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Stylistic Notations In The Dictionaries Of Different Types

Stylistic Notations In The Dictionaries Of Different Types - раздел Лингвистика, Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение Stylistic Notations In The Dictionaries Of Different Types. As It Was Marked ...

Stylistic Notations In The Dictionaries Of Different Types. As it was marked in the previous part Stylistic component is represented in Dictionaries by means of stylistical natations labels. It would be interesting to follow how the dictionaries of different types treat the stylistic notations. To have a good idea of such a treatment we have analysed six dictionaries three of which are English-English Dictionaries the other three are bilingual English-Russian dictionaries.

Stylistic notation depends on which stylistic layer of the language this or that word belongs to. This is why it is necessary to give a view of stylistic layers in the English Language and the stylistic notations in juxtaposition with layers made by Galperin I.R. 1977 than to analyse how the dictionaries used in the diploma paper - see Bibliography use the stylistic notations to denote stylistic overtones, stylistic characterization of the word according to the classification suggested by Galperin I .R. Some lexicographers have a view that stylistic notations are important for defining dictionaries only are of little value in bilingual dictionaries, where the translation must reflect the peculiarities of the word. But this point of view is rather questionable, because experience proves otherwise.

A great number of errors is made by the user, whose knowledge of the language is inadequate, when using stylistically coloured words, very often the user misunderstands the mo tivation behind the use of stylistic overtones.

It is quite natural to affirm, that both Russian and English users should be made aware of stylistic peculiarities of each word, and the more detailed such information is the more useful the dictionary will be. A stylistic classification of the notations represented in the ERD by Galperin seems to reflect to a great extend the mobility of the lexical system so characteristic of the English language at its present stage of development The vocabulary has been divided into two ba sic groups standard and non-standard vocabulary. The standard vocabulary of Modem English falls into three large layers 1. neutral vocabulary 2. literal vocabulary of a general ch aracter 3. colloquial vocabulary of a general character All words with the exception of the neutral vocabulary are lab eled though as it wa s considered in the previous part the stylistic component can be hidden in the semantical structure of the word, in its very meaning. Literary-bookish vocabulary can further be divided into smaller groups common literary vocabulary a part of Standard English, special literary -bookish words Thus we may distinguish the following groups of the vocabulary or layers 1. Special literary-bookish words which are labeled in the dictionaries poetical words poet bibl pomp emph rhеt миф библ возвыш ритор archaic words obs arch old use old-fash уст ист nonce words 2 Common literary vocabulary - fml lit terms tdmk tech chem bacterial etnol спец тех foreignisms barbarisms Fr It Germ фр ит. 3. Common colloquial vocabulary infml paзг This three belong to the Standard English Vocabulary. 4. Special colloquial vocabulary non-literal belongs to the non -standard English vocabulary and fall s into subgroups Professionalisms naut med спорт.

Slang sl. Dialectical words dial прост.

Jurgon жарг вор жарг Vulgar вульг груб презрен derog vulgar offensive taboo Nonce words fig humor joc. 5.Non- standard colloquial words are unstable.

But it is impossible to draw a hard- -fast line between common literary vocabulary special literary-bookish vocabulary, because the words tend to shift from one layer to the other.

The same is true of the common colloquial vocabulary which penetrates into the neutral layer is not impervious to intru sion from the non-literary layer.

There are different degrees of bookishness colloquialness the words marked fml lit may be found bordering on neutral vocabulary or lying so far from the neutral layer as to be quite incomprehensible to the average reader.

The same is true of words marked infml which may either pass into the neutral layer or linger on the fringe of the non-literary layer of the vocabulary. The notation sl slang is mainly used in the English-English dictionaries in English and American dictionaries label the words according to their character the way they function, in the bilingual dictionaries this label is rarely used, because of its ill-defined uncertain definition meaning understanding of the term. It is necessary to mention other stylistic notations which are used to identify the emotional meanings of the words rather than usage.

These are эмоц-усил emotional-intensive, ирон ironical, усил. intensive, шут. jocular, презр. contemptuous, груб. vulgar or law, paзг- груб low colloquial, humor, derog вежл, ласк. The words labeled фр, лат, AustrE, Germ, Fr are used to indicate that the word has not lost its foreign aspect or that its use is geographically limited.

