UN peacekeeping missions

UN peacekeeping missions. and especially in Iraq as a specific example of UN s work. It is very urgent nowadays. II. IONS Day in, day out, the UN and its family of organizations work together and individually to protect human rights promote the protection of the environment help the advancement of women and the rights of children fight epidemics, famine, poverty.

Throughout the world, the UN and its agencies assist refugees and help improve telecommunication deliver food aid and protect consumers combat disease and help expand food production make loans to developing countries and help stabilize financial markets.

UN agencies define the standards for safe and efficient transport by air and sea, work to ensure respect for intellectual property rights and coordinate allocation of radio frequencies. The UNs work has a long-term impact on the quality of our lives. The name United Nations was devised by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of January 1, 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.

The United Nations Charter was drawn up by the representatives of 50 countries at the United Nations Conference on International Organization, which met at San Francisco from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries.

Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on October 24 each year. III. The way UN works The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations.

It provides the machinery to help find solutions to international problems or disputes, and to deal with pressing concerns that face people everywhere. It does not legislate like a national parliament. But in the meeting rooms and corridors of the UN, representatives of almost all countries of the world -large and small, rich and poor, with varying political views and social systems -have a voice and vote in shaping the policies of the international community.

The UN has six main bodies listed below. All are based at UN Headquarters in New York, except the International Court of Justice, which is located at the Hague, Netherlands. In addition, 14 specialized agencies, working in areas as diverse as health, finance, agriculture, civil aviation and telecommunications, are linked together through the Economic and Social Council. The UN and its specialized agencies constitute the UN system.

Main bodies of the UN are the General Assembly, Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. 3.1 Main Bodies The General Assembly The General Assembly, sometimes called the nearest thing to a world parliament, is the main deliberative body. All 185 Member States are represented in it, and each has one vote. Decisions on ordinary matters are taken by simple majority.

Important questions require a two-thirds majority. The Assembly holds its regular sessions from mid-September to mid-December. Special or emergency sessions are held when necessary. When the Assembly is not in session, its work goes on in special committees and bodies. The Assembly has the right to discuss and make recommendations on all matters within the scope of the UN Charter - the Organizations founding document. It has no power to compel action by any Government, but its recommendations carry the weight of world opinion.

The Assembly also sets policies and determines programs for the UN Secretariat, directs activities for development, and approves the UN budget, including peacekeeping operations. Occupying a central position in the UN, the Assembly receives reports from other organs, admits new Members and appoints the UN Secretary - General. The Economic and Social Council Working under the authority of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council coordinates the economic and social work of the UN and related specialized agencies and institutions.

The Council has 54 members, and meets for a one-month session each year, alternating between New York and Geneva. The session includes a special meeting at the level of ministers to discuss major economic and social issues. The Council oversees UN activities and policies promoting economic growth in developing countries, administering development projects, promoting the observance of human rights, and fostering international cooperation in areas such as housing, family planning, environmental protection and crime prevention.

The Trusteeship Council The Trusteeship Council was established to ensure that Governments responsible for administering trust territories take adequate steps to prepare them for self-government or independence. The task of the Trusteeship System was completed in 1994, when the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement for the last of the original 11 UN Trusteeships - the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Palau, administered by the United States.

All Trust Territories have attained self-government or independence, either as separate States or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The Trusteeship Council will now meet as and where circumstances so demand. The International Court of Justice The International Court of Justice also known as the World Court is the main judicial organ of the UN, settling legal disputes between member states and giving advisory opinions to the UN and its agencies.

It consists of 15 judges, elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Only countries may be parties in cases brought before the Court. If a country does not wish to take part in a proceeding, it does not have to do so unless required by special treaty provisions, but if it accepts, it is obligated to comply with the Courts decision. The Secretariat The Secretariat works for the other five organs of the UN and administers their programs.

With a staff of some 8,900 under the regular budget, working at headquarters and all over the world, it carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. At its head is the Secretary - General. He plays a central role in peacemaking, both personally and through special envoys. The Secretary - General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which appears to threaten international peace and security. To help resolve disputes, the Secretary - General may use good offices to carry out mediation, or exercise quiet diplomacy behind the scenes.

The Secretary - General also conducts preventive diplomacy to help resolve disputes before they escalate. In many instances, the Secretary - General has been instrumental in securing a peace agreement or in averting a threat to peace. The current secretary general is Kofi Annan, who succeeded Boutros Boutros Ghali in 1997 see appendix C. Staff members are drawn from some 170 countries. 3.2 Security Council activity The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security.

