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Read and translate the text: English - the International Language

Read and translate the text: English - the International Language - раздел Образование, Text 1 Task 1. Read And Tr...

Text 1

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

English - the International Language

English is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is spoken as a native language by around 377 million and as a second language by around 375 million speakers in the world. Speakers of English as a second language will soon outnumber those who speak it as a first language.

Around 750 million people are believed to speak English as a foreign language. English has an official or a special status in 75 countries with a total population of over 2 billion.

The domination of the English language globally is undeniable. English is the language of diplomacy and international communications, business, tourism, education, science, computer technology, media and Internet. Because English was used to develop communication, technology, programming, software, etc, it dominates the web. 70% of all information stored electronically is in English.

British colonialism in the 19th century and American capitalism and technological progress in the 20th century were undoubtedly the main causes for the spread of English throughout the world.

The English language came to British Isles from northern Europe in the fifth century. From the fifteenth century, the British began to sail all over the world and became explorers, colonists and imperialists. They took the English language to North America, Canada and the Caribbean, to South Africa, to Australia and New Zealand, to South Asia (especially India), to the British colonies in Africa, to South East Asia and the South Pacific.

The USA has played a leading role in most parts of the world for the last hundred years. At the end of the 19th century and first quarter of the 20th, it welcomed millions of European immigrants who had fled their countries ravaged by war, poverty or famine. This labor force strengthened American economy. The Hollywood film industry also attracted many foreign artists in quest of fame and fortune and the number of American films produced every year soon flooded the market. Before the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which ended the First World War between Germany and the Allies, diplomacy was conducted in French. However, President Woodrow Wilson succeeded in having the treaty in English as well. Since then, English started being used in diplomacy and gradually in economic relations and the media.

The future of English as a global language will depend very largely on the political, economical, demographic and cultural trends in the world. The beginning of the 21st century is a time of global transition. According to some experts, faster economic globalization is going hand in hand with the growing use of English. More and more people are being encouraged to use English rather than their own language. On the other hand, the period of most rapid change can be expected to be an uncomfortable and at times traumatic experience for many people around the world. Hence, the opposite view, that the next 20 years or so will be a critical time for the English language and for those who depend upon it. The patterns of usage and public attitudes to English which develop during this period will have long-term effects for its future in the world.

Task 2. Retell the text.

Text 2

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Renaissance Music

The beginning of the Renaissance in music is not as clearly marked as the beginning of the Renaissance in the other arts, and unlike in the other… By the middle of the 15th century, composers and singers from the Low… The invention of printing had an immense influence on the dissemination of musical styles, and along with the movement…

Text 3

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Baroque Music

Instrumental music became dominant in the Baroque, and most major music forms were defined. Counterpoint was one of the major forces in both the… Much Baroque music was designed for improvisation. The keyboard, particularly… Much Baroque music featured a basso continuo consisting of a keyboard, either harpsichord or organ (sometimes a lute…

Text 4

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Romantic Music

In the Romantic period, music became more expressive and emotional, expanding to encompass literature, art, and philosophy. Famous early Romantic… 20th century music The 20th Century saw a revolution in music listening as the radio gained popularity worldwide and new media and…

Text 5

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

History of Opera

Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.

Opera started in Italy at the end of the 16th century and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. However, in the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. Today the most renowned figure of late 18th century opera is Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition.

The first third of the 19th century saw the highpoint of the bel canto style, with Rossini, Donizetti and Bellini all creating works that are still performed today. It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Meyerbeer. The mid to late 19th century was a "golden age" of opera, led and dominated by Wagner in Germany and Verdi in Italy. The popularity of opera continued through the verismo era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Puccini and Strauss in the early 20th century. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, particularly in Russia and Bohemia. The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as atonality and serialism (Schoenberg and Berg), Neoclassicism (Stravinsky), and Minimalism (Philip Glass and John Adams). With the rise of recording technology, singers such as Enrico Caruso became known to audiences beyond the circle of opera fans. Operas were also performed on (and written for) radio and television.

Vocabulary

score - партитура

scenery – декорації

artificiality - штучність

renowned – знаменитий

landmark – віха, межовий знак

highpoint – кульмінація

advent – виникнення

verismo – жанр опери

emerge – з'являтися

Task 2. Choose the correct answer

1. When did the opera start?

a. At the beginning of the 16th century b. at the middle of the 16th century c. at the end of the 17-th century d. at the end of the 16th century

2. Which country didn’t opera continue to dominate in the 18-th century in?

a. Italy b. France c. Germany d. Spain

3. The highpoint of the bel canto style was

a. at the beginning of the 19-th century b. at the middle of the 19-th century c. at the end of the 19-th century d. at the end of the 18-th century

4. When did opera emerge in Russia?

a. In the 18-th century b. in the 17-th century c. in the 19-th century d. in the 20-th century

Task 3. Put the questions to the underlined words:

a. Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining textand musical score.

b. Opera started in Italyat the end of the 16th century and soon spread through the rest of Europe

Task 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What does opera incorporate?

2. Where and how is performance given?

3. Which form of Italian opera was the most prestigious?

4. Who is the most renowned figure of late 18-th century opera?

5. When was a “golden era” of opera?

Task 5. Retell the text.

Text 6

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Operatic Terminology

Vocabulary notably – особливо collaboration – співпраця

Text 7

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Music of Ukraine

Traditional ethnic Ukrainian music

Ukraine found itself at the crossroads of Asia and Europe and this is reflected within the music in a perplexing mix of exotic singing with chordal… Harmonically three and even four part harmony had developed and was recorded… · Ritual songs show the greatest tendency to preservation. They are frequently in recitative style, essentially…

Text 8

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Fundamentals of Music

Pitch is a subjective sensation, reflecting generally the lowness or highness of a sound. In a musical context, some people have what is called… At and below about 1,000 Hz, the perceived pitch of a tone gets lower as sound… In Western music, there have long been several competing pitch standards defining tuning systems.

Scales and Modes

In music written using the system of major-minor tonality, the key of a piece determines the scale used. Transposing a piece from C major to D major… Dorian Mode This is the most widely used mode. You can play it by starting… Phrygian Mode This mode begins on E. Play all the white key up to the next E. It has a very sad sound and is heard…

Text 9

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Key Signatures. Circle of Fifths.

