Basis of the международно-legal responsibility

Basis of the международно-legal responsibility. The basis of occurrence of the международно-legal responsibility of the subject of the international law is the fulfilment by him it of an international offence.

The international offence is an action or inactivity of the subject of the international law infringing norms of the international law and the international obligations, наносящие to other subject either group of the subjects of the international law or all international community as a whole damage of material or non-material character for example, sertificates acts of aggression, illegal restriction of the sovereignty, encroachment on territorial integrity and political independence, infringement of the obligations under the agreements and other. 1. For want of it the responsibility arises, as a rule, only for want of availability причинной of communication connection between illegal behaviour of the subject and caused damage. Thus, components of an international offence attracting behind self the международно-legal responsibility, are action or inactivity of the subjects infringing norms of the international law вменяемость of an offence of the subject of the international law causing of damage or вреда to other subject or group of the subjects of the international law. Any references of the state to the national laws and rules in the justification of the behaviour which has resulted brought in infringement of norms the international laws and drawing of damage or вреда, are inadmissible.

The references to ignorance of norms of the international law or on wrong their interpretation and application also are inadmissible.

Practically all international offences are made consciously, purposely, is guilty.

It is impossible to justify aggression of USA against Гренады October, 1983 and Libya March, 1986 , налеты of aircraft ЮАР on cities Замбии and Зимбабве May, 1986 , destruction by Israeli aircraft of iraq centre of nuclear researches June, 1981 , exhibiting by American mercenaries of mines in waters and ports of Nicaragua and other similar actions by the references to necessity protection of life or interests. Especially, they cannot be issued for the sertificates acts of self-defense 1. The illegal actions or inactivity presenting causing to occurrence of the международно-legal responsibility the subjects of the international law can be made by state bodies without dependence from their rule situation in system of public authorities and management, officials of the state acting on his its assignment order or from his its name, and also special bodies of the states allocated imperous authorities and acting from his its name. For example, responsibility for grab by the Israeli military ships of a greek vessel the summer 1984 should bear government of Israel.

The responsibility of the state can come step behind acceptance of the law or other normative sertificate act contradicting to norms of the international agreement, which participant it is by, or, on the contrary, for неприятие of the law, which it was obliged to accept according to the international obligations and which would prevent происшедшее illegal event or action. The responsibility of the state arises because of inactivity of government bodies in cases, when the duly interference of authorities could prevent wrongful actions.

USSR in USA for want of connivance of the American official persons is known, for example, numerous cases of violence and even the armed attacks on diplomatic representations.

In such cases the state was born by with ё т the responsibility for criminal actions of the persons from among the citizens both foreigners and their organizations both for the foreigners and for actions and inactivity bodies, which have not prevented illegal actions, though could and should it make. The responsibility of the state Х can arise and as a result undertaken on it him or from it him territory of illegal actions of the foreign state or his its bodies against the third state or group of the states.

For want of it if these actions of the foreign state are made with is driven also of consent of the state Х , it is the accomplice of illegal actions of the foreign state.

However, if such actions are made without the knowledge of the state Х , it bore ё т the responsibility only in case his its bodies have not displayed necessary vigilance and these illegal actions of the foreign state did not stop. Is differently solved the problem concerning the states granting the territory for creation of foreign military bases or accommodation of the weapon their международно-legal responsibility for all possible probable dangerous consequences comes steps by virtue of the most legal fact - sanction to creation of military base or accommodations of the weapon.

The международно-legal responsibility of the state can arise and for want of increase of authorities by state bodies or officials of the state, therefore can be has put ё н damage to the foreign state or his its natural or legal persons. In particular personally, the state should compensate damage for want of interference in the high sea in case of failure of an oil tanker under condition of, if the measures undertaken by him it, will exceed those, which were reasonably necessary for prevention, reduction or removal elimination серь ё heat and real danger of pollution of coast нефтью1. For actions of state bodies, military parts and divisions during war, when as a result of these actions the norms of the Geneva conventions about protection of victims of war of a 1949 and other international conventions, регламентирующих of a means and methods of management of struggle are infringed, the responsibility was born by with ё т the state, which posesses these bodies, military parts and divisions.

The state should accept legislative, administrative and other measures by, that the laws and customs of war, закрепл ё нные in the acting conventions and agreements, were punctually executed by all state bodies, military connections and military men. The международно-legal responsibility of the subjects of the international law can come step not only by virtue of infringement of norms of the international law or obligations by agreement, but also for harmful consequences of lawful activity.