It is so organized as to be able to function continuously, and a representative of each of its members must be present at all times at United Nations Headquarters. When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Councils first action is usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach agreement by peaceful means.

In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may appoint special representatives or request the Secretary - General to do so or to use his good offices. It may set forth principles for a peaceful settlement. When a dispute leads to fighting, the Councils first concern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible. It also sends United Nations peace-keeping forces to help reduce tensions in troubled areas, keep opposing forces apart and create conditions of calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. The Council may decide on enforcement measures, economic sanctions such as trade embargoes or collective military action.

A member state against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. A member state which has persistently violated the principles of the Charter may be expelled from the United Nations by the Assembly on the Councils recommendation.

The presidency of the Council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its member states see appendix D. The Council has 15 members - five permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. The following countries ended their two-year membership term on December 31, 1997 Chile Egypt Guinea-Bissau Poland Republic of Korea Each Council member has one vote. Decisions on procedural matters are made by an affirmative vote of at least nine of the 15 members.

Decisions on substantive matters require nine votes, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members. This is the rule of great power unanimity, often referred to as the veto power. Under the Charter, all Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to Governments, the Council alone has the power to take decisions which member states are obligated under the Charter to carry out. Under the Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement to formulate plans for the establishment of a threat to peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression to take military action against an aggressor to recommend the admission of new members and the terms on which states may become parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in strategic areas to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary - General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court. IV. UN ACTIVITY 4.1 UN Peace-Keeping Missions United Nations peacekeepers, wearing distinctive UN blue helmets or berets, are dispatched by the Security Council to help implement peace agreements, monitor cease-fires, patrol demilitarized zones, create buffer zones between opposing forces, and put fighting on hold while negotiators seek peaceful solutions to disputes.

But ultimately, the success of peacekeeping depends on the consent and cooperation of the opposing parties.

The UN does not have an army. For each peacekeeping mission, member states voluntarily provide troops and equipment, for which they are compensated from a special peacekeeping budget.

Police officers, election observers, human rights monitors and other civilians sometimes work alongside military personnel in peacekeeping operations.

Lightly armed for self-defense and often unarmed peacekeepers strongest weapon is their impartiality.

They rely on persuasion and minimal use of force to defuse tensions and prevent fighting. It is dangerous business approximately 1,500 UN peacekeepers have died in the performance of their duties since 1945. Rank-and-file soldiers on peacekeeping missions do not swear allegiance to the United Nations. Governments that volunteer personnel carefully negotiate the terms of their participation including command and control arrangements.

They retain ultimate authority over their own military forces serving under the UN flag, including disciplinary and personnel matters, and may withdraw their troops if they wish. Peacekeeping soldiers wear their own national uniforms. To identify themselves as peace-keepers, they also wear blue berets or helmets and the UN insignia. The cost of UN peacekeeping personnel and equipment peaked at about 3 billion in 1995, reflecting the expense of operations in the former Yugoslavia.

Peacekeeping costs fell in 1996 and 1997, to 1.4 billion and some 1.3 billion, respectively and estimated budgetary requirements for 1998 are expected to drop to under 1 billion. All Member States are obligated to pay their share of peacekeeping costs under a formula that they themselves have agreed upon. But as of 15 March 1998, member states owed the UN 1.7 billion in current and back peacekeeping dues. The United States is by far the largest debtor, owing 958 million.

Since 1945, there have been 48 United Nations peacekeeping operations. There are currently 16 under way. Thirty-five peacekeeping operations were created by the Security Council in the years between 1988 when UN peacekeeping operations were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and June 1998 in Africa In Angola, UN mediation led to the 1994 peace accord and to the installation of a government of national unity in 1997, formally uniting a country devastated by 20 years of civil war. A UN operation is in place to help put the peace accord into effect. The UN also continues to provide humanitarian assistance to the Angolan people.

In Somalia, after the outbreak of civil war in 1991, the UN brought relief to millions facing starvation and helped to stop the large-scale killings. From 1992 to 1995, two UN operations sought to restore order, protect delivery of humanitarian relief, promote reconciliation and help reconstruction.

Under difficult conditions, various UN agencies continue to provide humanitarian assistance. The UN helped secure peace in Mozambique. The UN Operation in Mozambique ONUMOZ was deployed in the country in 1992 to help put into effect the peace agreement between the Government and the Mozambican National Resistance. ONUMOZ monitored the cease-fire, verified the demobilization of combatants, coordinated humanitarian aid and observed in 1994 the countrys first multi-party elections, which led to the peaceful installation of a new Government.