The most often used tool to understand key signature relationships is the circle of fifths. This circle is the tool used to walk through the process… The starting point to learn key signatures is with the key of Cmajor and a minor, since they have the same key…

Text 10

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Triads. Major and Minor Chords.

Learning basic music theory is absolutely necessary to communicate with other musicians. Whether we are writing a song together, playing a show on… Chords are made up of certain tones from the scale that fit well with the… Every triad can be represented in three positions. The chord written in root position is the most basic way to write a…

Text 11

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Musical Compositions

Piece is a general, non-technical term applied mainly to instrumental compositions from the 17th century onwards. In vocal music the term is most… Musical form In discussing the structure or organization of a musical work, the composition of that work is generally called its…

Text 12

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

String instruments

Construction String instruments can be divided in three groups. 1. Lutes - instruments in which the strings are supported by a neck and a bout ("gourd"), for instance a…

Text 13

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Wind instruments

A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by… Methods for obtaining different notes Changing the length of the vibrating air column, by changing the effective length of the tube through opening or…

Text 14

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

History of Jazz

Jazz is the art of expression set to music! Jazz is said to be the fundamental rhythms of human life and man’s contemporary reassessment of his… The origin of the word "jazz" is most often traced back to a vulgar… Those who play jazz have often expressed the feelings that jazz should remain undefined, jazz should be felt. "If…

Text 15

What is Chamber music? Thought by most to be "music written for a small ensemble," this definition is correct, but incomplete. A…

Text 16

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Gospel Music

Anthem music, later called 'spirituals', and much later 'gospel' music, while having a direct and vital link to Africa is distinctly American music.… Different individuals have various definitions of gospel music. But, for those… But when did gospel music really start? According to some studies, the history of gospel music dates back to the 18th…

Text 17

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Operetta

Operettas have had a vast impact on western culture. They have made opera, a typically dense and epic form of entertainment, available to the common… Normally, in an operetta, some of the libretto is spoken rather than singing.… Most operettas can be described as light operas with acting, whereas most musicals are closer to being plays with…

Text 18

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Conducting

Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles… The principal conductor of an orchestra or opera company is sometimes referred… History of conducting

Text 19

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Astor Piazzolla

Piazzolla was born in Mar del Plata, Argentina, in 1921, the only child of Italian immigrant parents, Vicente "Nonino" Piazzolla and… In 1925 Ástor Piazzolla moved with his family to Greenwich Village in… In 1958 he disbanded both the Octeto and the String Orchestra and returned to New York City with his family where he…

Text 20

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

S.Prokofiev

Prokofiev was born in 1891 in Sontsovka (now Krasne in the Donetsk Oblast province of eastern Ukraine, an isolated rural estate in the… In 1902, Prokofiev's mother met Sergei Taneyev, director of the Moscow… During World War I, Prokofiev returned to the Conservatory. He studied organ in order to avoid conscription. He…

Text 21

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Stephen Foster

Stephen Foster was one of the most prolific song writers of his time, contributing more than 200 songs during his twenty-year career. His first… But, it was minstrel music for which Foster will always be remembered. The… Now what is interesting about the success of Stephen Foster is that he himself was ambivalent about it. Sometimes he…

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

"THERE IS" or "THERE ARE"

Use there is or there are

1.There ___is__ a piccolo. 2.There ___are__ 2 flutes. 3.There __are___ two oboes an English horn

Use there is or there are

1. _______7 notes in gamma. 2._______ кілька тембрів чоловічих і жіночих голосів. 3._______ в нашій консерваторії багато талантів. 4. _______ enough time to finish your composition? 5. _______a few saxophones and a few hornes in a combo. 6. _______only one way to solve this problem. 7. _______ anyone here who wants to perform on the stage? 8. ________ many good celoists left in the world. 9. ________a lot of information available on this issue. 10. _______ any jazz clubs in Ukraine?

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. У нашому місті багато музичних шкіл та будинків культури.

2. У сонаті 3 розділи.

3. Які ноти на тому столі? – На ньому тільки романси Чайковського.

4. На цьому фортепіано не вистачає кількох клавіш.

5. У центі міста знаходиться оперний театр.

6. У цьому творі складна ритміка.

7. У п'ятому реченні є помилка

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ARTICLES

 

Insert Definite or Indefinite article wherever necessary.

2. She is ... second-year student. 3. They have ... flat in ... centre of ... city ... flat is large and light. … 4. My sister studies at ... Musical Academy.

Fill in the correct personal pronouns.

Ben: Have you seen Martin today?
Sue: Yes. 1) I ... saw him this morning.2) ... was coming out of the travel agent’s.
Ben: Did 3) ... ask 4) ... where 5) ... was going?
Sue: Yes. He said 6) ... was going to Italy with Mary for two weeks to see a new opera in La Scala. 7) ... was at the travel agent’s as well. 8) ... both looked very excited and happy.
Ben: Shall 9) ... go on holiday together somewhere this year?
S Sue: Mary told 10) ... that 11) ... had a great time in Italy last year. Shall 12) ... ask 13) ... how much 14) ... cost?

 

Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns.

1. Take care of yourself when you move on the stage, Bob.

2. I've cut ... on this string.

3. Did you enjoy ... last night, you two?

4. Ben's ashamedof ... for failure of his concert.

5. The stidents behaved ... when they were at the theatre.

6. I don't like Sheila. She thinks far too muchof ...

7. We can do it if we truly believe in ...

 

Fill in the blanks with a possessive adjective or a possessive pronoun.

1. This is my (I) violin but that one over there is yours (you).

2. ... (she) singing was better than ... (I).

3. ... (they) holiday starts the week after ... (we).

4. Can we have ... (you) suggestion first and then we'll hear ... (he)?

5. I didn't bother going to ... (he) party and he won't be coming to ... (I).

6. ... (we) flight was delayed but ... (they) took off on time.