She it can come step for want of drawing of a material loss by a source of increased danger, use or which application is forbidden by the international law so-called responsibility for risk. Sources of increased danger are, for example, court with nuclear power installations aims ЯЭУ and space objects started in space space.

Court with ЯЭУ carry out the activity within the framework of freedom of navigation being a main part of freedom of the high sea, and the space objects can be started according to the Agreement for principles of activity of the states on research and use of space space, including the Moon and other heavenly bodies, 1967. As in first and in the second cases speech ид ё т about use of sources of increased danger, the states in the contractual order have agreed to recognize compulsion of reimbursement of the material loss which has arisen not in connection with any international offence, and it is exclusively extreme by virtue of the fact of causing of such damage responsibility without fault. In the Convention about the international responsibility for damage, reasons ё нный by space objects of a 1972 is spoken, that the starting state was born by with ё т the absolute responsibility for payment of indemnification for damage, reasons ё нный by his its space object on a surface of the Earth or air vessel in a floor ё those 1. 1.3. Classification of international offences In the international Law all international offences it is possible will divide into three large groups depending on a degree of their danger, scales and consequences а International crimes б Criminal offences of international character в Other international offences international деликты. International crime - especially dangerous international offence encroaching on the vital interests the states and nations, undermining bases of the international law representing threat to the international world and safety.

In the project of the articles about the responsibility of the states prepared by a Commission of the international law a UN, подч ё ркивается, that международно-legal деяние, arising as a result of infringement by the state of the international obligation, so basic for maintenance of the vital interests of community, that his its infringement is considered as a crime before international community as a whole, makes international преступление1. To number of such international crimes concern aggression, геноцид, апартеид, колониализм, military crimes, crime against humanity etc. As such crimes mention practically вс ё international community, the states according to the Charter a UN have the right to accept collective measures on their suppression.

The kinds of the armed violence used in international practice of many states are extremely diverse.

Proceeding from definition determination of aggression from the facts of a history of the international attitudes relations after the second world global war, we can allocate the following most important kinds - agressive war -вооруж ё нную intervention -вооруж ё нные the agressive shares, that is separate вооруж ё нные attacks which are not carrying of character wars or intervention - the input вооруж ё нных of forces on territory of the foreign state or оставление them on the given territory contrary to his its will and for interference in his its internal businesses here is possible to include preservation on territory of the foreign state contrary to his its will of military bases - marine blockade in peace time of coast or ports of the foreign state so-called peace blockade - support of the armed groups or groups of mercenaries for intrusion on territory of other state with the purpose of interference in his its internal businesses.

Agressive war. The most dangerous kind of the forbidden application of the armed force is the agressive war. In the international sertificates acts послевоенного of period this term meets extremely редко.

In them such terms, as application of force, aggression, the armed attack are more often used. If the term war appears in the Status of League of Nations and in the Paris pact of a 1928, in the Charter a UN this term is present only in item 1 of a Preamble short of a word in ст.107 concerning the second world global war, and in his its articles is spoken about application of force item 4 ст.2 , about вооруж ё нном an attack 51 . In the sentence of the International military tribunal in Nuremberg agressive actions гитлеровской of Germany concerning Austria and Czechoslovakia is designated as grab, concerning Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands of Luxembourg - as intrusion, concerning Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece - as aggression and in the attitude relation ССР and USA - agressive war 1. In the Geneva conventions on protection of victims of war alongside with the terms of war, condition of war the term вооруж ё нный the conflict is widely applied.

In the agreements for the mutual help, заключ ё нных after the second world global war, term the agressive war does not meet, and the term aggression and вооруж ё нное an attack is applied.

Whether Means вс ё it, what concept the agressive war can be replaced by concepts application of force, aggression, вооруж ё нное an attack and should not be allocated in the responsibility of a separate kind вооруж ё нной of aggression? By no means is not present.

The agressive war is and continues to remain the kind, most dangerous and attracting the widest international responsibility, вооруж ё нной of aggression.

In spite of the fact that now from life of company, the danger of agressive wars, both in world global, and in local frameworks has not disappeared. As to the responsibility for agressive war, that, as is known, before the second world global war the agressive war was announced by an international crime, and in the Charter and sentences of the International military tribunal in Nuremberg, in which the principles becoming then principles of the international law are formulated, they are qualified as crimes against the world. The concept of agressive war develops of two components concept of war and concept агрессивности or aggression.