The conclusion comes that bilingual as well as explanatory dictionaries should not only give definitions of words but should indicate their usage, emotional meanings geographical limits. But at the same time it should be mentioned that though practically in all the dictionaries the stylistical notations labels are presented according to the layers existed in the language, the treatment of the stylistic notations by the authors of the dictionaries differs.

There is no single system of labels that would satisfy all the dictionaries the analyses of the stylistic notations in the six dictionaries confirm it. Appendix VII As it was considered already the LERD gives the styligtical notations labels according to the stylistic classification of the word -stock of the English Language.

The ERD doesn t give any classification of the labels that are used in it And ER RED doesn t give any classification of the labels either, All the English-English Dictionaries give the kinds of classifications of stylistical notation according to the author s treatment this stylistical phenomena. LDELC represents the types of labels used in it in the following groups. Apendix I 1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to particular parts of the world.

ВrЕ.AmE СапЕ CarE IrE AustrE SafrE IndE ParE NZE ScotE. Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages barbarisms, foreignisms. Fr Germ Jf Lat Sp 2. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are used in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing, bibl - used mainly in the Bible law - legal term-used in contracts, courts of law lit - used mainly in literature med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc. naut - nautical term - used by sailors poet - used mainly in poetry tech - technical term - used by specialists in various fields As we can see the labels of this group include common literary vocabulary terms special literal vocabulary Poetical words . 3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words which would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml fml sl. These labels deal with common literary vocabulary common colloquial vocabulary, with a particular group of words which is considered to be slang which is difficult to juxtapose with any layer of the English Language because of the uncertain definition of the term slang , LDELC suggests the following definition SLANG - very informal, rarely used in writing, used especially in the private language of particular social groups.

Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard special colloquial vocabulary - non-literary close to jargonisms vulgarisms, professionalisms.

Judging by Galperin s point of view this type is typical more of the English Language. 4. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in modem English though they will be found in old books some of the words beginning to be used less often. old-fash - no longer common, used mainly by older people old use - no longer u sed rare or becoming rare - rarely used, or beginning to be used less often. This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary mainly archaic 5 . Labels showing attitude apprec shows that the speaker likes or approves of something derog - derogatory - shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves of something euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something unpleasant or embarrassing humor - shows a joking or ironic attitude pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation of the word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found both in common literary common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the group of nonstandard words. 6. Labels showing limitations on use dial - a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area nonstandard - a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers taboo - a very offensive word which should always be avoided tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because both dial and taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the other hand, from the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo dial. may be regarded as incorrect.

The label tdmk may be treated as a special term thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As the analyses shows the classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary is not exact and needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are quite suitable to show stytistical characterization stylistical overtones. The variety of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the third part. OALED suggests a bit different grouping of the stylistic notations Appendix II 1. Currency, labels denoting words which are not used or used by some older speaker s some words that are found mainly in books written in the first half of thi s century dated archaic. 2. Region, labels denoting words which restricted to one country or area Brit US Scot S.African Austr NZ Here belongs dial - the label that refers to words meanings that are restricted to particular regions of the British Isles not including Scotland Ireland.

So this very dictionary uses the label dial mainly as territorial characteristic of British Isles, though still belonging to special colloquial vocabulary. 3. Register, labels denoting words which must be used with particular care because they reflect a special relatioship between the speakers or a special occasion or setting which could vary from an official ceremony to a relaxed meeting between friends denotes words or meanings likely to be thought offencive or shocking or indecert. though not necessarily by eveyone or on every occasion In LDELC they use the label taboo to denote such a group of words to show limitations on use. sl -this label denotes a group of words inventive often colourful items generally used in a very informal spoken context.

Such an item usually belongs to or originate in the language of a particular social or occupation group e.g. soldiers, nurses, prisoner s. In LDELC this label has practically the same meaning but is found in the other group of labels which deals with the situations and often this label is used with the label taboo infml - denotes informal words meanings, i.e. those indicating a close personal relationship an unofficial occasion or getting fml - denotes formal words meanings, i.e. those chosen when speaking or writing in a serious or an official context to someone who is not a close friend or relation.