7. I wish ... (I) voice was as good as ... (she).

8. Unfortunately, ... (they) band played better than ... (we) so we lost the competition.

9. If you're a friend of ... (he), then you're a friend of ... (I) too.

10. We'll leave ... (she) house after dinner, so we should be at ... (you) before 10.00.

Underline the correct item.

2. There are some/any mic in my collection. 3. There is any/no ice-cream left. 4. Did she tell you nothing/anything?

Translate into English

1. Я бачу якусь записку на столі. Хто-небудь заходив?

2. Я нічого не можу вам сказати. Запитайте кого-небудь ще.

3. Я не бачу придатного інструменту для себе на вітрині; чи не можете ви показати мені що-небудь? – На жаль, нічого більше не можу вам зараз запропонувати.

4. Хіба не було іншого виходу? – Абсолютно ніякого.

5. У партітурі було кілька помилок.

6. У вас є при собі гроші? – Ні, стипендія закінчилася.

7. От усе, що ми хотіли зіграти для вас.

 

PREPOSITIONS

 

Complete the sentences with a suitable preposition.

1. My studio is ... the first floor ... a multi-storied building.

2. It takes me thirty minutes to get ...musical academy.

3. ... me my instrument is my bread.

4. We are glad to have moved in because we have been living ... our old flat ... about 8 years.

5. It is furnished ... a modern style.

6. My teacher gets angry ... a mess ... our classroom.

 

Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

Over two thirds ... the world’s scientists write ... English. Three quarters ... the world’s mail is ... English. 85% ... the information ... computers ... the world is ... English, too.

You must learn English if you work ... an international airline. The control tower communicates ... pilots all over the world ... English.

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Last year my family went 1) on holiday to Thailand. We went 2) ... air; it was a very long journey but we were very well looked after 3) ... the plane by all the stewardesses. When we arrived 4) ... the airport we went directly to our hotel 5) ... - taxi. There was a lot of traffic 6) ... the streets of the city and there were many people walking 7) ... the pavements. We stayed 8) ... a large hotel 9) ... the outskirts of Bangkok. We were given a wonderful suite 10) ... the top floor of the hotel. The most enjoyable day I had was when we went 11) ... a trip 12) ... boat, down the river to the crocodile farm. We had a wonderful holiday.

 

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

  5. Fill in at, in or on. I go to the University every day 1) ... at ... 8 o’clock. Lessons start 2) ... 8.15 am 3) ... Mondays and Tuesdays. 4)…

PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. I see/am seeing that the situation is out of control. 2. Do you enjoy/Аrе you enjoying this party? 4. You haven't said a word all morning. What… 2. Here are some exchanges from an interview between an American journalist… 1. 'How do you start work on a film?' 'I (read) the script and (make) notes.'

Translate the following sentence into English.

1. Візьми мікрофон. Тебе не чутно.

2. Не говоріть так гучно. Я добре Вас чую.

3. Послухай, вона співає якусь нову пісню.

4. Хто це грає на сцені? Я не знаю цього виконавця.

5. Якою мовою вона співає цю арію?

6. Дивися, як вона гарно танцює.

7. Я не розумію,про що він співає.

 

PRESENT PERFECT or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

John and Norma have been married 1) ..for... 20 years. They have been living in New York 2) … 1989. John has been working on Wall Street 3) … four… Hehas gone to Brussels. ( = He's there or on his way to Brussels.) Hehas been to Brussels once. (= He's visited Brussels but he's back now.)

Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive).

2. I (wait) for you since two o'clock. 3. Mary (live) in Germany since 1992. 4. Why is he so tired? He (play) piano for five hours.

In the Hostel.

Tom: 1) Have you seen (you/see) the state of this kitchen? 2) … (wash) clothes in the sink and they're still there!

Fred: Yes, I know. I usually 3) … (use) the bath, but it 4) … (be) too dirty at the moment.

Tom: Why didn't you clean it? You 5) … (live) here for two months now, and I 6) … (never/see) you do any housework.

Fred: What do you mean? I 7) … (wash) the dishes at least three times and I always 8) … (make) my bed.

Tom: Rubbish! You 9) … (always/make) a mess and not cleaning up afterwards.

Fred: What about you? You 10) … (always/drink) my milk!

Tom: Don't be ridiculous! Where 11) … (you/go)?

Fred: Out! I 12) … (see) my girlfriend this evening.

Tom: What about the kitchen?

Fred: Bye!

Fill in with Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you to apply for the position of Art Editor at your newspaper. I 1) have been working (work) as a reporter on "The Morning Globe" for eight years, and 2) … (write) about every major art event in England in that time. I 3) … (also/make) several important contacts within the musical world such as composers and musicians, who 4) … (be) of great help to me in my career. The editor of "The World" 5) … (recently/offer) me the post of Senior Arts Reporter, but as I 6) … (never/really/like) the newspaper I think I will turn it down. However, I 7) … (read) your newspaper since I was a young boy and I 8) … (always/admire) it. I 9) … (wait) for an opportunity like this to turn up all my working life. My editor 10) … (agree) to give me time off to attend an interview. Should you wish to meet me?

Put in the present perfect progressive or simple.

11. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive). 1. A: How long (you / play ) trumpet? 2. B: I (play / only) for 7 year. And you?

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я знаю його дуже добре, ми знайомі усе життя.

2. Шкода, що ти не чула цю оперу. Вона дуже цікава.

3. Останнім часом вони бачилися дуже рідко.

4. Я ніколи не чув про цю співачку.

5. Скільки років твоя сестра грає на саксофоні?

6. Сьогодні я виконала 5 пісень Уитні Х’юстон.

7. Моя донька вже закінчила інститут і восени почне працювати.

 

Translate the following sentences into English using either the Present Perfect or the Past indefinite Tense.

2. Чи можу я бачити вашого скрипаля? – Боюся, що ні. Він поїхав до Криму. 3. Ви вже аранжували цю пісню? – Ні, я зробила лише половину. 4. Ви вже склали всі екзамени? – Ні, ми склали тільки два.

PAST FORMS

1. Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

Last year I (spend) my holiday in Ireland. It (be) great. I (travel) around by car with two friends and we (visit) lots of interesting places. In the evenings we usually (go) at the rock concerts. One night we even (learn) some Irish dances. We (be) very lucky with the weather. It (not / rain) a lot. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows. Where (spend / you) your last holiday?

