Historical preconditions of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon

Historical preconditions of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon.

Per 40 years ХХ centuries the process of mastering by secrets of atom has resulted mankind in practical application of nuclear technologies. Start-up first nuclear реактора on December 2, 1942 and first test nuclear бомбы on July 16, 1945 in Аламогордо USA in an equal measure can be considered as a point of readout of nuclear century.

The sides of his its contradictions were designated sharply triumph of a science - tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945 power of the person who has delivered to on service an atomic energy powerlessness of mankind before threat of nuclear accident. After USA the nuclear weapon was taken possession By with Soviet Union first test - August 29, 1949 , then England October 3, 1952 , France February 13, 1960 , Peoples Republic of China October 16, 1964 . The possession сверхбомбой was perceived as an attribute of geostrategic full value fixing the status great by keeping - of the permanent members of Advice council of Safety ООН. However for the similar reasons to the nuclear weapon the number of other countries aspired also. Many states from Sweden up to ЮАР and from Brasil up to Japan per different years carried out the confidential nuclear programs in military area. Before world global community there was a question how to take the most of peace potential of an atomic energy, by reducing for want of it to a minimum threat of his its military application? The more countries received access to the nuclear weapon after occurrence of a situation of mutual restraint USA and USSR, the there was above risk of nuclear war and it became more complex more difficult to them to supervise his its distribution.

The complete embargo of the nuclear weapon with the subsequent destruction of his its stocks would be optimum.

Such decision would remove threat of nuclear war and discrimination of the states to an attribute of possession by the superweapon.

As реалии of cold war blocked this way, nuclear державы have selected more complex difficult variant. The essence it him is in simplification of access to peace nuclear technologies of all states under condition of the warranties ненаправления of received materials and equipment in military sphere, failure refusal of unattended reexport etc. In the beginning of 50-th years was found out, that it was easier to the states - importers of nuclear materials and equipment to agree on the control behind their unmilitary use on the part of the employee foreign державы.

The realization of control functions in the field of safety, or warranties, was delegated to International agency on an atomic energy МАГАТЭ , Which charter has come into force on July 29, 1957. In 60-th years there was a prompt evolution of system of the warranties МАГАТЭ, that in many respects was explained by fast increase in the world of interest to nuclear power, which peak was came on the end of 70-th years.

Danger расползания of military nuclear technologies simultaneously has increased. The number of threshold countries, that is states technically capable to create nuclear бомбу grew. The threat of distribution especially was sharp in the advanced countries, including those, which have sufferred a defeat in the second world global war. All this required demanded radical change of policy politics nuclear by keeping, creation of an effective mode of non-distribution in the world.

After long negotiations on July 1, 1968 the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon was open for signing which has become a symbol of the established mode of non-distribution. After the introduction of the Agreement by virtue of in a 1970 the system of the warranties МАГАТЭ INFCIRC 153 was developed полномасштабная, began work Committee of the nuclear exporters Committee Цангера, presented the first recommendation by the end of a 1974. Up to the conclusion of the Agreement about non-distribution of the nuclear weapon, February 14, 1967 the Agreement for prohibition of the nuclear weapon in Latin America, or Agreement Тлателолко was open for signing. Other regional agreement of group of the states for of maintenance of complete absence of the nuclear weapon on their territory is the Agreement about безъядерной to a zone in a southern part of Silent ocean, or the Agreement Раротонга, which was open for signing on August 6, 1985. The events of middle of 70-th years have given plentyful food for reflections to the initiators of creation of a mode of non-distribution. Test of the nuclear explosive system device in India, readiness of Germany ратифицировавшей ДНЯО in 1975 to help construction in Brasil not participating in ДНЯО whole complex of the enterprises of a nuclear cycle, including installation aim for enrichment of uranium, interest of Pakistan in reception from France not participating in ДНЯО till a 1992 factory on processing the irradiated nuclear fuel - all this has pushed the principal suppliers of nuclear materials, equipment and technology to the further coordination of the items.

Since November, 1974 in London passed negotiations USSR, USA, England, France, Canada, Germany and Japan Group of the nuclear suppliers or London group on development manufacture of the uniform regulations of nuclear export. January 27, 1976 the negotiators have exchanged the letters, in which the managing principles of nuclear deliveries were approved.

To the beginning of a 1978 the number of the participants of Group of the nuclear suppliers has increased up to 15 Belgium, GDR, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Sweden was added.

