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- World Cancer Day 2013
Реферат Курсовая Конспект
World Cancer Day 2013
World Cancer Day 2013 - раздел Образование, Часткова пневмонія. Лікування часткової пневмонії February 4Th Is World Cancer Day, A Time When Organizations And Individuals A...
February 4th is World Cancer Day, a time when organizations and individuals around the world send a message: ………….. should be a global health priority.
One of the most visible events marking the occasion in the United States will be in …………., where the Empire State Building was lit blue and orange on Monday, February 4, for the third year in a row. The colors are those of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), which organizes World Cancer Day.
Every year, 7.6 million lives are lost to cancer worldwide – more than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined – according to the ……………. .
This year the UICC focused on dispelling damaging myths and misconceptions about cancer, under the tagline “Cancer - Did you know?” The organization used World Cancer Day to improve …………… about cancer and dismiss these 4 myths:
· Myth 1:Cancer is just a health issue. Truth: Cancer is not just a health issue. It has …………… social, economic, development, and human rights implications.
· Myth 2: Cancer is a disease of the wealthy, elderly and developed countries. Truth:Cancer is a …………… epidemic. It affects all ages and socio-economic groups, with developing countries bearing a disproportionate burden.
· Myth 3: Cancer is a death sentence. Truth: Many cancers that were once considered a ……………... can now be cured and for many more people, their cancer can be treated effectively.
· Myth 4:Cancer is my fate. Truth: With the right ………., a third of the most common cancers can be prevented.
| UICC | New York | wide-reaching | global |
| strategies | knowledge | death sentence | ending cancer |
Exercise 10. Read the description of the situations and answer the questions.
a) Your doctor examined you, did the tests, and recommended a treatment for a medical problem you have. You understand the doctor's instructions but you don't really understand what is wrong with you and what the treatment is all about. Would you ask for an explanation or would you simply trust the doctor's training and experience?
b) Your aunt has been sick for some time and has undergone a lot of tests to find out what is wrong with her. Her doctor sees the test results and feels that the patient has a disease that will probably be fatal. Your aunt is an emotional person and the doctor isn't sure whether to tell her the real diagnosis or simply to treat her symptoms and try to make her comfortable. What would you advise?
Exercise 11. In the sentences below, fill in the correct participles of the verbs in parentheses.
1. People who constantly complain are very __________ (annoy) to me.
2. Whenever Adrian gets __________ (bore), he goes fishing.
3. The students were __________ (confuse) by the Professor’s lecture.
4. Most of the news on television is __________ (depress).
5. The Ruttles were very ________ (excite) to learn that their concert was sold out.
6. Babysitting young children can be __________ (exhaust) for many people.
7. Steve was so __________ (fascinate) by the book that he finished it in one
evening.
8. Would you be __________ (frighten) if you saw a vampire?
9. After eating a __________ (satisfy) meal, the cat washed her face.
10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was __________ (surprise) to see that she had a leaf in her hair.
Test
1. Where does cancer arise from?
a) from the healthy tissue; b) from the surrounding structures;
c) from the connective tissue; d) from the epithelial cells
2. What plays a major part in the etiology of lung cancer?
a) drinking alcohol; b) exposure to dust;
c) cigarette smoking; d) inflammatory diseases
3. Among which group of people is lung cancer higher?
a) among Africans; b) among Americans;
c) among Asians; d) among Europeans.
4. Who was the term “cancer” first used by?
a) Gallen; b) Hippocrates;
c) R. Koch d) A. Fleming.
5. What is the most important thing in the prognosis of patients with carcinoma?
a) age of the patient; b) grade of malignancy;
c) geographical factors; d) family history.
6. The incidence of carcinomas comprises ……… of all malignant tumours, the rest are sarcomas.
a) 50%; b)90%; c)85%; d)30%.
7. ………. significantly affects the incidence of cancer.
a) the age; b) environmental factors; c) lifestyle; d) diet.
8. Many investigators suggest that …..… could represent a precancerous disease.
a) pyelonephritis; b) obesity; c) viral hepatitis; d) nephrolithiasis.
9. Cancer was mentioned about ……. years ago.
a) 3500; b) 200; c) 1000; d) 5000.
10. ……… plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer.
a) alcohol; b) drugs; c) cigarette smoking; d) junk food.
HEADACHE – Головний біль
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:
Migraine ['mi:grein], atherosclerosis [æθərəusliə'rəusis], crisis ['kraisis], yawning ['jɔ:niŋ], consciousness ['kɔn∫əsnis], myocardium [maiəu'ka:diəm], peculiarity [pikju:li'æriti], encounter [in'kauntə], psychiatric [saiki'ætrik], fatiguability [fəti:gə'biliti]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
To encounter зустрічати(ця)
Value значення
On the background на фоні
Indisposition нездоров'я, легке нездужання
Formidable yawning сильне зевание
Fatiguability стомлюваність
In particular особливо, зокрема
To arise виникати
To omit пропускати
Peculiarity особливість
Appropriate відповідний
To be inclined to бути схильним до
Exercise 3. Form the new nouns with the meaning “inflammation”.
Model: appendix – appendicitis
Retina, sinus, esophagus, parodont, meninges, pulp, bronchus, vagina, trachea, myocardium, nerve, gingiva, thyroid, mastoid, conjunctiva.
Exercise 4. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets.
1. Study of the structure and functions of the brain - … .
2. Any disease of the brain - … .
3. Virus being the etiological factor of poliomyelitis - … .
4. Incision of part of the brain - … .
5. Inflammation of the brain - … .
6. Inflammation of the grey substance of the brain - … .
7. Any swelling or tumour of the brain - … .
8. Examination of the brain - … .
9. Inflammation of the spinal cord - … .
10. Atrophy of the brain grey substance - … .
11. Headache - … .
12. Any disease affecting the grey substance of the spinal cord - … .
13. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain - … .
14. Neoplasm of the spinal cord - … .
15. Resembling brain, brain –like - … .
(Encephalitis, encephaloscopy, encephaloma, encephalagia, cerebrology, cerebroid, cerebropathy, cerebrotomy, hydrocephalus, polioencephalitis, poliomyelopathy, poliovirus, poliodystrophy, myelitis, myelosis)
Exercise 5. Translate the word combinations:
A great value, the so-called vascular variant, brain vessels, infectious inflammatory processes, sensation of weakness, throbbing pain, pressing pain, squeezing pain, appropriate treatment, increased fatiguability, moderate headache, internal organs, insufficiency of brain circulation, prolonged attack, cervical radiculitis.
| ФОРМИ ДІЄПРИКМЕТНИКА | |||
| VOICE | PARTICIPLE I | PARTICIPLE I PERFECT | PARTICIPLE II |
| ACTIVE | asking | having asked | asked |
| PASSIVE | being asked | having been asked |
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Participles:
1.The blood coming from the lungs is rich in oxygen.
2. The accompanying symptoms of the flu are high temperature, muscular pains and vomiting.
3. The count made a week ago was normal.
4. Scarlet fever is characterized by rash covering the whole trunk.
5. The excised mass measured 2 cm in diameter.
6. The patient operated on yesterday complained of a severe headache.
7. Being very ill, he couldn`t go to university.
Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:
HEADACHE
Headache is one of the most frequent symptoms encountered in medical practice.
The great value in development of a headache is given to the vascular factor. The so-called vascular variant of a headache is observed in many vascular, cardiovascular diseases and pathological conditions, including migraine, hypertonic disease, arterial hypotension, atherosclerosis of brain vessels, disturbed brain circulation, acute and chronic cardiac insufficiency.
Other kind of a headache develops in pathological processes, primarily affection of sensitive receptors and nerves. It may include headache observed in pathological processes in the brain (a tumour, abscesses, hematomas and so on), in infectious inflammatory processes of the brain matter and brain membranes (encephalitis, meningitis, arachnoiditis), in cervical radiculitis, diseases of the nose, ears, eyes.
The third kind of a headache is caused basically by damage of muscles of the skull. Character of a headache can be various. A throbbing or pressing headache localized in the area of the back of the head and accompanied by dizziness, tinnitis, nausea (sometimes vomiting), "flash spots " before eyes on the background of high arterial pressure (it is most often observed in hypertonic crisis) are signs of a headache of this etiology. In a low level of arterial pressure, the headache in most cases is moderate, the most expressed in the mornings. It is often accompanied by sensation of weakness, indisposition, formidable yawning. Such patients are inclined to faints, they often complain of palpitation and increased fatiguability.
Headache is a frequent symptom of some acute and chronic diseases of internal organs, in particular diseases of the heart.
Some patients complain of squeezing headaches, dizziness in prolonged attack of stenocardia, in acute myocardial infarction. In some cases in the patients with acute myocardial infarction the headache is accompanied by losing of consciousness.
Complete medical, neurological and psychiatric examinations are sometimes necessary to get at the root of the trouble. The ophthalmoscopic examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.
In conclusion it is necessary to emphasize that the headache is a symptom of many diseases and pathological conditions. The analysis of its peculiarities together with other signs makes it possible to make the correct diagnosis and to administer appropriate treatment.
Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.
1. What is headache?
2. What diseases is the vascular factor observed in ?
3. When does other kind of a headache develop?
4. What is the 3rd kind of a headache caused by?
5. What kind of a headache do patients complain of in stenocardia and acute myocardial infarction?
6. What examinations are necessary to understand the root of the trouble?
7. What must never be omitted when the symptom of a headache is evaluated?
Exercise 9. Agree or contradict the following statements:
1. The vascular factor of headache is observed in migraine, arterial hypertension and other diseases associated with damaged vessels.
2. There are no headaches in pathological processes in the brain.
3. The ophthalmoscopic examination should be excluded in evaluation of headache.
4. A complete history is essential in frequent headaches.
5. Headaches in myocardium infarction arise due to insufficiency of brain circulation.
6. In low arterial pressure the headache is the most expressed in the evening.
7. Headache is a rare sign in some acute and chronic diseases of inner organs.
Exercise 10. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations:
Найчастіший симптом, чутливі рецептори, тривалий напад, відповідне лікування, оболонки мозку, запальний процес, серцево-судинні захворювання, шийний радикуліт, пульсуючий головний біль, гіпертонічний криз, недостатність мозкового кровообігу, помірний головний біль, стискаючий головний біль.
Exercise 11. Put the special questions to the underlined words and words combinations:
1. Headache may be observed in pathological processes in the brain.
2. Headache due to low arterial pressure is often accompanied by weakness, formidable yawning and fatiguability.
3. The ophthalmoscopic examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.
4. Some patients complain of squeezing headaches, dizziness.
5. Headache is accompanied by losing of consciousness.
6. Character of a headache can be various.
7. In the low level of arterial pressure the headache is moderate.
Exercise 12. Description of pain. It`s interesting to remember.
Patient`s description of pain: Explanation
Aching ( an ache) a general pain,often in muscles and joints
Boring a drill
Burning with heat
Colicky an intermittent pain which varies in intensity
Crampy (cramp) an involuntary spasmodic muscle contraction
Crushing a feeling of pressure
Dull a background pain, opposite of sharp
Gnawing biting
Gripping a feeling of tightness
Scalding like boiling water
Sharp acute
Stabbing like a knife
Stinging sharp, burning , like an insect sting
Throbbing with a pusle or beat
Exercise 13. Translate into English:
1. Другий вид головного болю розвивається при патологічних процесах, перш за все поразці чутливих рецепторів і нервів.
2. Третій вид головного болю викликаний пошкодженням м'язів черепа.
3. Головний біль третього типу характеризується пульсуючим або тиснучим болем в потилиці.
4. Хворий скаржиться на запаморочення, шум у вухах, нудоту і навіть блювоту.
5. Головний біль – частий симптом деяких гострих і хронічних захворювань внутрішніх органів.
6. Офтальмологічний огляд повинен бути зроблений при оцінці головного болю.
7. При низькому рівні артеріального тиску головний біль носить помірний характер.
Exercise 14. Explain the terms in English: headache, tinnitus, faint
Exercise 15. Translate into English paying attention to the Participles.
1. Будучи дуже зайнятий, він не відразу почув мене.
2. Дівчинка, що плаче, була голодна.
3. Вона любила дивитися на граючих дітей.