Today, the World Bank, the UN Development Program and other parts of the UN family are working with the Government to help forge the economic and social progress needed to underpin the democratic process. in Asia The UN helped end the 12-year conflict in Cambodia and organized the 1993 elections that led to the installation of a new Government. Earlier, the Secretary - General had used his good offices in the search for peace, helping to mediate the 1991 peace accord.

The UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia was then deployed to supervise the cease-fire between the parties, disarm combatants, repatriate refugees, and organize and conduct the elections. In Afghanistan, mediation by a UN envoy led to the 1988 agreements between Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Soviet Union and the United States aimed at ending the conflict. To help put the agreements into effect, the UN deployed an observer mission, which also verified Soviet troop withdrawal.

The Secretary - General and his envoys have continued to work for a peaceful settlement of the continuing civil war. UN agencies provide assistance to the some 2.3 million Afghan refugees. in the Americas The UN has helped resolve protracted conflicts in Central America. In Guatemala, UN-assisted negotiations resulted in the 1996 peace accord, ending a 35-year conflict during which over 100,000 people were killed. The UN began supervising talks between the Government and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity in 1991. In 1994, two agreements opened the way to a settlement of the conflict, and led to the deployment of the UN Mission for the Verification of Human Rights in Guatemala.

The Mission has remained in the country to help put into effect the peace accord. In 1990, the UN observed the first democratic elections in Haiti. After a military coup in 1991 forced the President into exile, the UN mediated an agreement for the return to democracy.

As Haitis military leaders did not comply with the agreement, the Security Council authorized in 1994 the formation of a multinational force to facilitate the leaders departure. After the landing of a United States - led multinational force, the exiled President returned to Haiti in 1994. A UN peacekeeping force, which took over from the multinational force in 1995, contributes to stability in the young democracy. In El Salvador, the Secretary - General assisted in peace talks between the Government and the Farabundo Martн National Liberation Front FMLN. His mediation led to the 1992 peace agreement between the Government and FMLN, which ended the 12-year conflict.

A UN Observer Mission monitored all agreements concluded between the parties and observed the 1994 elections. A UN mission deployed between 1989 and 1992 contributed to ending the fighting in Nicaragua. It helped demobilize some 22,000 members of the Nicaraguan resistance also known as contras, who in 1990 turned in their weapons to the UN. Another mission observed the 1990 elections - the first UN-observed elections in an independent country.

Throughout Central America, UN specialized agencies and programs are working hand in hand to ensure that refugees are safely repatriated and provided with the tools to start over. They also provide training for civil servants, police, human rights monitors and legal professionals to promote good governance and the rule of law. in Europe Following the 1995 Dayton-Paris peace agreements, four UN missions were deployed to help secure the peace in the former Yugoslavia.

The largest of them, the UN Transitional Administration in Eastern Slovenia, was established to govern this area and help reintegrate it into Croatia. From 1991, the UN worked strenuously to resolve the conflict, providing at the same time relief assistance to some 4 million people. To help restore peace, the UN imposed an arms embargo in 1991, while the Secretary - General and his envoy assisted in seeking solutions to the conflict.

From 1992 to 1995, UN peacekeepers sought to bring peace and security to Croatia, helped protect civilians in Bosnia and Herzegovina and helped ensure that the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was not drawn into the war. UN agencies continue to provide humanitarian assistance to over 2 million people still suffering the effects of the conflict. in the Middle East The Middle East has been a major concern of the UN. In 1948, the first UN military observer group monitored the truce called for by the Security Council during the first Arab-Israeli war. The first peacekeeping force was also set up in the Middle East, during the 1956 Suez crisis it oversaw troop withdrawal and contributed to peace and stability.

Two peacekeeping forces are deployed in the region. The UN Disengagement Observer Force, established in 1974, maintains an area of separation on the Golan Heights between Israeli and Syrian troops.

In southern Lebanon, a UN Force established in 1978 contributes to stability and provides protection to the population. Hand in hand with peacekeeping, the UN has sought a lasting settlement in the Middle East. Security Council resolutions 242 1967 and 338 1973 set forth the principles for a just and lasting peace, and remain the basis for an overall settlement. Following the 1993 landmark agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, a UN Coordinator has been overseeing all development assistance provided by the UN to the Palestinian people in Gaza and the West Bank. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNRWA provides essential health, education, relief and social services to over 3 million registered Palestinian refugees.

Military peacekeepers are the most visible, but not the only, UN peace presence in the field. UN envoys and other civilian personnel are engaged in diplomacy, human rights monitoring and other peace efforts in scores of regions threatened or afflicted by fighting often in the most difficult situations. 4.2