These labels are grouped together with the label sl in LDELC. rhet - rhetorical items are associated with writing or speech on seri ous or elevated themes, especially on very formal occasions. the use of such words elsewhere suggests a self-consciously pompous speaker or writer.

There is no such a label in LDELC, but this very label juxtapose with the label rhet in LERD ERD. Thus we may infer that this group of labels denote the words belonging to practically all the layers of the word-stock of the English Language. Appendix IV,VI . 4. Evaluation, labels denoting a particular attitude towards the person, thing or action referred to. derog - that one desapprovse of or scorns the person or thing referred to or described by those. approv - the opposite of derogatory ones, they suggest approval of or admiration for the thing or person referred to or described. offensive - words to address or refer to people usually with the delibarate intention of their race or religion euph - to refer to something unpleasant or painful in a pleasant because more indirect way. In LDELC the label derog is opposed to the label apprec there is no such a label as approv. The label offensive is not presented in this dictionary. iron - the label denotes words that are intended to convey a sense opposite to the apparent sense. fig - a figurative sense of a word is a non -literal often metaforical sense which can be related by native speakers to an original in the past, but it is no longer perceived, the label is not u sed. The label iron is not given in LDELC, the label fig though represented in this dictionary, is not considered as the stylistical one. joc - label, denoting words which are considered to be funny, whethergrim or innocent humor is meant.

This label is close to humor LDELC though they are still different, sexsist - label denotes words that express sometimes uncontious discriminatory or patronizing attitude towards someone of the opposite sex. They are almost always words used by men about or to women can be used to express approval in a man-to-man context Thi s label is rather new and modern and it is connected with the woman s movement.

In LDELC this label is absent. 5. Technical fields - words meanings which are normaly confined to technical use botany chemistry architecture law physics medical art anat my cinema or TV grammar computing music The terms covering the technical fields are more wildely represented in OALED than in LDELC. In LDELC we find the labels law, med, naut, tech, denoting the technical fields belonging to the group, which shows special fields or subjects.

The label tech covers all the labels which are not represented in LDELC, but are widly used in OALED. If the classifications of labels in LDELC OALED are close to each other somehow, we can t say the same of WNCD. This Dictionary differentiate three types of status labels.

They are temporal, regional stylistic.

The stylistic labels are con sidered here as a signal that a word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English. Appendix III 1 . The temporal label obs - for obsolete - means that there i s no evidence of use since 1755. archaic - means that a word or sense once in common use is found today only sporadically or in special contexts.

The label obs is not used neither in LDELC nor in OALED. Galperin I.R. gives the following definition of the word obsolete - is a group of archaic words that have already gone completely out of use bu t are still recogni zed by the English -speaking community, 2. Regional labels denote words which are limited in use to a specif ic region of the US. The labels here correspond loosely to one of the areas defined in Hans Kurath s Word Geography of the Ea stern United States.

The adverb chiefly presents a label when the word has some currency outside the specified region a double label is used to indicate considerable currency in each of two specific regions.

NewEng South chiefly North Southwest West Midland Northaest.

Words current in all regions of the US have no labels. A word or meaning limited in use to one of the other countries of the English -speaking world has an appropriate regional label.

It is explained by the fact that the Dictionary is based mainly on American English. chiefly Scot Irish Austr SoAfr Brit Canad. dial - this label belongs to this very group indicates that the pattern of use of a word or a meaning is too complex for summary labeling, it usually includes several regional varieties of American English o r of American British English. dial Brit - indicates currency in several dialects of the British commonwealth it indicates currency in one or more provincial dialects of England. 3. Stylistic labels sl is used with words or meanings that are especially appropriate in contexts of extreme informality, that usually have a currency not limited to a particular region or area of interest, that are composed typically of shortened forms or extravagant or facetious figures of speech. non-standard - is used for a few words or meanings that are dissaproved by many but that have some currency in reputable contexts. substandard - is used for those words or meanings that conform to a widespread pattern of usage that differs in choice of word or form f rom that of the prestige group of the community, These labels given in WNCD differentiate two main groups of the word -stock of the English Language which were considered above. But they don t point out all the peculiarities of the word, its stylistical overtones.