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).

1) While Tom (play) Amely (sing) a song.

2) Marvin (come) the piano, (take) the note and (start) to play.

3) The conductor (come) on the stage, (flap) with the conductor’s baton and the orchestra (begin) to play .

4) Nobody (listen) while the teacher (explain) the theory.

5) While we (do) a European tour, our friends (stay) at home.

6) He (wake) up and (look) at his watch.

7) The receptionist (welcome) the competitors and (ask) them to fill in the form.

8) The car (break) down and we (have) to walk home.

9) The boys (watch) while the girls (dance).

3. Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).

1. We (wait) for Jane, when suddenly Louis (come) around the corner.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past progressive).

1) When I (stand) on the stage, I (be) nervous.

2) While Tom (play) the piano, his mother (do) the washing-up.

3) He (check) the string at his instrument and then he (continue) to play .

4) I (have) dinner when I suddenly (hear) a loud bang.

5) When my father (take part) in the concert, an old friend (come) to see him.

6) She (come) to academy, (take) out her English textbook and (begin) to revise the rule.

7) When the last note (sound) , the spectators (burst) into tears.

8) When Jane (do) a language course in Ireland, she (visit) Blarney Castle.

9) When I (be) on my way home, I (meet) some street musicians.

10. I (not / understand) what they (sing) about.

Fill in with Past Simple, Present Simple, Present Continuous or Present Perfect.

Jane: Hi, Johnny. I 1) haven't heard, (not/hear) from you for a long time. Where 2) … (you/be)?

Johnny: I 3) … (start) to play in a new orchestra six months ago. I 4) … (be) the first violin now. I 5) … (enjoy) it very much. My troupe 6) … (go) abroad every few months. Last month I 7) … (go) to Japan – it 8) … (be) fantastic!

Jane: Wow! Japan! How long 9) … (you/stay) there? Tell me all about it.

Johnny: I 10) … (stay) there for three weeks in a luxurious hotel. The theatre always 11) … (pay) for everything.

Jane: I'd love a job like yours.

Johnny: Well actually, Jane, that 12) … (be) the reason why I 13) … (call) you now. We 14) … (need) a musician. Last week, the theatre administrator15) … (tell) me to find someone and I immediately 16) … (think) of you. What 17) … (you/think)?

Jane: When 18) … (I/start)?

Fill in with Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1. A: Have you been (you/be) on holiday this year?

B: No, I … (can/not) go, because I … (break) my leg in August and … (have) to stay in hospital.

2. A: … (you/visit) the National Museum yet?

B: Yes, I … (be) there three times, but I … (not/see) everything yet.

3. A: I … (never/fly) before and I'm very nervous about it.

B: I … (feel) like that the first time I … (fly), but I thoroughly … (enjoy) it.

4. A: I … (lose) my tonometer. … (you/see) it anywhere?

B: No. Where … (you/put) it?

A: I … (put) it on the table a minute ago, but it is not there now.

5. A: … (you/ever/meet) anyone famous?

B: Yes, I … (speak) to Paul McCartney and I … (see) John Lennon before he was killed.

Fill in with Present Perfect or Past Simple.

1. A: Did you see (you/see) the Madonna’s concert on TV last night?

B: No. But I … (see) all of her performances on video already this year.

2. A: I … (live) in Germany for five years now. I … (move) here in1989.

В: I … (live) in Portugal for a time, but I live in Rome now.

3. A: My Uncle Tom … (meet) Winston Churchill.

B: That's nothing! My mum … (meet) Prince Charles.

4. A: Where's Jane?

B: She … (go) to America. She … (leave) last week.

A: Really? Why … (she/go) there?

5. A: My father … (work) in that music store for twelve years. Then he … (get) a job in a bank.

B: He … (work) at the bank for quite a few years now, hasn't he?

6. A: How long … (you/learn) Italian?

B: I … (start) learning the language when I … (be) twelve.

PAST PERFECT OR PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Fill in with Past Simple or Past Perfect.

The biggest event in Tom's life 1) happened (happen) by chance. He 2) … (be) 22 and he 3) … (just/leave) music college. He 4) … (get) his degree and he was looking for a job. He 5) … (want) to be a signer but he 6) … (know) he 7) … (not/have) enough experience. You see, as a student, he 8) … (spend) most of his time in the university theatre. He 9) … (write) to all the newspapers but he 10) … (not/receive) any replies. Then one day, the phone 11) … (ring). It was a woman who 12) … (offer) him a job as a signer. She 13) … (see) him in a musical at the university and 14) … (enjoy) the performance. He 15) … (take) the job and since then he's been very successful. Last night he 16) … (discover) he 17) … (win) an award for his performance in the musical.

Put in the simple past or past perfect.

1. I (be) sorry that I (not be) nicer to him. 2. Nobody (come) to the perfomance because Angela (forget) to tell peopleabout it. 3. I (see) her before somewhere - I (know). 4. Because he (not check) the tune for so long, the guitar (be out of tune). 5. She couldn't find the metronome that I (lend) her. 6. All the people we (invite) turned up, and some that we (not invite). 7. They (not/know) where he (learn) to sing. 8. It was a song that I (never hear) of. 9. When she (come) in, we all knew where she (be). 10. The lesson (already start) when I (arrive).

Choose the right tenses (present perfect, past or past perfect; simple or progressive).

Choose the correct tense.

1. I (haven't seen/didn't see) much of Al lately. 2. 'Who is she?' 'I ('ve never seen/never saw) herbefore.'3. I (‘ve done/did) a lot of stupid things in my life. 4. She (has graduated /graduated) the university last year. 5. When (have you got/did you get) married? 6. I'm sorry. I (haven't finished/didn't finish) yet. 7. I ('ve often wondered/often wondered) what he does for a living. 8. He (has caught/caught) the plane at eight this morning. 9. I (‘ve play/play) a lot of her music works when I was at music college. 10. (Have you seen/Did you see) any good music shows?

Complete the sentences with the present perfect or simple past.