However neither that, nor other concept has not the conventional definition determination in the international law. The majority of the lawyers - международников for want of definition determination of concept of war the recognitions by them of a condition of war are guided by by formal criterion of the announcement of war, availability at the struggling parties animus belligerenti. For example, Л. Оппенгейм writes the Unilateral violent actions, one state against other without the preliminary announcement of war, can be the reason of occurrence of war, but in themselves are not war, as the opposite party does not answer them by similar hostile actions, or, at least, declaration, that they consider these actions as the sertificates acts of war 1. The australian lawyer - международник Дж. Страрк states the same point of view !from the point of view of ещ ё sharply.

As he said, a Nature of war in itself becomes more exact определ ё нной as the formal status вооруж ё нных of hostile actions, in which the intention of the parties should be a determinative.

Thus, the condition of war can be established installed between two and more by states пут ё м of the formal announcement of war, even between them active military actions 1 never took place.

It is a point of view !from the point of view of of the majority of the lawyers - международников does not correspond meet to the validity, as the state quite often begins military actions without any announcement of war and, nevertheless, both враждующие of country appear in a condition of war. In soviet the Diplomatic dictionary yes ё тся the following definition determination of war War - struggle between the states and classes by means вооруж ё нного of violence representing continuation of that policy politics, which these states or the classes conducted before war. The agressive war it is indispensable захватническая war, which вед ё тся агрессором to seize a part of territory of the state - victim of aggression or completely to deprive of his its independent state existence.

The agressive war is accompanied by claims of the state - агрессора on annexation of a part or whole territory of the state being a victim of aggression.

This attribute is inherent just in agressive war, instead of all kinds of aggression. From a formal point of view !from the point of view of the war as against other вооруж ё нных of the conflicts, as a rule, is connected to break of diplomatic, consular, trade and other normal attitudes relations between the struggling states.

Hence, the agressive war is вооруж ё нная struggle begun by one state against other with the purpose of grab of a part of his its territory or deprivation of his its independent state existence and accompanying with break of diplomatic, consular, trade and other normal attitudes relations between these states.

The agressive war is those irrespective of, has a place the announcement of war whether or not. From it by no means does not follow, that the международно-rules of law concerning war have lost force.

For the state beginning war first, the sertificate act of the announcement of war does not mean clearing it him from the responsibility for развязывание of aggression 1. However начатие of war without the announcement aggravates this responsibility, as means infringement not only norms about prohibition of agressive war, but also norms concerning management of war. The largest and typical example of agressive war is the war гитлеровской of Germany against ССР and his its allies in the second world global war. After the second world global war some agressive wars took place which infortunately, have not received such qualification and appropriate condemnation from the party a UN. Вооруж ё нная intervention.

Other rather dangerous kind of illegal application вооруж ё нной of force is frequently meeting in international practice of some states вооруж ё нная the intervention, that is intrusion вооруж ё нных of forces of one state on territory of other state with the purpose of interference in his its internal businesses.

Such intrusion frequently is undertaken to interfere in occurring in the foreign state with internal struggle for the benefit of one of the struggling parties, or to force government of the foreign state to undertake определ ё нные of action on a question which are included in his its internal competence.

Can be and other purposes вооруж ё нной of intervention, but all of them are usually connected by interference in internal businesses интервенируемого of the state, instead of with аннексированием by all or part of his its territory.

Вооруж ё нная the intervention can accept rather wide scales, not less, than agressive war. In the soviet literature the opinions expressed, that between agressive war and вооруж ё нной by intervention there is no difference 1. It is impossible to agree with this opinion.

Undoubtedly, as agressive war, and вооруж ё нная intervention represent rather dangerous вооруж ё нную aggression.

But вс ё they various kinds вооруж ё нной of aggression.

Distinctions between them is, that while the agressive war is undertaken to seize a part of territory of other state or at all to deprive of his its independent state existence, вооруж ё нная the intervention usually does not put such purposes. She it is undertaken to spread in интервенируемом the state угодный интервенту a political mode and government, or to impose to government интервенируемого of the state will интервента in sphere relating the sovereignty интервенируемого the states.

The agressive war too can put the purposes of change public and political building other struggling party in a favour агрессора such purposes, for example, put Israel in war against the Arabian states in 1967г but indispensable attribute of agressive war is the aspiration to grab of territory of other struggling party or termination discontinuance of his its independent existence, between that вооруж ё нная the intervention puts before itself the purposes connected extremely in internal businesses интервенируемого of the state. Besides вооруж ё нная the intervention can occur and without break of the diplomatic, consular and trade attitudes relations between the state интервентом and интервенируемым by the state, while such break comes steps always for want of availability of a condition of war, that is and when has a place agressive war. After the second world global war the interdiction вооруж ё нной of intervention was подтвержд ё н widely and in ещ ё to the more categorical form. First of all, it he directly follows from a number of the articles of the Charter a UN as from item 4 ст.2 forbidding threat by force or his its application against territorial inviolability or political independence of any state, and ст.39, providing application of the international sanctions in case of threat to the world, infringement of the world and sertificates acts of aggression, and from ст.51, admitting application вооруж ё нной of force by the separate states only in a case вооруж ё нного of an attack and, hence, not admitting it him in other cases.