4. Читаючи англійську книгу, він виписав багато нових слів.
5. Вислуховуючи серце хворої дитини, лікар почув шуми.
6. Пошкоджена рука дуже хворіла.
7. Готуючись до операції, хірург завжди обробляє руки ретельно.
Exercise 16. Open the brackets and put the correct form of the verb.
1. My doctor thinks I (to be) allergic to pineapples.
2. We understood that she ( to see) nothing.
3. Bill said he (to feel) ill.
4. We thought she still (to be) in hospital.
5. I knew he (to pass) his examination at that time.
6. I am afraid I (not can) answer your question.
7. I asked her when she (to give) me that book to read.
TEST
1. Headache is one of the most... symptoms in medical practice.
a) rare b) short-term c) frequent d) long-term e) obscure
2. Headache is a frequent symptom of diseases of internal organs, in particular diseases of the...
a) liver b) heart c) stomach d) kidneys e) spleen
3. The ... examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.
a) neurological b) psychiatric c) internal d) ophthalmoscopic
e) cystoscopic
4. Headaches in myocardium infarction arise due to insufficiency of...
a) respiration b) pulmonary circulation c) brain circulation
d) systemic circulation e) kidneys
5. In a low level of arterial pressure, the headache is the most expressed... .
a) in the evenings b) at night c) in the afternoon
d) at dusk e) in the mornings
6. A pressing or throbbing headache localized in the area of the ... of the head is due to damage of the skull muscles.
a) temples b) upper jaw c) back d) facial part e) low jaw
7. The patients with low arterial pressure are inclined to ... .
a) nausea b) faint c) vomiting d) dizziness e) loss of weight
8. In some cases of the patients with acute myocardial infarction the headache is accomponied by ... .
a) diarrhea b) constipation c) prolonged dizziness d) losing of consciousness
e) vomiting
9. The patients with low arterial pressure often complain ... palpitation and increased fatiguability.
a) at b) of c) on d) about e) for
10. A headache develops ... pathological processes primarily affection of sensitive receptors and nerves.
a) at b) by c) on d) with e) in
NEUROSES - Неврози
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary
Distress - дистрес, страждання, нездужання
Hypochondria [haɪpəˈkɔndrɪə] - пригнічений стан
Pyromania - піроманія
Obsessive-compulsive disorder – невроз нав’язливих станів
Over-excitation - надмірне збудження
Over-inhibition - надмірне гальмування
in virtually [ˈvəːtjuəlɪ] - практично
Incapacitate [ɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪt] - вивести з ладу, зробити непрацездатним
Trigger [ˈtrɪgər] - приводити в дію, провокувати
Apprehension -побоювання, недобре передчуття
Arsonist - підпалювач (поджигатель)
Revenge [rɪˈvɛndʒ] - помста (месть)
Intrusive [ɪnˈtruːsɪv] - нав’язливий
Rid - позбутися
Handle - керувати, контролювати, тримати в руках
Consuming fear - всепоглинаючий страх
Interfere - заважати, втручатися
Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian
A relatively mild mental illness; an umbrella term used for mental illnesses; a radical loss of touch with reality; work capacity of the nerve cells; to disrupt the brain activity; to be out of proportion to the circumstances of a person’s life; to experience feelings of apprehension, worry, and fear; strong unreasonable fears of specific objects; to suffer from intrusive, repetitive, and disturbing thoughts; to be focused on an imagined illness; to lose all self-control as a result of the consuming fear
Exercise 3. Write the given words in Singular (remember the words of the Latin and Greek origin) and use them in sentences
Neuroses, activities, bacteria, crises, children, atria, alveoli, lives, analyses, ganglia, fungi, diagnoses, laboratories, cocci, curricula, bacilli, mice, phenomena, vertebrae, criteria, metastases
Exercise 4. Read the text. Group the symptoms of neuroses into two groups: subjective and objective ones.
NEUROSES
Neuroses are relatively mild mental illnesses that are not caused by organic diseases, involving symptoms of stress but not a radical loss of touch with reality. Though the term neuroses is no longer used formally within the medical community, it is still a common umbrella term used for mental illnesses such as anxiety, pyromania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysteria, and phobias.
The work capacity of the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex is limited, so over-excitation, over-inhibition, or simultaneous overstimulation of both processes or their mobility may disrupt brain activity resulting in a neurosis.
Neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression, or other feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proportion to the circumstances of a person’s life. They may impair a person’s functioning in virtually any area of his life, relationships, or external affairs, but they are not severe enough to incapacitate the person. Neurotic patients generally do not suffer from the loss of the sense of reality seen in persons with psychoses.
One of the common neuroses is anxiety. A person suffering from anxiety may experience feelings of apprehension, worry, and fear. Physical symptoms are also common with this form of neurosis, including nausea, palpitations, chest pains, and shortness of breath. The person may also experience elevated blood pressure and heart rate, sweating, pale skin, dilated pupils, and trembling. While some anxiety is normal in certain situations, such as when sad, angry, or afraid of a specific situation, those with this form of neurosis may experience anxiety for no known reason or for reasons that should not normally trigger that type of response.
Phobias, a type of anxiety disorder, are characterized by strong unreasonable fears of specific objects, people, situations, or activities. Some common objects of phobias are open or closed spaces, fire, high places, dirt, and bacteria.
Pyromania is another of the common neuroses. A person suffering from pyromania is fixated on fire. A pyromaniac is not the same as an arsonist, as a person suffering from pyromania gains a sense of happiness from fires, whereas an arsonist may set fire for revenge or for personal gain. In general, there are no other symptoms associated with this type of neurosis.
Another of the common neuroses is obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder generally suffer from intrusive, repetitive, and disturbing thoughts. In an attempt to rid themselves of these thoughts, they engage in certain rituals or tasks. Compulsive behaviour includes rituals such as repetitive hand washing or door locking. This leads to a cycle of thoughts and behaviors over which the person feels he or she has little or no control.
Somatoform disorders, which include the so-called hysterical, or conversion, neuroses, manifest themselves in physical symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or deafness that are not caused by organic disease. Hysteria is one of the common neuroses. A person suffering from hysteria experiences substantial feelings of fear or other emotions that he or she cannot seem to handle. Often, the fear is focused on an imagined illness or other problem of a specific body part. The person may lose all self-control as a result of the consuming fear.