6. Fill in: used to or would. I 1) used to live in a small house in the country when I was a little girl. I… 7. Fill in: was going to, would or used to.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Вони купили новий будинок минулого року.

2. Коли Ви бачили його востаннє?

3. Коли він сказав Вам про це?

4. На минулому тижні ми нікуди не виходили ввечері.

5. Минула зима була дуже холодною.

6. Це сталося тиждень тому.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Хоча було вже пізно, хтось грав на піаніно у їдальні.

2. Вона говорила по телефону, коли я увійшла до кімнати.

3. Які документи він проглядав, коли Ви увійшли до кімнати?

4. Про що ми говорили, коли вона перервала нас?

5. Вчора він увесь ранок грав у гольф.

6. Я дивився детектив, коли задзвонив телефон.

7. Він намагався упізнати мелодію, яку вона грала.

 

Translate into English.

1 Поки друкарка друкувала документи, я розмовляв з головним керівником.

2. Ти вчора був зайнятий, чи не так? – Так, я писав статтю.

3. З ким ти розмовляв, коли я тебе зустрів? – Це наш новий диритент.

4. Що ви обговорювали на вчорашній нараді?

5. Коли я снідав, хтось подзвонив у двері.

6. Вчора весь день йшов дощ і мені довелося залишитись вдома.

7. Коли я побачив його обличчя, то одразу зрозумів, що помилився.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Він сказав, що у серпні був у відпустці.

1. Після того, як він поїхав на Північ, вона про нього нічого не чула.

2. До того, як вони зустрілися, вона працювала офіціанткою у кафе.

3. Коли вона повернулася додому, він уже пішов.

4. Ніхто не знав, що сталося з ними.

5. Я думала, що вони переїхали на нову квартиру.

6. Коли я подзвонив їй, вона вже поїхала на дачу.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Влітку ми жили на дачі, а восени переїхали у місто.

2. Вчора я не дивилася телевізор і пропустила дуже цікавий фільм.

3. Коли викладач увійшов до аудиторії, студенти обговорювали свою літню практику.

4. Коли ми прийшли на вокзал, поїзд уже прибув.

5. Після сніданку діти пішли до школи, а мати пішла за покупками.

6. Вона віддала мені листа тільки після того, як я назвав себе.

7. Після закінчення школи вона намагалася поступити в інститут, але провалилась.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

2. Коли ви бачили її виступ востаннє? 3. Коли відбувся ваш академ концерт? 4. Минулого місяця наша група ніде не виступала.

FUTURE FORMS

Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Future.

"You 1) 'll meet (meet) Agent 205 under the clock at the railway station. When she 2) ... (arrive), she 3) ... (give) you an envelope. I don't know if you 4) ... (re-cognise) her in her disguise, but if she 5) ... (not/say) the secret code word, you 6) ... (know) she is an enemy agent. You 7) ... (take) the envelope and head for the train to Waterloo Station. When the train 8) ... (come), you 9) ... (get on) it and go to Waterloo. If you 10) ... (miss) the 9.15 train, you 11) ... (have to) get the next one. As soon as it 12) ... (reach) Waterloo, leave the train and take a taxi to the Opera House. You 13) ... (meet) Jenny there, although I'm not sure exactly when she 14) ... (get) there. Give her the envelope. Wait until she 15) ... (drive) off and then go home. We 16) ... (call) you there. Are there any questions?"

Match the sentences and fill in the correct tense.

2.1 don't know B. as soon as I ... (can). 2... 3. What ... (you/do) C. if you ... (come) home late. 3... 4. Turn the lights off D. as soon as she reaches (reach) London. 4...

Put the verbs in brackets into Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous.

5. Fill in: will, won't or shall. Fred: I hope you 1) will be able to come to my party this weekend, Emma. Emma: Of course I 2) ... Fred. But I'm afraid Sue 3) ... be able to.

Underline the correct item.

2. "You look dreadful." "I know, I'm seeing/'II see the doctor tomorrow at 4 o'clock." 3. "Did you remember to water the plants today?" "Oh no, I… 4. I've already told you why I can't see you tonight. I'm having/'II have guests.

Fill in the correct present or future forms.

8.Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present progressive). 1. I love London. I (probably / go) there next year. 2. Our train (leave) at 4:47.

Translate into English.

2. Я зачекаю, доки він подзвонить мені. 3. Що Ви будете робити, якщо його не буде вдома? 4. Я допоможу тобі, щойно закінчу працювати над статтею.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Ми будемо чекати Вас біля пам’ятника Франкові.

1.Цікаво, що він буде робити завтра у цей час?

2.Вони покажуть цей фільм знов завтра вранці.

3.Боюся, вона буде витрачати дуже багато грошей влітку.

4.Офіціант принесе кави і морозиво через 5 хвилин.

5.Завтра ми знову побачимося.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Він повернеться додому до 15 серпня.

2. Я буду чекати на Вас завтра в цей же час.

3. За два дні студенти почнуть складати екзамени.

4. Сподіваюсь, до 9 години концерт уже закінчиться, і діти будуть вдома.

5. Ми приберемо квартиру і накриємо на стіл до того, як приїдуть гості.

6. Він говорить, що прийде на вокзал проводити нас.

7. Будівельники закінчать нову лінію метро до 10 травня.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я люблю джаз. Я буду вступати до консерваторії на кафедру естрадної музики. 2. На якій вечірці ви будете грати сьогодні? 3. Швидше! Звук повинен бути налаштований через двадцять хвилин.

MODAL VERBS

I wonder where Paul is. He 1) can't be at work because he never works on a Sunday. He 2) … be at Sally's, but I doubt it because they haven't been… 2. Fill in can, couldn't, may, mustn't, can't or (not) be allowed to: … 3. Fill in should, shouldn't, ought to or had better: Dan: You 1) should really do something about…

Must have to

 

Choose the right verb.

  2. Must we hurry? - No, you ..., we have so much time. a. can’t …  

Change the tense - form into the past.

1. I must go to the dentist

2. I must put things right.

3. We are to start off at dawn.

4. We must meet on Friday.

5. We need to repeat it.

 

Fill in a modal or a synonymous expression and the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets.