The principle of non-interference in internal businesses of the state, including the interdiction вооруж ё нной of intervention, was formulated in the special article ст.15 of the Charter of Organization of the American states, in which is spoken Any state or group of the states under any by a pretext the rights on direct or indirect interference in internal or external businesses of any other state have not. The speech ид ё т both about вооруж ё нном interference, and about any other form of interference is further spoken, that. In a 1949 the interdiction by the international law вооруж ё нной of intervention was подтвержд ё н INTERNATIONAL court a UN in the decision on business about a strait Корфу. At last, the interdiction of the armed intervention was categorically подтвержд ё н GENERAL Assembly a UN on е ё XX sessions in the declaration on inadmissibility of interference in internal businesses of the states, about a protection of their independence and sovereignty, according to which is condemned not only вооруж ё нное interference, but also all other forms of interference. In the Resolution ХХI sessions 2225 from December 19, 1996 by General Assembly about a course of fulfilment of this declaration the Assembly again has found by the responsibility urgently to offer to all states to abstain from вооруж ё нного of interference, no less than from the various forms of indirect interference.

Вооруж ё нные the agressive shares.

Alongside with agressive war and вооруж ё нной by intervention, these most dangerous kinds вооруж ё нной of aggression, it is necessary to stay and on other е ё kinds, sometimes is rather close them contiguous.

It, first of all вооруж ё нные the agressive shares, that is вооруж ё нные of an attack which are not having attributes inherent agressive war or вооруж ё нной of intervention, inherent in agressive war вооруж ё нных of forces of one state on territory of other state, attack вооруж ё нных of forces of one state on separate items of territory of other state or on marine and air court outside of his its territory.

They can carry both individual, and systematic character. Distinctive feature of this kind вооруж ё нной of aggression in comparison with agressive war and вооруж ё нной by intervention is that such attacks are usually undertaken not for grab of territory of the state or interference in his its internal businesses, and for other purposes.

More often they are undertaken that пут ё м вооруж ё нного of pressure to force the state to execute that or other his its requests агрессора.

The most significant examples of agressive such sertificates acts are the systematic bombardments from air and artillery bombardment from the military ships вооруж ё нными by forces of USA against cities and насел ё нных of items of Democratic Republic Vietnam.

By other not less significant example вооруж ё нных of the agressive shares of large scale was the intrusion вооруж ё нных of forces of USA on territory of neutral Cambodia in May, 1970. In a number of cases вооруж ё нные the agressive shares are undertaken by some states under a pretext возмездия for the valid or seeming offences, that is under a pretext репрессалий1. Input вооруж ё нных of forces on territory of the foreign state and preservation them on it her for interference in his its internal businesses.

One of kinds of illegal application вооруж ё нной of force close contiguous to вооруж ё нной of intervention, is the input вооруж ё нных of forces on territory of the foreign state contrary to his its will and for interference in his its internal businesses.

As the practice of some states, in particular personally facts of landing American войск in Lebanon and British войск in Jordan in July, 1958 serving with a subject of consideration III extreme sessions of General Assembly a UN shows, such input войск sometimes masks by the request of dependent government.

However and in these cases it he is rough infringement of the international law, what the intervention by agreement or at the request интервенируемого of the state is, mentioned above, вооруж ё нная. To вооруж ё нной of intervention the contents вооруж ё нных of forces on territory of other states, contrary to will of this state rather closely adjoins.

Quite often states keeping вооруж ё нные the forces on territory of other states, ignore requests of governments of these states, and sometimes and resolution of bodies a UN concerning a conclusion войск. So, for example, Great Britain and France entering during the second world global war войска in Syria and Lebanon, continued to keep them and on termination ending war down to April, 1946 contrary to a request of governments of Syria and Lebanon.

Great Britain, France and Israel, предпринявшие in a 1956 agressive war against Egypt, continued to keep войска on territory of Egypt and upon termination of military actions Great Britain and France till December 22, 1956, Israel - till March 7, 1957 despite of a number of the resolutions about an immediate conclusion войск, I of Extreme special session of General Assembly a UN and XI General Assemblies a UN. The experience shows, that presence вооруж ё нных of forces on territory of other states contrary to will last, as we saw, in a number of cases was direct continuation of agressive war stay Israeli войск in ОАР, Syria and Jordan or вооруж ё нной of intervention stay belgium войск in Конго, American войск in Доминиканской to Republic, is directed against territorial integrity and political independence of these states.