Psychoneurotic disorders are formed in children more easily than in adults.
Exercise 5. Answer the questions
1) What is neurosis?
2) When may the brain activity be disrupted?
3) What are the most common symptoms of neuroses?
4) What is the principal difference between the neurotic patients and those with psychoses?
5) What physical symptoms are common in anxiety?
6) What do phobias mean?
7) What phobias do you know?
8) How can we distinguish a pyromaniac from an arsonist?
9) What do individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder generally suffer from?
10) What group of neuroses does hysteria belong to?
Exercise 6. Translate into English
Повна втрата зв’язку з реальністю, надмірна стимуляція діяльності головного мозку, невроз нав’язливих станів, розширені зіниці, бліда шкіра і тремтіння, відкритий чи замкнений простір, часте миття рук, нав’язлива поведінка, позбутися тривожних думок, проявлятися у фізичних симптомах, сліпота і глухота, зосередитися на уявних хворобах, втратити самоконтроль, всепоглинаючий страх
Exercise 7. Find out the wrong use of words and change them by the proper ones
1) Sweating, enlarged blood pressure, and trembling may not be caused by organic diseases.
2) The changes in the bones resulted from calcium insufficiency.
3) The normal palpitation of the adult is 72-80 beats per min.
4) Psychoneurotic disorders are relatively easy mental illnesses that are not caused by organic diseases.
5) He had to visit his dentist to extract an ill tooth.
6) Blindness, paralysis, and deafness are the often symptoms in hysteria.
7) Elevated heart rate, sweating, pale skin, increased pupils may be the manifestations of neuroses.
8) The neurotic persons can’t hand their emotions and feelings.
Exercise 8. Find out the grammar mistakes and correct them
1) Children may to form serious neurotic disorders.
2) Neurosis are characterized by feelings of unhappiness or distress.
3) What kind of fears may experience persons with phobias?
4) A person’s functioning in virtually any area of his life may be impair by psychoneurotic disorders.
5) Does elevated blood pressure may be symptom of anxiety?
6) Persons with psychoses suffers from the loss of the sense of reality.
7) The patients, which suffer from conversion neuroses, may be focused on an imagined illness.
8) What do a pyromaniac gains a sense of happiness from?
Exercise 9. Put questions to the underlined words
1) A person suffering from pyromania is fixated on fire.
2) The term neurosis was coined by the Scottish doctor William Gullen.
3) A person with an inborn strong type of nervous activity may become unbalanced or in active due to faulty upbringing.
4) William Gullen coined the term neurosis in 1769.
5) Neuroses impair a person’s functioning not enough to incapacitate the person.
6) The patient has been suffering from elevated blood pressure and heart rate, sweating, and trembling for three month.
7) Revealing the causes of neuroses will facilitate their rapid cure.
8) Over-excitation and over-inhibition of the cortex cells may influence the brain activity unfortunately.
9) Neurosis in children is most frequently observed at the age of 2 to 4, 7 to 8, and the period of puberty development.
10) When the causes of somatoform disorders are determined the neurotic symptoms will be controlled.
Exercise 10. Open the brackets
1) The non-biological basis of neurosis (to maintain) with Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement.
2) Carl Jung (to see) collective neuroses in politics: "Our world is, so to speak, dissociated like a neurotic".
3) Neurotic tendencies (to manifest) themselves as depression, acute or chronic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, specific phobias.
4) The origin of the term hysteria commonly (to attribute (приписывать) to Hippocrates..
5) Hippocrates (to think) that the cause of hysteria was irregular movement of blood from the internal genitalia to the brain.
6) During the mid 19th century the term neurosis (to use) as a key to characterize disorders that (to be) neurological in origin.
7) Neurotic people (to tend) to have more negative feelings such as depression, anxiety, insecurity.
8) The prescribed anti-depressants (to take) by the end of the next month.
Exercise 11. a) Read about fears and phobias in famous people and tell about other similar facts you’ve heard.
George Washington, the first president of the United States of America, had a very serious fear of premature burial. This was clearly expressed on his deathbed, in 1799, where he made his attendants promise that his body would be left out for two days, in case he was still alive.
Woody Allen has taken fear to an extreme. The 74-year-old actor and screenwriter is afraid of practically everything. Although he has normal phobias that cause him to fear heights, enclosed spaces and insects, he also has more abnormal fears. Among his weirder terrors are fears of bright colours, animals, elevators and peanut butter sticking to the roof of his mouth!
Alfred Hitchcock, a famous Hollywood director and producer, had an extreme fear of eggs. He said that they are revolting (вызывают отвращение) to him! He stated that he never tasted an egg in his whole life, and he refused to even be around them.
Madonna’s always been a fearless femme fatale in our eyes. But even kickboxing, leather corset-wearing megastars are afraid of thunderstorms: Madonna is apparently a sufferer of brontophobia, the fear of thunder.
b) Make up sentences using the words in the right order
1) Jennifer Aniston, all, a fear, Michael Jackson, and, Whoopi Goldberg, have, of flying.
2) The, excessive, 34th, of, had, an, president, fear of hospitals, the United States, Richard Nixon.
3) the, Orlando Bloom, a, phobia, strange, actor, has, British, pigs, fear, of, the.
4) feared, Sigmund Freud, who, the, neurologist, founded, the, school, psychoanalyst, ferns (папоротники),of, psychiatry.
PART II
TREATMENT FOR NEUROSES
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary
Multifaceted approach - комплексний підхід
To establish trust - установити довіру
Cognitive-behavioral therapy – когнітивно-поведінкова терапія
Faulty thinking patterns - неправильні (помилкові) шаблони мислення
Behavior patterns - моделі поведінки
Anxiety-provoking - такі, що викликають тривогу, страх
Beta-blockers - адреноблокатори
Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian
To be treatable to various degrees of success; to include a multifaceted approach; to identify, understand, and change faulty thinking and behaviour patterns; to learn how to control smb’s worry; to react to anxiety-provoking situations; to learn relaxation techniques; keep the symptoms of neuroses under control; to establish trust and help the neurotic persons
Exercise 3. Explain the difference in the meanings of the following words. Use them in the sentences.
a) Treat - treating – treated – untreated – treatable – untreatable
b) Change - changing – changed – unchanged – changeable – unchangeable
Exercise 4. Read the text
TREATMENT FOR NEUROSES
Disorders that are considered a neurosis or neurotic disorder are treatable to various degrees of success. In general, the sooner that the symptoms of neuroses are recognized and treated, the more effective treatment will be. The most effective treatment plans generally include a multifaceted approach and may include medications and psychotherapy.