2. What a lovely day! … (we/go) for a walk? 3. I'm not sure where Gary is. He … (be) at the library. 4. That … (not/be) Bill's car. He doesn't own one.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Можна мені залишити мою гітару тут?

2. Боюся, її не візьмуть грати в оркестрі, вона занадто слабка.

3. Студенти можуть займатися спеціальністю в кабінетах консерваторії.

4. Ти можеш взяти мій мікрофон.

5. Я можу скористатися твоїм метрономом?

6. Нарешті їх допустили до здачі іспиту з сольфеджіо.

7. Вона може отримати іспит автоматом, якщо буде займатися частіше.

8. Діти повинні займатися в хоровому класі.

9. Їм не потрібно репетирувати щовечора.

10. Нам необхідно одержати не менше 80 балів на академ. концерті.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Можна мені залишити речі тут?

2. Боюся, їй не дозволять купатися, вона ще надто слабка.

3. Студенти можуть зачекати у цій кімнаті.

4. Ти можеш взяти мою парасольку.

5. Чи можу я скористатися Вашим телефоном?

6. Нарешті їм дозволили залишити приміщення.

7. Ви не можете палити у дитячій кімнаті.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Мені потрібно було в першу чергу розібрати фугу Баха.

2. Боюся, я не зможу співати під час хвороби.

3. Я не можу ніде знайти медіатор.

4. Можна я пограю на твоєму інструменті.

5. Цей хлопець не може грати у швидкому темпі.

6. Ти можеш грати не дивлячись у нотний текст?

7. Ти можеш взяти мою сурдину.

8. Мені потрібно вивчити цей твір до квітня.

9. Мені потрібен час, щоб розібрати ноти.

10. Мені не потрібен буде кабінет завтра, можеш ним скористатися.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Адажіо слід грати в темпі 60 чвертей у хвилину. 2. При розборі п'єси її слід грати в повільному темпі. 3. Ти не міг би прорахувати цей такт на чотири чверті? 4. Щоб добре володіти інструментом, треба багато займатися. 5. При грі трубу треба держати перпендікулярно лінії тіла. 6. Щоб добре імпровізувати, потрібно добре відчути характер основної теми. 7. При грі на духових інструментах слід дуже вільно і широко вдихати. 8. Барабанщик повинен мати дуже гарне почуття ритму. 9. Крісчендо і димінуендо слід виконувати послаблюючи або посилюючи динаміку звуку. 10. При грі на фортепіано слід розвивати швидкість як правої, так і лівої руки. 11. Диригент повинен досконально вивчити специфіку кожного інструменту, щоб пред'являти вимоги до скрипалів, віолончелістів, контрабасистів і інших музикантів.

ADJECTIVES. ADVERBS

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

 

Make degrees of comparison.

Necessary, high, old, modern, changeable, damp, beautiful, important, many, hot, convenient, little, frosty, wonderful.

 

2. Fill in the blanks, using:

a) Good, wellin the corresponding degree of comparison.

My friends are pianists. They play the piano… . Tom plays … than Nick. Peter plays … of all. He is the … pianist of the three.

b) Bad, badlyin the corresponding degree of comparison.

My sister Olga sings …. She is a … singer. Helen sings … than Olga does. Ann is the … singer of the three. She sings … of all.

Translate the following sentences.

1. We can't sign the contract as the terms are the least acceptable to us.

2. Put more milk but less sugar in my coffee.

3. I don't think we'll buy Model 20 as it is worse than Model 21.

4. Which is the best model of television-sets?

5. I don't think autumn is the worst season of the year.

6. Tomorrow I'll have to get up earlier than today.

7. I ski worse than my brother does.

8. Ann plays the piano better than I do.

9. I'll swim less today as I feel worse than usual.

10. I have less work now and I'll be able to study more.

 

Compare the following.

1. My sister is younger than my brother (young).

2. Today cold, yesterday (cold).

3. Winter, spring (warm).

4. My suitcase, your suitcase (heavy).

5. My friend arrived at the airport. We arrived at the airport (early).

6. I'll go through the letters, the secretary will go through the letters (soon).

Answer the following questions.

1. Is the Rossia Hotel more comfortable than the Metropol hotel?

2. Do you get up on Sunday later than on week-days?

3. Why do you get up on Sunday later than on week-days?

4. What English writer do you like best of all?

5. Which language do you know better: English or German?

 

Underline the right forms in these sentences. In some cases both forms are right.

1. Your driving is (worse/worst) than mine.

2. It's the (less/lesser) of two evils.

3. Have you heard the (last/latest) news?

4. We have no (further/farther) information.

5. His (latest/last) words were: 'The end'.

6. My flat is (littler/smaller) than yours.

7. Jane is (older/elder) than I am.

8. This is the (more/most) expensive.

9. His English is (best/better) than mine.

10. She’s my (elder/older) sister.

 

Fill in the blanks as in the example.

The 1) most interesting of (interesting) all the cities I have ever visited was New York. It was 2) ... (good) place I have ever been to. The buildings are 3) ... (tall) those in any other city and the streets are 4) ... (busy) streets ... the world, full of traffic and people all day. 5) ... (exciting) thing ... all was the sightseeing. I saw some of 6) ... (amazing) places. The only thing that spoilt my stay was the weather. While I was in New York, the city had one of 7) ... (cold) winters on record and 8) ... (bad) snowstorm in years.

Fill in the blanks as in the example.

Two weeks ago, I went into town to buy a birthday present for my 1) eldest (old) sister. You couldn't meet a 2) ... (wonderful) person ... her. She is one of 3) ... (charming) and 4) ... (funny) women I know. She is also 5) ... (generous-hearted) person I've ever met. 6) ... (bad) thing is that she has a 7) ... (quick) temper ... me. Mother says she could also be a bit 8) ... (tidy) ... she is. Anyway, the present I wanted to buy her had to be 9) ... (good) I could afford. Eventually, I came across 10) ... (beautiful) scarf I had ever seen. It was 11) ... (long) ... the one she already had and much 12) ... (colourful). Imagine my disappointment when I discovered the next day that mother had bought her exactly the same scarf.

 

Fill in the blanks as in the example.