Therefore it, undoubtedly, is illegal application of force infringing by item 4 ст.2 of the Charter a UN. Marine blockade in peace time. A kind of illegal application вооруж ё нной of force is so-called the peace blockade, that is blockade by naval forces one or several states in peace time. Е ё as difference from blockade made during war, it is accepted to consider count that she it is accompanied not by confiscation, and only by temporary detention on period of blockade of courts of the third states trying е ё to tear. As the history of the international attitudes relations testifies, the peace blockade is usually applied large державами as the instrument вооруж ё нного of pressure on weaker государства1. Some lawyers -международники try to prove legitimacy of peace blockade as to a version вооруж ё нных репрессалий, ostensibly admitted international правом2. Actually so-called the peace blockade is the sertificate act вооруж ё нной of aggression - in such quality she it and appears in the London conventions of a 1933 - and certainly is forbidden under the Charter a UN both by virtue of item 4 ст.2, and by virtue of ст.39. In period after the second world global war the largest case of application of peace blockade was so-called quarantine announced by government of USA concerning Cuba in October, 1962. Support вооруж ё нных of groups and groups on ё мников for intrusion on territory of other state.

At last, among kinds of illegal application вооруж ё нной of force the support вооруж ё нных of gangs and groups on ё мников for intrusion on territory of other state should be mentioned with the purpose of interference in his its internal businesses, in particular personally with the purpose of suppression occurring in н ё м национально-освободительного of movement traffic. Ещ ё in the agreements about ненападении, заключ ё нных the Soviet Union with other states in 20-th and 30-th years, provided the obligations of each party to not admit and to interfere with organization and activity on the territory вооруж ё нных of groups putting by the purpose struggle on territory of other party against е ё of government, for an overthrow state building, against integrity е ё of territory or appropriating giving to themselves a role of government by all or part е ё of territory.

In the London conventions on definition determination of aggression of a 1933 of the party consider as one of kinds вооруж ё нной of aggression support by the state, rendered вооруж ё нным to gangs, which being are formed educated on his its territory, have intruded on territory of other state, or failure refusal, despite of requests of the state which has undergone to intrusion to accept on own territory all measures, dependent on him, it, for deprivation of named gangs of the help or protection item 5 of an item. II . In the project of the code of crimes against the world and safety of mankind accepted the Commission of the international law a UN on е ё of 6-th session in a 1954, as one of such crimes specified organization by authorities of any state or encouragement by them of organization вооруж ё нных шаек within the limits of his its territory for intrusion territory of other state, or assumption of use by such вооруж ё нными шайками of his its territory as operative base or basic point for intrusion on territory of other state, no less than direct sharing participation in such intrusion or support those 1. Глава-II. Economic sanctions as a measure of the responsibility for offences 1.1. EXPORT EMBARGO. The legal problems of the sanctions, as we saw above, have involved attracted from the very beginning of formation training a UN most serious attention of its her bodies both various international conferences and commissions.

The commission of blockade recommended to prepare, and from time to time to revise the list of the goods of military significance, defining determining thus эвентуальную area of application of economic sanctions.

The economic sanctions can accept the double form the form of prohibition of export in country - агрессора of the raw goods have mainly military significance, and form of prohibition of import from this country.

The most effective form of economic sanctions is the complete blockade of this country both on import, and on экспорту1. Before that how to disassemble a question on efficiency of application of the sanctions, it is necessary even in brief features to stay on a general common problem of significance of economic sanctions.

We shall begin our analysis from a question on embargo on the raw goods have military significance.

First of all it is necessary to tell, that concept military significance for the raw goods rather rather.