Disorders that are considered a neurosis are treated with an individualized combination that may include medications, cognitive therapy and anxiety management. Psychotherapy, sometimes known as "talk therapy", may also be prescribed. In psychotherapy, a psychotherapist builds a relationship with a client, establishing trust and helping the client to address the neurosis through such techniques as communication and behaviour therapy.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is the standard psychotherapy for treating neurotic disorders. It helps sufferers to identify, understand, and change faulty thinking and behaviour patterns, thus allowing neurotic people to learn how to control their worry. The cognitive part of CBT helps by changing the thinking patterns that create and support fears; the behavioral part helps with changing the way sufferers react to anxiety-provoking situations.
A part of cognitive-behavioral therapy can include learning relaxation techniques. In addition to medication and psychotherapy, your doctor or therapist might suggest activities such as meditation, yoga or other types of physical exercise.
Medication can keep the symptoms of neuroses under control while the patient receives psychotherapy. Medications used for treating neurotic disorders include antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta-blockers.
Warnings
· Never try any medication without prescription from a doctor. Seek the advice of a neurological specialist before starting a new medication since most clinical doctors are not experts in the field of neurology.
· Only you can recognize if a medication is right for you after it has been prescribed. Many doctors are quick to prescribe anti-depressants to the neurotic patients. Keep in mind, however, that many of anti-depressant companies have a lot of money for promotion. As a result, never feel guilty for telling a doctor to take you off of a medication that you don't think is working (especially if it is for a child).
Exercise 5. Complete the questions and answer them
1) …. will the treatment for neuroses be effective?
2) What approaches may ….. include?
3) …. known as "talk therapy"?
4) How does psychotherapy influence….?
5) What parts does cognitive-behavioral therapy…?
6) What additive techniques …?
7) Why are the drugs administered….?
8) ….. antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta-blockers prescribed?
9) What warnings …?
Exercise 6. Read, open the brackets, and discuss the case history
CASE
Mr. T. K (Patient Reference Number-4285) (to bring) to the clinic with anxiety disorder. He (to suffer) from severe anxiety for last 4-6 months. He (to be) a software engineer with increased work related stress.
He (not can) express his anger. When he (to be) alone he (to get) thoughts of quitting from the job but (not to have) the courage to do so. He (to have) a nervous temperament with lack of confidence. Frequently he (to experience) sensation of itching on his palms and feet, along with repetitive movement of his legs. Due to all of these complaints his sex life (to affect), along with it his relations with other family members also (to affect). His appetite (to increase) when he (to depress). His sleep (to disturb). He often (to suffer) from neck and lower back pains. All of these (to identify) as stress related concerns. Dr. Shah (to study) his case in detail and (to prescribe) him research based medicine for anxiety neurosis.
In 8 weeks Mr. T.K. (to report) to the clinic, he (to feel) better. His body pains (to reduce) and his sleep (to improve). His medication (to continue) . In next 8 weeks he (to report) the anxiety to have reduced by 50 %. He said he (not to experience) such relief since quite long time. He (to feel) calmer and relaxed. The itching on his palms and soles (to reduce) considerably.
Exercise 7. Translate into English using:
a) Complex Subject (Nominative Infinitive Construction)
1) Відомо, що люди із слабким типом нервової діяльності більш схильні до нервових розладів.
2) Вважають,що когнітивно-поведінкова терапія є одним із основних методів лікування неврозів.
3) Ліки при неврозах, без сумніву, призначаються лише спеціалістом у неврології.
4) Повідомили, що болі у спині та шиї у цього хворого мають невротичне походження.
5) Відомо, що люди, які страждають на істерію, відчувають постійний страх і втрачають самоконтроль.
b) Complex Object (Objective Infinitive Construction)
1) Пацієнт помітив, що свербіж з’являється в ситуації стресу, розумової чи фізичної напруги.
2) Лікар побачив, що зіниці хворого розширені.
3) Численні фобії змушують Вуді Аллена боятися висоти, замкненого простору та комах.
4) Лікар дозволив хворому припинити прийом антидепресантів .
5) Гіппократ вважав, що істерія спричинена порушенням кровообігу.
Exercise 8. Describe the terms
Neurosis
Phobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
TEST
1. Neuroses are caused by … .
a) organic diseases; b) disrupted brain activity; c) radical loss of touch with reality
2. Physical symptoms of anxiety include … .
a) nausea, palpitations, chest pains, and breathlessness;
b) shortness of breath, cough, fever, elevated blood pressure;
c) sweating and radical loss of touch with reality
3. The most characteristic symptom of phobias is … .
a) high places, fire, and bacteria; b) fixation on fire;
c) unreasonable fears of smth. or smb.
4. In … a person suffers from intrusive, repetitive, and disturbing thoughts.
a) common neuroses; b) obsessive-compulsive disorder; c) anxiety
5. Conversion neuroses are also called … .
a) obsessive-compulsive disorders; b) hysterical neuroses; c) phobias
6. Somatoform disorders manifest themselves in physical symptoms, such as … that are not caused by organic disease.
a) blindness, paralysis, or deafness; b) pale skin, dilated pupils, and trembling;
c) behaviour including rituals such as repetitive hand washing or door locking
7. The cognitive part of CBT helps by … .
a) supporting faulty thinking patterns; b) creating faulty thinking patterns;
c) changing faulty thinking patterns
8. Medications used for treating neurotic disorders include antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta-blockers.
a) antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta-blockers;
b) sedatives, statins, and anticonvulsants;
c) anti-anxiety drugs, tonics, and beta-blockers
9. Seek the advice of … before starting a new anti-depression therapy.
a) you family doctor; b) a neurological specialist; c) any practicing physician
10. Meditation, yoga, and special physical exercises are considered to be … for neuroses.
a) a first-line treatment; b) a part of “talk therapy”; c) an additional treatment
11. He said he … such restlessness since quite long time.
a) hasn’t experienced; b) hadn’t experienced; c) didn’t experience
12. The anti-anxiety medications … by the end of the next month.
a) will take; b) will be taken c) will have been taken
13. These disturbances … as stress related concerns.
a) were identified; b) identified; c) had identified
14. Some of common phobias are fear of heights, … spaces and insects.
a) enclosed; b) enclosing; c) enclose
15. The patient noted headache … after mental exertion.
a) occur; b) to occur; c) occurs
16. People with a weak type of the nervous system … predisposed to neuroses.
a) are seemed to be; b) seem to be; c) seem to
17. Cognitive-behavioral therapy … one of the most effective methods for treating neurotic disorders.
a) is believed to be; b) believed to be; c) believes to be
18. … some anxiety is normal in certain situations, such as when sad, angry, or afraid of a specific situation, people with neurosis may experience anxiety for no known reason.
a) until; b) while; c) unless
19. Only you can recognize … a medication is right for you after it has been prescribed.
a) when; b) until; c) if
20. Never feel guilty … telling a doctor to take you off of a medication that you don't think is working.
a) for; b) of; c) from
STROKE - Інсульт
Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:
Aphasia [æˈfeɪzɪə], cholesterol [kəˈlɛstərɔl] , modifiable [‘məʊdɪfaɪəbl], neurosurgery [ˌnjʊərəʊˈs3ːdʒərɪ], consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs],
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary
Stroke - інсульт
Cerebrovasculer accident - порушення мозкового кровообігу
Aphasia - афазія, порушення мовлення
Visual field - поле зору
Altered - змінений
Transient ischemic attack - швидкоминуче порушення мозкового кровообігу, «міні-інсульт»
Atrial fibrillation - миготлива аритмія
Modifiable - такий, що можна змінити
Anti-platelet drugs - антитромбоцитарні препарати
Leak - протікати, просочуватися
To suffer a disease - перенести захворювання
Hemiparesis - геміпарез (парез м’язів однієї половини тіла)
Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian
Rapid loss of brain function, disturbance in the blood supply to the brain, inability to move one or more limbs, altered taste, inability to understand or formulate speech, an inability to see one side of the visual field, the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke, interruption of the blood supply, to result from rupture of a blood vessel, the increased intracranial pressure, the leaking blood compressing the brain, an embolic stroke.
Exercise 4. Do you know that:
a) Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels.
b) Anti-platelet drugs are intended to prevent and/or reverse platelet aggregation in arterial thrombosis, most prominently in myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.
c) Clot busting medications break up blood clots. During a heart attack or stroke, clot busters, also called thrombolytics, dissolve the blood clot that is blocking the artery and help to restore blood flow. These medications are injected into the arm through an intravenous (IV) line.
d) Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure used to prevent stroke, by correcting stenosis (narrowing) in the common carotid artery. Endarterectomy is the removal of material on the inside (end-) of an artery.
Exercise 5. Read the text. Define the key concepts of the theme.
STROKE
A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage. As a result, the affected area of the brain cannot function, which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body (paralysis), inability to understand or formulate speech (aphasia), an inability to see one side of the visual field, or altered taste, smell, hearing.
A stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage and death. Risk factors for stroke include old age, high blood pressure, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking and atrial fibrillation. High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide.
An ischemic stroke is occasionally treated in a hospital with thrombolysis (also known as a "clot buster"), and some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from neurosurgery. Prevention of recurrence may involve the administration of anti-platelet drugs such as aspirin and dipyridamole, control and reduction of high blood pressure, and the use of statins. Selected patients may benefit from carotid endarterectomy and the use of anticoagulants.
Strokes can be classified into two major categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are those that are caused by interruption of the blood supply, while hemorrhagic strokes are the ones which result from rupture of a blood vessel or an abnormal vascular structure. About 87% of strokes are caused by ischemia, and the remainder by hemorrhage. Some hemorrhages develop inside areas of ischemia ("hemorrhagic transformation"). It is unknown how many hemorrhages actually start as ischemic stroke.
Stroke symptoms typically start suddenly, over seconds to minutes, and in most cases do not progress further. The symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected. The more extensive the area of brain affected, the more functions that are likely to be lost.
Loss of consciousness, headache, and vomiting usually occurs more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial pressure from the leaking blood compressing the brain.
If symptoms are maximal at onset, the cause is more likely to be a subarachnoid hemorrhage or an embolic stroke.
Exercise 6. Answer the questions
1) What is the cause of a stroke?
2) What does the abbreviation CVA mean?
3) What is ischemia?
4) What are the manifestations of CVA?
5) How can the the blood supply to the brain be damaged?
6) What are the risk factors for stroke?
7) What medication can be administered in stroke?
8) What kind of surgery may some CVA patients undergo?
9) What is “hemorrhagic transformation”?
10) How do stroke symptoms start?
11) How does the onset of hemorrhagic stroke differ from that of the ischemic one?
Exercise 7. Find out in the text the words with the similar meaning to the given ones:
arterial embolism, insult, lack, limbs, clot busters, bleeding, anti-thrombotics, stoppage (of blood supply), emesis, relapse, squeeze, beginning
Exercise 8. Put questions to the underlined words
1) Clot busting medications dissolve the blood clot that is blocking the artery.
2) Symptoms of a small stroke may be confused with those of other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
3) The anterior circulation of the brain that controls most motor activity, sensation, thought, speech, and emotion is supplied by the carotid arteries.
4) The patient’s condition improved gradually within 2 weeks of treatment.
5) When blood flow stops, brain cells do not receive the oxygen and glucose they require to function.
6) Two weeks after antibiotic treatment was discontinued, the patient experienced a frontal headache.
7) A 77-year-old woman was cooking in the kitchen when she collapsed onto the floor.
8) He had developed hypertension over the last 10 years.
9) Because there was occasional low-grade fever, intravenous penicillin was given for 2 weeks.
10) On day 4 of hospitalization, she developed fever (38°C), chills, and dysuria.