What was life like when I was a boy? Well, I think it was 1) better (good) than life now. It was 2) ... (good) time ... my life. When I was 3) ... (young), people were 4) ... (happy) and 5) ... (polite) ... they are now. Also, things were 6) ... (cheap) and money lasted a lot 7) ... (long) ... nowadays. Some say that life is 8) ... (exciting) nowadays. It's true that you can travel 9) ... (far) and 10) ... (fast) ... when I was a boy and there is a lot 11) ... (much) choice of entertainment. But, on the whole, I think life is much 12) ... (bad) nowadays.

 

Put the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets.

  11. Fill in further, furthest, better, best, worse and worst. A: We’ve been driving for hours! The weather is getting 1) ...worse... How much 2) ... is it?

Fill in the blanks as in the example.

1 The longer (long) I had to queue at the bank, the more impatient (impatient) I became.

2 ... (much) the child cried, ... (angry) the mother became.

3 ... (small) a flat is, ... (low) the rent is.

4 ... (fast) you drive, ... (quick) we'll get there.

 

Translate into English.

2. Чому ти в неділю займався менше ніж в інші дні тижня? 3. У суботу ти займався більше ніж в інші дні тижня. 4. Який російський композитор тобі подобається більше, ніж всі інші.

PASSIVE VOICE

Turn from Active into Passive.

1. An expert is restoring the antique car. The antique car is being restored by an expert.

2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of successful films. .……

3. The judge has fined him £300. ...

4. A number of reporters will meet the professor at the airport. ...

5. A famous designer is going to redecorate the President's house.

6. The Romans founded Bath in the first century A.D. ..

7. A nightmare woke Mary up. ...

8.The Muslims celebrate Ramadan. ...

9.Van Gogh painted "Sunflowers". ...

10. Astronauts are exploring space. ...

Turn from Active into Passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted.

1. They kill elephants for ivory. – Elephants are killed for Ivory, (omitted)

2. Homer wrote the "Iliad". ...

3. People chop down a lot of trees every year. ...

4. The government will introduce new measures against crime. ...

5. Someone has burgled Ann's house. ...

6. She offered me a cup of tea. ...

7. They check passports at Passport Control. ...

8. A million people visit the cathedral every year...

9. Someone has stolen Mike's bicycle. ...

Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.

2. They have offered him the job. He ... . The job ... 3. She will send you a fax. You ... . A fax ... 4. They are going to show me a new technique. I … A new technique ...

Turn the following into the Passive.

1. I don't like people shouting at me. – I don't like being shouted at... 2. I hate people staring at me. ... 3. I don't like people talking about me. ... 4. I hate people asking me questions. ...

Fill in the Past Continuous Passive or the Past Perfect Passive.

1. They didn't leave the restaurant until the bill had been paid (pay). 2. I couldn't go to my favourite cafe for a drink. It ... (redecorate)… 3. He ... (take) to the hospital when the ambulance crashed. 4. The search was called off. The escaped criminal ... (find). 5. When I looked for my television set I couldn't find it. I had forgotten it ... (repair). 6. By the time I returned from work, my new washing machine ... (deliver). 7. I didn't go to her party because I ... (not/invite).

Rewrite the following passage in the Passive.

Somebody left a box on the No. 53 bus last night. A woman found it under her seat. She gave it to the bus driver. No one knows where it came from. The police are making enquiries now. The police are searching for the owner of the box because they have found a bomb in it. They hope they will arrest the person soon.

Turn from Active into Passive.

1. The ancient Greeks built the Acropolis. – The Acropolis was built by the ancient Greeks.

2. Martin is writing the company report this year. ...

3. Somebody will clean the room tomorrow. ...

4. They put fresh flowers in the hotel rooms every day...

5. Bad weather may delay your flight. ...

6. They gave Sandy a present. ...

7. They think the President is dying. ...

8. They made her cry. ...

9. The mechanic has repaired the car. ...

10. The bomb destroyed the building. ...

Turn from Passive into Active.

1. He was hit by a falling brick. - A falling brick hit him.

2. She was employed by an international company. ...

3. This essay was written by Sandra. ...

4. The burglar might have been arrested. ...

5. He has been sent a parcel. ...

6. Roger was seen to leave. ...

7. The kidnappers are known to have left the country. ...

8. The exhibition will be opened by the mayor. ...

9. It is hoped that the economy will improve. ...

Fill in the correct tense. Use Passive or Active according to the context.

2. We hope that the missing money ... (find) soon. 3. A new bridge. ... (build) at the moment. 4. When she discovered that Tom ... (eat) all the biscuits she got very angry.

Change from the active into the passive. Omit the agent where it can be omitted. Justify the omission or inclusion of the agent.

Rewrite the following passage in the passive.

My parents own the best restaurant in our town. Last weekend my father dismissed the head waiter as he had stolen some stock from the cellar. My father is going to hire a new waiter as he is doing all the work by himself at the moment. He asked me to help serve the food. However, I mixed up all the orders and the customers made several complaints. I'm sure my father will never ask me to help him again!

Use the active or the passive in any appropriate form of the verbs in brackets.

Rewrite the following passage in the passive.

1. They wrote and published his work without any difficulties. 2.A great majority of listening audiences both in Ukraine and abroad accepts his music. 3. We name white keys from left to right by the letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, beginning always with the key to the right of the middle of each group of three black keys. 4. By the fourth century there were a number of traditional melodic shapes, and people haded them down orally from generation to generation of singers. 5. The musicians tackled the problem of how to write down the plain-song of the Church in the tenth century. 6. At first performers applied pedals only to one or two notes but then they rapidly applied mechanism to the whole instrument.

Rewrite the following passage in the passive.

James Fitt witnessed a horrific plane crash last night. The fire brigade fought the wreckage fire while ambulance men rescued surviving passengers. Ambulances took all the survivors to hospital. No one knows yet what caused the plane to crash. Newspaper and TV reporters have already interviewed many of the survivors. The Civil Aviation Authority has launched a full investigation. They say that someone may have put a bomb on board the aircraft. They hope that the aircraft's "black box" will provide the vital information but they haven't found it yet. They are continuing the search.