If to take only such raw material, which goes directly on manufacturing of a means of war, and in this case, considering extreme development of military industry, the list will be rather wide. It is necessary to consider count as such raw material not only products serving directly for manufacturing бомб, гранат, bullets, guns and т.д, such goods here concern also which are necessary for production of military planes, military courts for carriage войск, let alone raw material for production of chemical means of war at last it is necessary to consider count as military raw material products necessary for production of regimentals for army. All this shows, that the list of raw material have military significance, is in modern conditions rather wide. The British royal institute on international businesses in interesting work under heading of Sanction schedules the following list of the most important goods have military significance - coal and the coke - for production of steel, for power facilities economy and transport, and is equal indirectly for production of explosive substances and хикалий - petroleum - for all types of transport - clap cotton - for production of explosive substances - wool - necessary material for various productions have and military significance - rubber - for various productions, mainly for electrical mechanical engineering and transport -глицерин - for production бездымных of gunpowders - iron ore and pig-iron - for production of arms, military equipment, railway equipment and any sort of construction - lead - for production of arms, and also for production of acids necessary for explosive substances -медь, coal, tin, кадмий - for production of the weapon, military equipment and electroindustry -никель - for a different sort of arms - aluminium бокситы - for construction of planes - the tin - is widely used for production of explosive substances - platinum - for chemical preparations, in particular personally for want of production нитратов -антимоний, фосфаты, магнизит, марганцовые of ore, молибден, вольфрам, хром - for metallurgy -асбест - for mechanical engineering, for production of the weapon - graphite - for production and плавки of metals -силитра - important element for production of explosive substances - sulfur - for production of explosive substances -мышьяк, бромин, хлорин, phosphorus - for chemical industry and for production poisonous газов1. It is impossible to recognize the list this comprehensive.

From the indicated transfer явствует, that эвентуальное the embargo on exportation of raw products imposed by way of economic sanctions, inevitably mentions not only specially military production, but also production of countries working for civilians.

It is very difficult to conduct a side between military and civil production.

It is well-known, that during the second world global war a lot especially of peace productions fast was adapted to production of means of destruction.

It is enough to result even simple example of canning factories fast adapted to production of shells. It is well-known, that the tractor factories can be used for production of tanks.

The military significance of factories of artificial silk i.e. product widely used for the so peace purposes, as for example ladies linen also widely is known.

Attempt to conduct a side between military and civil production and to limit embargo only to raw material necessary for needs requirements of war, it is necessary to consider count completely hopeless. From here follows, that the economic sanctions on a line of raw embargo can be effective only in the event that the importation of raw material in country - агрессора completely or very considerably is reduced.

The important significance has and borrowing occupying UN a question on change товаропотоков.

Uneasy to itself to present, чтье also widely it is known.

Attempt to conduct a side between military and civil production and to limit embargo only to raw material necessary for needs requirements of war, it is necessary to consider count completely hopeless.

From here follows, that the economic sanctions on a line of raw embargo can be effective only in the event that the importation of raw material in country - агрессора completely or very considerably is reduced.

The important significance has and borrowing occupying UN a question on change товаропотоков. Uneasy to itself to present, чтия, and first of all Scandinavian countries considerably have expanded the import from allied countries on all not хватавшим of Germany to the raw goods, and then with large profit for themselves перепродавали these goods of Germany. The rough growth of import of Scandinavian countries per military years was directly caused by importation for resale in Germany.

Not casually Scandinavian countries have published the foreign trade statistics only after termination ending war. In practice now агрессор, on which are applied sanctions, for example Italy, receives the scarce goods via such countries, as Germany, which is inclined to support агрессора. For struggle with this phenomenon there is only one method. This method was discussed by committee of coordination on the initiative of a French delegation maintained by a delegation USSR, but it he was not accepted owing to resistance rendered to it him by a English delegation, which did not want to limit English export and Germany.

The method, offered by the French, was reduced to restriction of export of goods, on which is imposed by embargo, in countries which are not accepting sharing participations in the sanctions, so-called normal quantities amounts of average export during several last of peace years. While such decision not принято1. So, economic sanctions in the form of embargo on exportation of the raw goods will quite effective in the event that they will to be applied to country requiring for importation of the foreign raw goods, all countries of the world or even by members a UN, for want of assistance of USA and if they will be accompanied by restriction of export of goods, on which is imposed by embargo, in countries which are not using of the sanctions. For want of analysis of significance of economic sanctions and their influence on a national economy of country - агрессора, and consequently and on its her ability to the further development of aggression it is impossible to lose from a kind and general common significance of the external market for the states.

It is well-known, that the significance of modern protectionism is, that it he facilitates to national monopolies preservation of a more increased price level on a home market and extraction by them thus of superprofits.

The advance prices on a home market can be supported only under condition of restriction of sales inside country.

The exclusive excess profit is a source of cover of the losses from dumping on the external market. The monopoly prices in turn become the factor of the further narrowing of a home market, reducing demand and lowering a buying power of the broad masses, and without that taking place in conditions growing обнищания. Colliding with growing narrowing of the market inside country, the monopolies are compelled to throw out the increasing quantity amount of products on the external market, where these monopolies collide with fierce resistance of the competitors asserting the items.

It is no wonder, that for want of growing process of narrowing of a home market the external market for these countries acquires the increasing significance. For understanding of dependence of the advanced country from export it is absolutely not enough to define determine the so-called export quota of this or that country.