January 11, 1978 they have directed in МАГАТЭ of the letter, by which the text of Managing principles of nuclear export was applied.

МАГАТЭ has distributed them as the official document INFCIRC 254 with the purposes of informing all states - members.

Events of August - December, 1991, occurrence on a political card 15 independent states instead of nuclear державы - Soviet Union - are sharp have delivered a number of questions connected to non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. The state-participants of Commonwealth of the Independent States should decide a number of questions following from the international obligations USSR and a new situation.

In the Agreement on strategic forces from December 30, 1991 of country of a CIS have recognized necessity incorporated командования as strategic forces and preservation of the uniform control above the nuclear weapon and other kinds of the weapon of mass destruction. May 23, 1992 of USA, Russia, Ukraine, Беларусь and Kazakhstan have signed Лиссабонский the protocol to the Agreement about СНВ-1 from July 31, 1991. According to the protocol, Ukraine, Беларусь and Kazakhstan have undertaken after introduction in action of the Agreement about СНВ-1 to liquidate or to transmit to Russia all strategic nuclear боеголовки and to join to ДНЯО as non-nuclear by keeping.

During a Minsk meeting in верхах of countries of a CIS on June 26, 1992 eight states Armenia, Беларусь, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Росси, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine have signed two agreements about main principles of cooperation in the field of peace use of an atomic energy and about coordination of works on export quotas.

The prevention of the further distribution of the nuclear weapon has become an indisputable priority problem of global safety of the world. In opinion of the overwhelming majority of the experts, the strategic stability in the world can be now undermined only as a result of occurrence of the new nuclear states. Эпицентр of nuclear danger obviously has moved from a zone of the advanced countries in countries of the third world, and nuclear conflict is possible probable mainly in the attitudes relations between developing countries in Near East and in Southern Asia. In first half of 90-th years the impressing results in prevention of nuclear distribution were achieved.

The center it him , USSR, formed as a result of disintegration, was reset - Ukraine, Беларусь and Kazakhstan, on which territory дислоцировались soviet nuclear arms, become the participants ДНЯО. Northern Korea trying to leave from him it, has undertaken перепрофилировать the nuclear objects so that they could not be used in the military purposes.

Southern Africa has refused possession by the nuclear weapon and dismantled created is underground nuclear systems devices. After a defeat in war in a Persian gulf Iraq was forced by Advice council of Safety ООН to dismantle of industrial potential for creation of the weapon of mass destruction. In a 1995 ДНЯО - basis of the whole mode of non-distribution - was prolonged permanently and has become constantly acting.

In September, 1996 was prepared and the text of the Agreement about universal prohibition of nuclear tests is open for signing. So, it seemed the quite good results are achieved, to ДНЯО five have joined all nuclear by keeping and more 170 non-nuclear states of the world. After безъядерными by zones in Latin America and in a southern part of Silent ocean have appeared безъядерные of a zone in Africa and in SOUTHEAST Asia. More than 100 countries become the participants безъядерных of zones.

The main achievement of policy politics in this key sphere of international safety has appeared also acceptance by the majority of countries of world global community of norms of behaviour forbidding and condemning any expansion of nuclear club. At the same time the achieved results cannot be an occassion for благодушия and curtailing of efforts on strenghtening a mode of non-distribution. On horizon the opportunities are not looked through yet to turn nuclear distribution вспять in Near East and in Southern Asia. Israel, India and Pakistan flatly refuse to join the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon and to stop escalating nuclear potential, being available in their order.

A main question how to prevent threat of their official announcement by the nuclear states. In Near East a number of Arabian countries and Iran are not going to be reconciled with nuclear monopoly of Israel and as a counterbalance try to master while peace nuclear technology to acquire the chemical and rocket weapon.

India and Pakistan интенсифицируют the programs ракетостроения for creation of means of delivery of the nuclear weapon. Remains up to the end not clear, as far there will be Northern Korea in business of liquidation of the saved opportunities in nuclear and rocket spheres. 1 Concept of a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. The theorists of the international attitudes relations usually spoke about world global policy politics with the help of concepts of anarchy and conflicts.

The loss of a political authority, which exceeds frameworks of one state, meant, that the mutual relation between the states was under construction on a basis of the law of jungle strong acts arrives as it he wants, and weak - as can. For want of such approach the theorists in 1970-th years came in bewilderment, seeing the certain samples of the increased cooperation of the states. For an explanation of unusual cooperation they have entered concept of an international mode, as conglomerate from companies, agreements, legislations and decrees based on existing principles and submissions about public values.

