Figure 1. Status Set and Role Set - раздел Образование, I. Read and translate the text. Figure 1 Illustrates The Status Set And Corresponding Role Sets Of One Indivi...
Figure 1 illustrates the status set and corresponding role sets of one individual. Four statuses are presented, each linked to a different role set. First this woman occupies the status of “wife.” Corresponding to this status is a role set that includes her behaviour towards her husband (the “conjugal role”) and her responsibilities in maintaining the household (the “domestic role”). Second, she also holds the status of “mother.” Part of this role set is the care of children (the “maternal role”) and her activities in various organizations (the “civic role”). Third, as a teacher, she interacts with students (the “teaching role”) and other professors (the “colleague role”). Fourth, as a researcher, she gathers information (the “laboratory role”) that is the basis for her publications (the “author role”). Figure 1 is, of course, only a partial listing of this individual's status set and role sets; a person generally occupies dozens of statuses at one time, each linked to a role set.
I Read and translate the... UNIT V I Read the text and answer the following questions Who gave the definition of a theoretical paradigm...
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Figure 1. Status Set and Role Set
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Sociology
The name sociology was first suggested in the 1830s by the French philosopher Auguste Comte, but for many years it remained only a suggestion. Comte urged others to study sociology.
It was
Social Barometer
A great part of sociological research consists of quantitative experimenting. The system of techniques used for that purpose is that of statistical methods. These methods are necessary to ex
WORD STUDY
I. Memorize the following words and word-combinations:
sociological research public opinion
the polled to assess
sociological survey public opinion p
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text «The Origins of Sociology» English equivalents for:
Намного моложе; точно так же; глубоко интересоваться; другими словами; г
Sociological Theory
The discipline of sociology involvesmore than adistinctive point of view. The sociological perspective illuminates new facts in countless familiar situations; but linking specific observations toge
Social Change and the Development of Sociology
The gradual development of scientific thought in Europe was one important foundation of sociology. But something more was involved: revolutionary change in European society itself. The increasing i
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text «Sociological Theory» English equivalents for:
Точка зрения; бесчисленный; набор фактов; а именно; более склонны; одновременно; любо
Theoretical Paradigms
In attempting to develop theories about human society, sociologists face a wide range of choices. What issues should they choose to study? What facts should they link together to form theories? Que
The Methods of Sociological Research
Four research methods are widely employed in sociological investigation. A method is a strategy for carrying out research in a systematic way — comparable to a blueprint used in building or
Experiments.
The logic of science is clearly expressed in the experiment — a method that seeks to specify a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. Experimental research, in other words, is explanatory i
Questionnaires and Interviews
Selecting the subjects who will be contacted is only the first step in carrying out a survey. Also required is a specific way to ask questions and record answers. Two commonly used techniques are q
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text English equivalents for:
Проводить исследования; в абсолютном смысле; лучше или хуже; сильные стороны и слабые; переменная; с учетом; испытуемые; во
The Structure of Social Interaction
Because society is an organized system, it is not surprising that social interaction is patterned. Society is, after all, built on countless interactions among individual human beings, and human be
Social Structure and Individuality
The assertion that human behaviour is socially patterned often provokes some initial resistance. Few human beings readily admit to being part of any kind of system, especially those who live in a c
Summary
1. Sociology is more than a perspective; it is also a form of investigation that uses the logic of science to learn about the social world.
2. The logic of science is an important foundati
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the text “The Structure of Social Interactions” English equivalents for:
В конце концов; социальные модели; нормы поведения; в обществе; во
Strain and Conflict
The several roles that are linked to any particular status are not always easily integrated, so an individual can feel pulled in several directions at once. Role strain is defined as incompa
WORD STUDY
I. Find in the texts English equivalents for:
соответствующий; приближаться; посредством; одновременно; ряд ролей; вести хозяйство; частичный
Kinds of Groups
We have already found out that sociology, as one of its main objects, studies social institutions and social relations, social bodies and social groups. Sociologists were early concerned with the p
The Nature of Group Cohesiveness
The term 'group cohesiveness’ is widely discussed by sociologists. Although different sociologists attribute different properties to the term, most agree that group cohesiveness is the degree to wh
Primary and Secondary Groups
Several times a day, one person greets another with a smile and a simple phrase such as “Hi! How are you?” Of course, an honest reply may be actually expected, but not often. Usually the other pers
XV. Answer the following questions.
1. What groups do sociologists distinguish?
2. Who was the first to speak on the importance of such distinction?
3. What group is called primary?
4. What is the most impo
Networks
The term social network designates social ties that link people without the intensity of social interaction and common identity of a social group. A social network resembles a social group in that
Group Leadership
Social groups vary in the extent to which they designate one or more members as leaders, with responsibility to direct the activities of all members. Some friendship groups grant no one the clear s
The Importance of Group Size
Being the first person to arrive at a party affords the opportunity to observe a fascinating process in group dynamics. When fewer than about six people interact in one setting, a single conversati
Figure 3. Group Size and Relationships
Social groups with more than three members tend to be more stable because the lack of interest on the part of one or even several members does not directly threaten the group’s existence. Furthermo
In-groups and Out-groups
By the time children are in the early grades of school, much of their activity takes place within social groups. They eagerly join some groups, but avoid - or are excluded from - others. Based on s
Deviance
What is Deviance?
The concept of deviance is defined as violation of cultural norms of a group or all of society. Since cultural norms affect such a wide range of h
Biological Explanations of Deviance
Human behaviour was understood - or more correctly, misunderstood - during the nineteenth century as an expression of biological instincts. Along with other patterns of human behaviour, criminality
Delinquency and body structure
After Lombroso’s theory of born criminality was disproved, others continued to search for biological explanations of criminality. William Sheldon advanced the idea of body structure in terms of thr
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