For example, though USA have the lowest of all industrial countries of the world the export quota, however this quota is extremely various in application to separate branches of facilities economy. Нижеприводимые the data show, that the export quota made in 1989 on such leading branch for плантаторских of staffs states, as a clap cotton , 54,8 and on such leading branch for the whole facilities economy of USA, as automobiles, 14 . Hence, though in general common production of USA only 8-10 fall on export, the importance of export for separate branches of facilities economy of USA is incommensurable more than these conditional figures.

The data for 1989г. in хлопок-54,8 табак-41,2 writing машины-40,1 медь-30,0 шмальц-33,3 lubricant масла-31,0 типографические машины-29,2 sewing машины-28,0 agricultural машины-23,3 локомативы-20,8 автомобили-14,0 1. Though the general common export quota of industrial production of Germany makes 20-25 , the valid significance of export for german facilities economy will be even more. It is enough to tell, that on production of toys, musical tools, on the point mechanics and optics the export quota of Germany makes more than 50 , on chemistry and electronics - from 30-50 of etc. Let s recollect, that in 1990-1991гг. From all industrial production of Germany only 20 was consumed by with its her agriculture.

On a home market any of the modern advanced countries cannot find the market, which could replace the dropping out external market.

Therefore it is obvious, that the sanctions used to import from country агрессора, should result in most serious shocks in a national economy of this country. By losing export, this country will fail to find of sufficient replacement on the home market. It means curtailing production, growth of unemployment, increase of crisis in an agriculture. The importance of these sanctions is increased, certainly, depending on a share !long of export in internal production on major branches of facilities economy appropriate countries.

From this point of view !from the point of view of the sanctions of a similar sort would to the greatest degree mention such countries, as Great Britain, Germany and Japan, and in the least degree such countries, as USA and France. However, we repeat, there is no such country, which without frustration national could appear, even on time, is perfect without the external market. Is clear, that the efficiency of the sanctions in this respect depends on the marked above conditions of their application by all or majority of countries. 1.2. EMBARGO ON IMPORT The economic sanctions in the form of prohibition of import from country - агрессора have by the problem deprivation of country, on which are applied sanctions, legal tenders necessary for import.

The efficiency of these sanctions depends on the following circumstances 1 .от that, in what measure the country - агрессор requires import 2 .от that, in what measure she it possesses other sources for payment in the form of receipts under the so-called invisible articles of a balance of payments. The experience of the last years has shown, that the import of country can be subjected to significant reductions.

During the second world global war from the nomenclature of import of struggling countries the fancies have disappeared, the import of consumer goods was sharply reduced. All this occurs as a result of downturn of a scale of living, compression of a home consumption of the broad masses.

Simultaneously there is some expansion of import of main kinds of raw material necessary for military production and production, connected to the militarian. Import under the articles of военно-raw significance, which production дефицитно in country especially is increased. This implies, that the countries to the greatest degree dependent on foreign import of the raw goods, in the least degree are capable to reduce import.

In this connection we shall stay on the characteristic of import of such country, as Iraq in 1994, when this import is already compressed by conditions предвоенной of a conjuncture we are founded established on the tables contained in statistics of international trade after 1994, issued a UN . Iraq on the basis of the further downturn of a scale of living of the workers has reduced and can even more reduce the import of food products, furs, even of tobacco, but she it cannot even more reduce import of ore, меди, mineral oils, wool, silk, clap cotton and льна. A minimum the third of present iraq import should be saved for want of sharpest reduction of importation in Iraq. Uneasy to itself to present, that in these conditions the complete termination discontinuance of export from Iraq even for want of preservation of foreign trade at a level of one third can serious complicate a rule situation of country.

For valuation of the economic importance эвентуального the applications of the sanctions to Iraq need to be taken into account specific organization внешнехозяйственных of communications connections of this country.

Having insignificant gold reserves and requiring large raw and food import, Iraq has constructed the communications connections with the majority of countries of the world except USA on безвалютных accounts, on the basis of the clearing agreements. Thus import of Iraq is paid by extremely its her export, moreover, the import of Iraq from the given country is paid as a rule, export to the same country. This specific feature внешнехозяйственных of communications connections of Iraq hinders transferring its her import from one country on other.

It means, that the prohibition of export from Iraq in the certain group of countries is for facilities economy heavy impact, as that prohibition automatically means for Iraq the termination discontinuance of import from this group of countries and respective import relief and all supply of iraq import and all supply iraq хозяйства1. If we shall take Japan, the picture will be approximately same, with that only difference, that necessary import of Japan by virtue of some more greater its her dependence on the external market will be much more greater and will make not less than halves of present import.