Exercise 9. Open the brackets
1) She (to lose) consciousness and (to transfer) to our hospital on the same day.
2) Quick action by a doctor sometimes (to reduce) the damage or (to prevent) more damages.
3) In both patients, brain abscess (to develop) at the stroke lesion site after they (to have) an infectious complication.
4) Most strokes (to happen) suddenly and (to damage) the brain within minutes.
5) If the stroke already (to happen) blood clotting drugs are not effective.
6) The ischemic infarction (to demonstrate) by computer assisted tomography and angiography.
7) After the patient (to develop) the left hemiparesis, he (to admit) to our hospital.
8) Because of the progressive multifocal cerebral manifestations in the patient, we (to decide) to perform a brain biopsy of the right parietal lobe ten days after admission.
9) As soon as a doctor (to gather) all information he (to make) a diagnosis of a suspected ischemic stroke.
10) Occlusion of small brain arteries very rarely (to cause) by the malignant intravascular lymphoma, which first (to describe) in 1959.
Exercise 10. Change the sentences with direct speech by those with reported speech
1) ‘You’ll have to consider changing your job,’ said the doctor.
2) ‘Do I need to be off of work?’ asked the patient.
3) ‘How long have these headaches been bothering you?’ he asked.
4) ‘Try to take the tablets after meals,’ said the doctor.
5) ‘The chances of recovery are very good and I’m confident you’ll feel a lot more comfortable after the operation,’ said the doctor.
6) ‘Your baby has a heart condition which developed when she was growing in the womb,’ said the doctor.
7) ‘Do you get any pain when you’re passing water?’ asked the doctor.
8) The doctor asked the girl, ‘Can you put your head back to help me?’
Exercise 11. Read the case and its study based upon the patient’s symptoms. answer the questions below.
A 77-year-old woman was cooking in the kitchen when she collapsed onto the floor. Her daughter called an ambulance and the woman was taken to the emergency room. She had suffered a stroke, and slowly regained consciousness over the next two days. However, when she woke up, she had the following signs and symptoms:
- paralysis of the right face and arm
- loss of sensation to touch on the skin of the right face and arm
- inability to answer questions but ability to understand what was said to her
- ability to write down her thoughts more easily than to speak them
Solving the clinical problem
Based upon the patient's symptoms, which cerebral artery was blocked?
The loss of all sensation on the right face and arm, coupled with the paralysis of muscles in these regions suggests that this woman suffered damage to the lateral portions of her left frontal and parietal lobes. Specifically, damage to the face and arm regions of the left somatosensory and primary motor cortices would cause these deficits. Damage on the left side of her brain causes right-sided symptoms since the motor and sensory tracts cross the mid-line as they travel between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. The language disorder that this patient has is called Broca's (expressive) aphasia, and it may result from damage to the dominant Broca's motor speech area, a control center that sits just anterior to the face portion of the primary motor cortex in the left frontal lobe. The artery that supplies blood to these regions is the superior division of the left middle cerebral artery. Blockage of this artery by a thrombus or embolism could cause all of this patient's signs and symptoms.
1) Which lobe of the brain, the right or the left one, was damaged? What symptoms indicate that?
2) Damage to what portion of the left lobe caused the language disorder? How is the area responsible for the language function called?
3) What artery was blocked?
Exercise 12. Explain the terms
Stroke, Ischemia, Thrombosis, Paralysis, Aphasia
TEST
1. Stroke can be due to … .
a) cerebral ischemia b) paralysis c) inability to see one side of the visual field
2. A stroke is … .
a) a chronic brain disease; b) a medical emergency; c) paralysis of limbs
3. Strokes can be divided into two types: … .
a) acute and chronic; b) acute and hemorrhagic; c) ischemic and hemorrhagic
4. The most common predisposed factors for stroke are … .
a) hypertension, diabetes, smoking; b) atrial fibrillation, hypotension, vomiting;
c) hemiparesis, old age, aphasia
5. Loss of consciousness, headache, and vomiting usually occurs more often in … because of the increased intracranial pressure from the leaking blood compressing the brain.
a) cerebral thrombosis; b) cerebral ischemia; c) cerebral hemorrhage
6. A 75-year-old woman (to wash up) in the kitchen when she (to fall down) onto the floor.
a) washes up …. falls down; b) was washing up …. fell down;
c) was washing up …. was falling down
7. The doctor asked the patient … .
a) whether she had taken all prescribed remedies;
b) she took all prescribed remedies; c) if she was taken all prescribed remedies
8. He asked … .
a) how is the affected area of the brain called;
b) how was the affected area of the brain called;
c) how the affected area of the brain was called
9. The language disorder may result … damage to the dominant Broca's motor speech area.
a) of; b) to; c) from
10. Damage … Broca's motor speech area leads to aphasia.
a) on; b) of; c) to
EPILEPSY - Епілепсія
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Epilepsy [ ̍epilepsi]
Seizure [ ̍si: ȝə]
Partial [ ̍pɑ: ʃ(ə)l]
Unconscious [ʌn ̍kᴐnʃəs]
Cease [si:s]
Bisynchronous [bai ̍siƞkrənəs]
Posture [ ̍pᴐsʧə]
Awareness [ə ̍weənes]
Hallucination [həlu:si ̍neiʃn]
Idiopathic [idiə ̍pᴂθik]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
Seizure- епілептичний припадок
Tonic-clonic – тонічно-клонічний
Unconscious - непритомний
Confusion – часткове потьмарення свідомості
Bisynchronous spike discharges – бісинхронічний імпульсні викиди
Throughout – усюди, скрізь
Scarring – той, що має рубець
Focal – фокусний, фокальний
Exercise 3. Match the medical terms with their definitions:
Epilepsy - a perception in the absence of stimuli
Unconsciousness - a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ
Cyanosis - a transient symptom of abnormal excessive or neuronal activity in the brain
Seizure - complete or partial lack of responsiveness to people or other environmental stimuli
Spasm -a common and diverse set of chronic neurological seizures
Hallucination - the appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin due to the lack of oxygen
Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations:
Recurrent seizure, sudden onset, structural damage, partial and generalized seizures, to fall to the ground, result in cyanosis, urinary incontinence, to cease movements, state of confusion, brief spells of unconsciousness, bisynchronous spike and wave discharges, intermittent photic stimulation, clouded awareness, temporal lobe, focal lesions.