Interaction and the mutual strenghtening of these elements owes, on their submissions to promote the certain cooperation of countries, even those, at which behind shoulders a history saturated with the conflicts. Today mode of nuclear non-distribution is one of the most successful modes in world global policy politics. According to ДНЯО non-distribution of the nuclear weapon is meant as the freely made agreement between the states having and which are not having the nuclear weapon, how in the best way to take advantages from peace use of an atomic energy, at the same time applying all efforts to not undermine the international world and safety.

One of the important measures of strenghtening of a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon is the creation of zones, free from the nuclear weapon. In a 1975 the General Assembly ООН in the resolution 3472 i ХХХ т on December 11 as follows has given definition determination of the concept of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon As a general common rule, the zone, free from the nuclear weapon considers anyone recognized by that General ASSEMBLY ООН a zone, which any group of the states for want of free realization by them of the sovereignty has created in pursuance of the agreement or convention, in which а the status about complete absence of the nuclear weapon acting is defined determined concerning this zone, including a procedure делимитации of a zone and б the international system of check and control for maintenance of the warranty of observance of the obligations following from this status is established.

The mode of non-distribution bases on the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon, agreements Тлателолко and Раротонго, International agency under the nuclear control, national agencies and decrees on the nuclear control.

All of them проникнуты to a greater or lesser extent by public belief, that the distribution of the nuclear weapon represents danger to the whole world and frequently threatens to safety of the separate states.

Independent largely both for want of creation and in operation these components of a mode, nevertheless, actively interact and are uniform concerning strenghtening norms of nuclear non-distribution. For example, some contracts trust МАГАТЭ realization of the rules situations. The nuclear suppliers of the whole world cooperate, helping to establish point sense of some not quite certain paragraphs of the Agreement about non-distribution.

The national departments under the nuclear control are subject to rules situations of the international agreements, and sometimes and more rigid rules situations of the internal legislation. The interconnected nature of diverse elements of a mode serves to strenghtening of a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon and protection it him from a disorder. 1 Legal status безъядерных of zones.

The large significance in business of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon and maintenance of global safety has process of creation безъядерных of zones. The idea безъядерных of zones acquires the increasing appeal not only as a measure promoting nuclear non-distribution and disarmament in general, but also as the essential factor разрядки and settlement of regional disputed situations.

It is important for want of it to note, that безъядерные of a zone in the certain attitude relation give to the states, participating in them, and some advantages in comparison with ДНЯО they establish completely безъядерный the status, forbidding presence of the nuclear weapon belonging nuclear державам that ДНЯО does not provide the participants of zones, besides receive from nuclear by keeping according to the already usual practice legally obligatory warranties of safety that the non-nuclear participants ДНЯО are deprived.

For today безъядерные of a zone are already created or the creations in Latin America, southern part of Silent ocean, Africa, SOUTHEAST Asia are in process. Besides there are offers on creation безъядерной of a zone in Southern Asia and on a Korean peninsula. At last, recently Uzbekistan put forward idea of formation training free from the nuclear weapon of a zone in Central Asia. By general Assembly ООН the zone, free from the nuclear weapon was certain determined as any zone recognized by General Assembly ООН, which any group of countries in free display of the sovereignty has formed in pursuance of the agreement or convention. Such agreement should provide complete absence of the nuclear weapon, as should be by applicability of a zone, and also is free to provide international system of checks and control with the purpose of warranting conformity to the obligations established installed by this agreement. Besides ООН recommends to the nuclear states in view of complete absence of the nuclear weapon in such zones to not resort to any sort to infringements безъядерного of a mode of zones.

ООН 30 years ago has recognized zones, free from the nuclear weapon useful by a means for maintenance to regional and international safety, in every possible way encouraging their creation, and the General Assembly has accepted the appropriate resolutions, calling the states to undertake necessary efforts for completion of registration existing and creation of new zones.

The number of countries per 60 years repeatedly was put forward by with the initiatives about creation безъядерных of zones, for example, the plan Рапацкого А.Рапацкий - minister of foreign businesses of Poland of 50-th years, putting forward creation безъядерной of a zone at centre of Europe.

According to this plan, the states Центральноевропейской of a part of Europe Poland, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Germany are obliged to not make to not accumulate to not import to not allow transportation on their territories of various kinds of the nuclear weapon to not allow to use territories for accommodation of the foreign nuclear weapon.