Make these sentences passive, using one of the above structures.

1. People think the government will fall. 2. We appointed Mr. Evans secretary. 3. The villagers called her a witch. 4. People believed that fresh air was bad for sick people. 5. Some people say that there are wolves in the mountains. 6. Police think the man holding the hostages is heavily armed. 7. They say he is in an agitated state. 8. Everybody considered her strange. 9. We expect that the rate of inflation will rise. 10. They say he is somewhere in Germany. 11. Somebody saw Harris leave the plane in Ontario. 12. People think that she died in a plane crash. 13. People believed that the earth was the centre of the universe. 14. They think that there is oil under Windsor Castle. 15. They made me give them details of my bank accounts.

Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Indefinite Active or Passive

1. The pitch of any note (to determine) by the frequency of the vibration , the more rapid the vibration, the higher the note. 2. The loudness (to determine) by the amplitude of vibration; the greater the space, the louder the note. 3. The word “quality” (to have) a special meaning in music. 4. The sounds produced by regular vibrations (to call) by this scientist “musical sounds”; the others he terms “noises”. Musical sounds (to differ) from one another in three ways: in pitch, in loudness, or intensity, in quality.

Translate intoUkrainian.

20. Put the following sentences into the Passive voice: 1. The Netherlands masters and their pupils held the best musical posts in… 21. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple, Active or Passive:

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Багато нових садів і парків буде закладено в нових районах.

2. Цей міст побудований у минулому столітті.

3. Багато нових фільмів випускається кожного року.

4. Зараз екзаменують нашу групу.

5. Плащ прали вчора.

6. Коли ми повернулися, речі вже були упаковані.

7. До кінця січня всі екзамени вже будуть складені.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Згода з цього питання була досягнута вчора.

2. Вирішили, що понеділок – найзручніший день для зібрання.

3. Його повсюди шукали, але так і не знайшли.

4. Про нього завжди говорять дуже тепло.

5. На цьому проекті все ще наполягають.

6. Було проглянуто багато газет і журналів з цієї проблеми, але потрібну інформацію так і не знайшли.

7. Промову декана слухали з великим інтересом, оскільки в ній були порушені важливі питання.

 

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Проблемі вивчення іноземних мов приділяється багато уваги.

2. З його манери говорити часто кепкують.

3. Цими довідниками вже не користуються, вони застаріли.

4. Стаття була перекладена вчора.

5. Він відчував, що за ним слідкують.

6. Нова станція метро буде побудована до нового року.

7. Коли задзвонив дзвоник, роботи вже були здані.

 

 

APPENDIX

FORMS OF IRREGULAR VERBS

  GRAMMAR Зворот “there is”, “there are”

Означений артикль the.

-зі злічуваними і незлічуваними іменниками в однині та множині; -коли іменник вказує на предмет, конкретне значення; -з іменниками які є єдиними в свому роді: the sun, the moon, the Eiffel Tower;

PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns.

  Називний відмінок Об’єктний відмінок
Едине число I я he він she вона it воно, він, вона me мене, мені him йому, його her ії, ій it йому/їй, його/її
Множина we ми you ви, ти, Ви they вони us нам, нас you вам, вас them їм, їх

Demonstrative pronouns.

Едине число Множина
this - цей, ця, це that - тот, та, те these - це those - то

Possessive pronouns.

местоимения
форма особисті присвійні абсолютная
Едине число I he she it my his her its mine мій his його hers її its його/її
Множина we you they our your their ours наш yours ваш theirs їх

Вживання займенників some, any, no

Стверджувальне речення

У значенні «небагато, декілька»

They bought some honey.

I haven’t seen him for some days.

В значенні «будь-який»

He’ll need any help he can get. Any horse will do.

У значенні «деякий»

Some people believe anything they read in the papers.

В значення «який-небудь» в умовних підрядних і реченнях, які виражають сумнів.

If you need any money, please let me know.

I don’t think there’s any petrol in the tank.

У значенні «приблизна кількість»

It happened some twenty years ago.

У значенні «частина»

Some of the sugar was packed in bags.

Зі словами hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom, without.

I have hardly any spare time.

We got back without any problems.

В іронічному значенні

That’s some consolation. (Ну і потішив.)

Питальне речення

У проханнях і в реченнях, що припускають позитивну відповідь

Could you do some typing for me?

Have you got some eggs?

Could I get you some coffee?

В значенні «будь-який», «який-небудь»

It there any bread?

Did he catch any fish?

В поєднанні з деякими прикметниками

Is that book any good?

Заперечне речення

В значенні «не весь», «не все»

I don’t like some of your friends.

I didn’t understand some of the information.

В значенні «довільний», «деяка кількість»

She has never tasted any wine.

I couldn’t get any information about his research.

Замість any

I have no apples = I don’t have any apples.

Замість not + іменникI’m no expert. = I’m not an expert.

LITTLE, MUCH, A LOT, A LITTLE, MANY, FEW, A FEW, A LOT OF

ПРИКЛАДИ

Reflexive pronouns.

PREPOSITIONS Прийменники напрямку: to the left - наліво

ПРИКЛАДИ

In – в, на, через

She will be back in August. – Вона повернеться в серпні.

I will return your book in a day. – Я поверну твою книжку через день.

I see a wonderful landscape in the picture. – Я бачу чудовий краєвид на картині.

On – на, в, по

We will be there on Monday. – Ми будемо там у понеділок. He is speaking on the phone. – Він розмовляє по телефону. You can find it on the Internet. – Ти можеш знайти це в Інтернеті.

To – к, ну, в

Approach to the exit. – Підійдіть до виходу. Near – близько There is a small round table near the armchair. – Близько крісла стоїть маленький круглий столик.

TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES

Допоміжне дієслово:to do. Вживання: · Постійна дія

Can, could, may, might, must, should, would, ought, need

ЧИМ ВІДРІЗНЯЮТЬСЯ МОДАЛЬНІ ДІЄСЛОВА ВІД ЗВИЧАЙНИХ: 1. Дієслова can та may мають форми теперішнього і минулого часу (could і… Must = have to = to be to

Examples

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