Exercise 5. Complete the words in the following sentences by adding a prefix. Choose from the following: un-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-.
1. An epileptic seizure is ___controlled, chaotic electrical activity in the brain. It alters consciousness and may bring on ___ involuntary movements. Epilepsy may be the result of chemical ___balance but more often the cause is ___known.
2. In a grand mal epileptic seizure, the victim falls to the ground___conscious and makes twitching movements which may last for several minutes. In a petit mal seizure, the victim may be__aware of things around him for up to thirty seconds but seldom loses consciousness.
3. In temporal lobe epilepsy, a seizure may result in the victim having ___rational feelings of anger or fear.
4. Following a stroke, many patients are left with some sort of ____ability.
5. Brain cells starved of blood are _____able to communicate with the parts of the body they are responsible for.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a disorder of brain function characterized by recurrent seizures that give a sudden onset. Epilepsy may be the result of disturbed chemical balance but more often the cause is unknown.
The term idiopathic is used to describe epilepsy that is not associated with structural damage of the brain. Seizures may be generalized or partial. Generalized epilepsy may take the form of tonic-clonic or absence seizures. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious with the muscle in a state of spasm. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in cyanosis. The tonic phase is replaced by convulsive movements when the tongue may be bitten and urinary incontinence may occur.
Movements gradually cease and the patient may rouse on a state of confusion, complaining of headache, or may fall asleep. Absence seizures consist of brief spells of unconsciousness lasting for a few seconds. During which posture and balance are maintained. The electroencephalogram characteristically shows bisynchronous spike and wave discharges during the seizures and at other times. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing or intermittent photic stimulation.
In partial seizures, the nature of the seizure depends upon the location of the damage in the brain. Symptoms may include hallucinations of smell, taste, sight, and hearing, and paroxysmal disorders of memory. Throughout an attack the patient is in a state of clouded awareness and afterwards may have no recollection of the event. A number of these symptoms are due to scarring and atrophy affecting the temporal lobe.
The different forms of epilepsy can be controlled by the use of antiepileptic drugs (anticonvulsants). Surgical resection of focal lesions in the brain is appropriate in a strictly limited number of cases.
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:
1. What is epilepsy characterized by?
2. What is the term idiopathic used for?
3. What types of seizures are there?
4. What may be observed in the tonic phase?
5. What does the ECG usually show?
6. How can seizures be provoked?
7. What are the symptoms in partial seizures?
8. How can epilepsy be controlled?
Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations: повторювані епилептичі припадки, мимовільні рухи, несвідомий стан, неусвідомленість того, що відбувається, cтруктурне пошкодження мозку, генералізована і часткова епілепсія, заснути, гарячковий спазм, зберігати рівновагу, світлова стимуляція, що переривається, помутніння свідомості, оcередкові пошкодження, вискова доля, протисудорожні препарати, пароксизмальні порушення пам’яті
Exercise 9. Translate into English:
1. Відомо, що тонічно-клонічні судоми наявні у 60% пацієнтів, які страждають від епілепсії.
2. Приступ абсанса, що звичайно виявляється в дитячому віці, зникає з настанням дорослого віку.
3. Протисудорожні препарати eфективно знижують, як частоту, так й тяжкість епілептичних судом у більшості хворих.
4. Вважають, що найбільш розповсюдженими причинами епілепсії є пуxлини мозку, судинна патологія мозку, енцефаліт і обмінні порушення.
5. Було встановлено, що епілепсія –спадкова хвороба.
6. Поставивши точний діагноз і визначивши тип епілепсії, лікар почав лікування протисудорожними препаратами.
Exercise 10. Put the questions to the underlined words:
1. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing.
2. The patient may rouse in a state of confusion.
3. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious.
4. Absence seizures often subside spontaneously in adult life.
5. A simple partial seizure consists of convulsive movements that might spread to the thumb.
6. After the seizure the patient may have no recollection of the event.
Exercise 11. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense form.
1. The patient stated that the onset of epilepsy (to be preceded) by the brain damage during an accident.
2. This woman (to suffer from) encephalitis before epilepsy developed.
3. If epilepsy (to be treated) properly, it may (to subside) gradually.
4. The doctor (to prescribe) him some anticonvulsive drugs.
5. This patient (to experience) seizures since his childhood.
6. The EEG (to take) during the attack (to show) bisynchronous spike and wave discharges.
Exercise 12. Give the definitions to the following terms: epilepsy, seizure, hallucination.
Exercise 13.Speak about:
- types of epilepsy;
- an epileptic seizure.
TEST
1. Epilepsy is a disorder of ……….. function.
a) Memory b) movement c) brain d) cardiac
2. During a seizure the patient is in the state of………….
a) Shock b) collapse c) unconsciousness d) stupor
3. The electroencephalogram shows ……… during the seizures.
a) bisynchronous spike b) wave discharges c) no special changes
4. Attacks are sometimes provoked by ……………
a) frequent breathing b) sunlight c) overheat d) light stimulation
5. A number of symptoms in partial seizures are due to…………..
a) scarring b) atrophy of the temporal lobe c) mental overstrain
6. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in…………
a) loss of consciousness b) cyanosis c) urination d) death
7) The tongue may be …………………..
a) coated b) bitten c) put out d) protruded
8. Epilepsy may be controlled by…………………..
a) vasodilators b) anticonvulsants c) antihistamines
9. In partial seizures symptoms may include ……………..
a) various hallucinations b) paroxysmal disorders of memory c) nausea
10. Epilepsy ………..be treated.
a) is able to b) needn’t c) must d) is allowed to
PACKAGE INSERTS – Анотації до лікарських препаратів
Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:
| Package insert (patient information leaflet; drug leaflet) – анотація до лікарського засобу medical condition – медична умова side effect (adverse reaction) – побічна дія manufacturing pharmaceutical company [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərɪŋ ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl ] - фармацевтична компанія виробник generic name – непатентована назва лікарського засобу | brand name – зареєстрована патентована назва лікарського засобу
indications [ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃənz] – показання
contraindications – протипоказан
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