resembles a social group in that
Group Leadership
Social groups vary in the extent to which they designate one or more members as leaders, with responsibility to direct the activities of all members. Some friendship groups grant no one the clear s
The Importance of Group Size
Being the first person to arrive at a party affords the opportunity to observe a fascinating process in group dynamics. When fewer than about six people interact in one setting, a single conversati
Figure 3. Group Size and Relationships
Social groups with more than three members tend to be more stable because the lack of interest on the part of one or even several members does not directly threaten the group’s existence. Furthermo
In-groups and Out-groups
By the time children are in the early grades of school, much of their activity takes place within social groups. They eagerly join some groups, but avoid - or are excluded from - others. Based on s
Deviance
What is Deviance?
The concept of deviance is defined as violation of cultural norms of a group or all of society. Since cultural norms affect such a wide range of h
Biological Explanations of Deviance
Human behaviour was understood - or more correctly, misunderstood - during the nineteenth century as an expression of biological instincts. Along with other patterns of human behaviour, criminality
Delinquency and body structure
After Lombroso’s theory of born criminality was disproved, others continued to search for biological explanations of criminality. William Sheldon advanced the idea of body structure in terms of thr
Хотите получать на электронную почту самые свежие новости?
Подпишитесь на Нашу рассылку
Наша политика приватности обеспечивает 100% безопасность и анонимность Ваших E-Mail
Новости и инфо для студентов