In a 1959 the Agreement for Antarctic Region forbidding in this area of the Earth any measures of military character, including such, as creation of military bases and strenghtenings, realization of military manoeuvres, and also test of any kinds of the weapon, including nuclear, and burial place of radioactive materials was signed.

According to this agreement all continent is announced демилитаризованной by a zone and can be used extremely in the peace purposes. The agreement was never infringed. On July 31, 1994 the participants of the Agreement were 42 states. In a 1967 the Agreement for principles of activity of the states on research and use of space space, including the Moon and other heavenly bodies was made. The agreement forbids to remove into an orbit of the Earth any objects with the nuclear weapon or other kinds of the weapon of a mass defeat to establish such weapon on heavenly bodies and to place it him in space space.

The creation on heavenly bodies of military bases, structures and strenghtenings, tests and realization of military manoeuvres is forbidden also. In a 1971 the Agreement for prohibition of accommodation at the bottom of seas and oceans and in it him недрах of the nuclear weapon was signed. It he obliges his its participants, including Russia, USA, England and France to not establish and to not place on a marine day nuclear and other kinds of the weapon of a mass defeat, and also structure for a storage, test and application of such weapon.

An operative range of the Agreement is the area which is taking place outside 12-mile restriction of territorial waters from a coastal strip. The agreement establishes a mode безъядерной of a zone on huge spaces marine and ocean дна and it him недр. On July 31, 1994 the participants of the Agreement were 89 states.

Withdrawal of Antarctic Region, space and marine дна from sphere of race of the nuclear weapon and transformation them in безъядерные of a zone become the important factor promoting improvement of international conditions. However present break in business of a международно-legal recognition безъядерных of zones has become signing by the majority of countries of Latin America in a 1967 of the Agreement Тлателоко - about prohibition of the nuclear weapon in this region.

The agreement forbids test, application, manufacturing, production or purchase by any method, and also reception, storage, installation aim, accommodation and any form of possession of any nuclear weapon to countries of Latin America and Caribbean sea. According to this Agreement the regional organization - Agency on prohibition of the nuclear weapon in countries of Latin America and Caribbean pool ОПАНАЛ for maintenance of observance by the participants of various rules situations of the Agreement was created.

The agreement Тлателолко is one of significant elements of a mode of non-distribution, which preceded occurrence of the Agreement about non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. In a 1986 the second agreement about безъядерной to a zone - Agreement Раротонго, announcing about creation in the south of Silent ocean of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon was made. The zone includes Australia New Zealand, Папуа, New Гвинею and number of the small-sized island states of this region.

The agreement forbids manufacturing or purchase by other methods of any nuclear explosive system device, and also possession and control of such system device on the part of the participants somewhere in limits or outside a zone. It he also forbids a burial place of radioactive materials in the sea both possession and test of nuclear explosive systems devices in the peace purposes. The agreement allows to the participants to do make exceptions for the nuclear weapon, which can be onboard foreign courts coming into their ports.

The agreements about безъядерных zones have the important международно-legal attributes and each responsibilities - which purpose is The termination discontinuance of distribution of the nuclear weapon Struggle with nuclear terrorism Prohibition of test of the nuclear weapon in caused territories Prohibition of production of the nuclear weapon in caused zones of foreign production Prohibition of transportations of the nuclear weapon through territory of a caused zone Development of nuclear industry in the peace purposes.

Already it is possible with confidence it is possible to assert approve, that the creation of zones, free from the nuclear weapon, strongly enters into international practice as one of the most effective means of achievement of a main purpose - global nuclear safety. The quantity amount of the regional initiatives grows, the legislative base безъядерных of zones is improved, and the saved practical experience allows to speed up hard process of their creation.

The rather main obligations of the members of a zone are similar in many aspects. It is the interdiction for development of production, possession, test of the nuclear weapon. From our point of view, the concept of creation of zones finds more and more real outlines, becomes a particular specific practical way of strenghtening of an international mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon.

With allowance for typing collecting the force интеграционных of the tendencies among the young independent states of Central Asia and obvious submission of policy politics the pragmatist of economic interests can be assumed, that the inhabitants of this region also will prefer безъядерный status quo. Chapter 2. The международно-legal SERTIFICATES ACTS And INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS UNDER the DECISION of PROBLEMS of NON-DISTRIBUTION of the NUCLEAR WEAPON. 1.1.