The truth, import of a clap cotton, which makes a third of all import of Japan, in case of application to Japan of economic sanctions would undergo to strong reduction, as the clap cotton this goes in the significant part on production of cotton fabrics for export.

The reduction of export would result in import relief under this article. Nevertheless for want of of existing dependence of Japan on the external world we consider count, that, evaluating necessary import of Japan in 50 of its her normal import, we do not miss true. In the same rule situation there is a majority of countries of the world, except for Great Britain, USA and partly of France, and also several small countries Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, which, being the creditors of the world, have the active articles of a balance of payments in the form of receipts under the credits, given by them. These active articles can in turn limited to application of the sanctions in the form of temporary suspension of payments on debts of old standing.

Some appreciable investments abroad possess only Great Britain, USA and France. The investments of other states are rather insignificant.

It is necessary also to take into account difficulty of mobilization of these capitals in case of necessity, and also aspiration separate капиталистов, engaging these investments to evade from transfer to their government. The efficiency of prohibition of import from country - агрессора, prohibition depriving this country legal tenders, can have an effect not at once, if countries - агрессора have significant investments abroad or significant stocks of gold, which she it can realize sell and to use for payment of the import.

Significant gold reserves possess first of all USA and France, and then Great Britain and small countries - Belgium, Holland both Switzerland. Germany and Italy some appreciable stocks of gold have not. The stocks these cannot be filled up with internal production of gold, as this production is distributed on other countries. It goes without saying, that the efficiency of prohibition of import from country - агрессора depends on generality universality of this measure.

If this measure will not be applied by the majority of countries of the world, she it will appear much less effective. It is known, that on the members the UN on the average is necessary approximately 88 of world global trade. The sanctions on the idea should induce агрессора to stop aggression they should deprive of his its means for continuation of aggression. It is possible only in the event that the raw embargo will deprive country - агрессора of the most essential means necessary for continuation of war. The country, by which the embargo is applied, should require import raw material have paramount significance.

Only in that case of economic sanctions can be effective. It means, that the efficiency of the sanctions is increased in a proportion of growing dependence of this or that country from foreign sources of raw material. Perfectly understanding it, эвентуальные агрессоры, first of all Germany, and then Japan and Italy accepted intensive measures for creation of independence of the country from world global facilities economy, for reception inside country of the foodstuffs and raw material necessary for management of war. Despite of these successes, it is possible definitely to tell, that there is no country, which would not depend on foreign raw import.

Determining significance in the world global coal market have USA, Great Britain and Germany. Despite of it is have a rather insignificant mineral industry, Poland in view of narrow capacity of a home market is also big exporter угля. The important place in the coal market is taken by with Russia, which export, truth, is insignificant owing to a huge home consumption.

On iron ore the world global manufacturers - France, Russia and USA. However production of USA hardly with an effort covers a home consumption, and on export nothing acts arrives. A determining role on world global хлопковом the market belongs to USA, India, Egypt and Brasil.

The large manufacturer is as well China, which consumption is great. On a wool the large manufacturers - Australia, Argentina, ЮАР, New Zealand and USA. The production of USA completely is consumed by a home market, and this country is import ё rum of a wool. In the market of aluminium the leading role belongs to USA, Germany, France, Norway, and also Canada. On antimony the determining role belongs to China. On асбесту the world global manufacturers - Canada, Russia, ЮАР. On бокситам the managing role in the market is taken by with France, partly USA. The largest manufacturers are also Italy and Yugoslavia.

On хромовой the ore behind Russia as the large manufacturer is followed by with Turkey. An essential role plays also New Каледония. On меди the large manufacturer are by USA, the significant production is present also in Canada and Chile. On фосфатам the managing role belongs Соедин ё нным to Staffs states , France and Germany. On lead the managing role belongs to Canada, Australia and Mexico.

The production in Соедин ё нных Staffs states , France and Germany is significant. On lead the managing role belongs to Canada, Australia and Mexico. The production in Соедин ё нных Staffs states and then in Spain and Germany is significant. However, this product is present in the majority of countries. The manganese in a fair quantity is present only in Russia and India. Никель mainly is present in Canada. The rather significant production is present at France - In New Каледонии.

The sulfur is present mainly in Соедин ё нных Staffs states and Italy. Пириты are distributed between sets of countries of the world. Вольфрам is present mainly in China and India. Zinc - at a fair quantity of countries, including at Germany. Кадмий - in USA, Mexico, Canada, Australia and in France. Mercury - in USA, Italy and Spain. Platinum - in Russia, and also in Colom.