Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sóntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, beauty, they, girl, potato, he, meaningful, slowly, cleaned, she, the, is peeling, oranges, flat, quickly, we, definitely, to clean, orange, teenager, a, fresh, boy, adult, means, beautiful, have been peeled
For example:
The words ‘boy’, ‘girl’, ‘teenager’, ‘adult’ form a paradigmatic class of nouns that name people of different age and sex.
The words ‘means’, ‘meaning’, ‘meaningful’, ‘meant’ create a paradigm of forms of the word ‘mean’.
The combination ‘an adult meant potato’ form syntagmatic relations of the mentioned words.
Task 2:characterize the given in the task ¹1 language elements as for their Grammar Meanings, Forms and Categories.
For example:
Has been peeled: can be characterized with:
a) the Grammar Meaning of the Verb (it expresses an action);
b) the Grammar Form of the Present Perfect Simple (have+been+V3), 3rd Person Singular (has), Active Voice (be+V3);
c) the Grammar Categories of the Tense (Present from the choice of Past, Present and Future), Aspect (Perfect Simple from the choice of Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple and Perfect Continuous) and Voice (Passive from the choice of Active and Passive).
TEST I (teacher’s copy)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
| The Subject of Theoretical Grammar | |||
| Grammar elements | refer to morphemes, words, word-combinations and sentences | ||
| Grammar structure | implies relations and connections among grammar elements or inner organization of the language grammar system | ||
| The subject of English Theoretical Grammar | refers to the study of the English Language grammar organization as a system parts of which are mutually connected with definite relations of different types of complexity (complication, complicacy) | ||
| The main task of Theoretical Grammar | is an adequate systematic (methodic) description of language facts and also their theoretical interpretation | ||
| Practical Grammar | prescribes definite rules for the use of a language (gives instruction for the use of language data, teaches how to speak and write) | ||
| Theoretical Grammar | analyzes language data, interprets them, expound the data but does not give instructions as for the use of them | ||
| Kinds of Theoretical Grammar | |||
| Distributive Grammar | studies relations among syntagmatic elements | ||
| Transformative Grammar | concentrates its attention at the relations among grammar forms | ||
| Logical Grammar | emphasizes connections between grammar categories and categories of thinking | ||
| Situated Grammar | researches relations of signs and non-language objects that are marked with language categories and grammar forms | ||
| Psychological Grammar | brings its attention to the influence of psychology on the use of grammar forms | ||
| Structural (Formal) Theoretical grammar | includes Distributive and Transforming Grammar | ||
| Semantic Theoretical grammar | includes Logical, Psychological and Situated Grammar | ||
| Static method | gives a way to make language facts be brought to light and classified | ||
| Dynamic method | searches how one language facts transfer into other and one grammar forms appear from others | ||
| Main grammar notions. Sintagmatic and paradigmatic relations | |||
| Syntagmatic relations | refer to the ones of contiguity | ||
| Paradigmatic relations | refer to the ones of similarity | ||
| Adjacent language elements | can not replace each other for they belong to the different grammar categories | ||
| Paradigmatic language elements | unite language elements that can replace each other for they belong to a class of elements that has a general similarity. | ||
| Grammar categories | |||
| Grammar Meaning | is a generalized or abstract propriety of a class of words and unites big groups of classes of words | ||
| Grammar Form | refers to a material expression of Grammar Meaning (expression of inflexion) | ||
| Grammar Category | presents a peculiar reflection of reality and cannot include less than two opposite or properly correlated Grammar Forms | ||
| General characteristics of the contemporary English language system | |||
| Synthetic Language | Grammar relations of words are expressed by the forms of these very words. A meaningful word alters and presents its new forms to express grammar relations. | ||
| Analytical Language | A meaningful word is not able to alter. For that other words are used – auxiliaries. They help to express grammar relations or combine words in phrases or sentences. Peculiarity: auxiliary element (auxiliary verb) does not have a lexical meaning; notional verb does have that. | ||
| Eight general characteristics of English | 1) Auxiliaries; 2) Scarcity of flexible forms; 3) Homonymy; 4) Absence of Grammatical Agreement of a noun and an adjective that attributes the noun; 5) Use of the Noun in the Common Case as a prepositional attribute; 6) Formal double complete predicative center; 7) Wide use of the assistant words; 8) Wide development of secondary predicative combinations; 9) Direct word order. | ||