In LDELC OALED these two groups are represented by a number of specific labels which give a more exact description of the words peculiarities usage.

But at the same time there is a subject label or guide phrase that is used to indicate n the specific application of a word or meaning a criptology, a timepiece n denoting terms technical field usage, which is introdused by a lightface dash used as a direction in music usu considered vulgar usu used disparagingly n some usages are used in def initions. used as a Brit, title used esp. to express sudden pain. Thus as we may see the WNCD S treatment of stylistical notations is rather peculiar.

Instead of the labels, accepted for example in LDELC OALED, explanaitory phrases or guides are used. And though nonstandard substandard labels include precticaly all the layers of the English Language, they don t cover all the stylistic peculiarities that may have a word or a meaning.

Different approaches to stylistic notations influences a great deal the understanding the exact information that this or that word carries.

The comparative analyses shows that differen t dictionaries give different labels in some cases to one the same word. E, g. prick - in LDELC this word is given as taboo, in OALED as !sl, in WNCD as usu. considered vulgar, LE RD as груб in ERD as груб. the weaker sex in LDELC it has the label pomp in OALED - dated sexiest in the other dictionaries this word -group is not marked at all In this case we may deal with the facts of new tendencies which are not registered yet in the older editions of the dictionaries. lovely is a very interesting case -in LDELC it is marked infml becoming rare, in OALED - infml sexist, in WNCD it is not marked at all, in LERD it ha s the label амер in the others it is not marked either. nick - BrE infml LDELC BrE sl - OALED жарг - LERD разг . -ERD In this case it is difficult even to identify to which layer of the English Language this word belongs in which situations it is preferred.

For the other examples see the Application VI. We may make the conclusion that it would be better if al the dictionaries agreed to one and the same system of stylistic notations for the purpose not to mislead the users in a proper choice of the word More over, to our mind, the classification suggested by Galperin could be taken or considered the bases of the system of stylistic notations. 3. Classification of stylistic notations in Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture The word can have different stylistic characteristics ranging from regional usage to the personal attitude of the user. That is why it is natural to suppose that there is a great number of words which have more that one stylistic notations.

The comparative analyses suggested in the previous part and the proper analyses of the stylistic notation s varieties used in LDELC conf irm such supposition.

It was interesting to analyse different types of labels their combinations used in LDELC. As it turned out a word may have up to five stylistic characterizations that are reflected in the notations.

E.g. bum 2 AmE AustrE derog sl This word has four indexes shown by mean s of the styli stic notations, buster sl, esp. AmE.oflen derog There are five indexes of the styli stic notation in this word. amniocentes is med - only one index.

Here we deal with the words, which can be used in different regions, can belong to different layers of the word- stock have different stylistic colours expressing the attitude.

Some of the word s characteristics suggest choice of usage. behold esp-tit or old use buggery BrE taboo or law Taking into consideration all these facts all the labels their combination s used in LDELC were classified as follows 1 . Labels of sementico-functional indication. 2. Label s of quantitative indication of indexes in one notation.

All the labels in LDELC we may devide into four stylistical groups Appendix VIII 1.Stylistical labels pure 2. Stylistico-functional labels 3. Stylistico-sementical labels 4. Stylistico-sementico-functional labels Stylistical labels include all the labels denoting words which are limited to particular parts of the world or area, as the regional indication is one of the microcomponents of the stylistic component of the word purely shows that the word is stylistically marked carrfge dock BrE aficinado Sp abortion Lat bratwurst Germ accommodations AmE agent provocateur Fr From the stylistical layers point of view here we find words belonging to common literary vocabulary. foriegnisms, barbarisms Stylistico -functional labels include the labels denoting words according to their usage functioning.

Here we may point out -purely stylistico- functional labels access card tdmk it means that the word functions in economics and bu siness, AC DC sl the word is used by a certain group of people -mixed stylistico -functional labels beaut AmE AustrE infml the word is u sed both in American Australian English in informal situat ion s, billy-o BrE old-fash sl the word belongs to British English and is used as the outdated slang. bevy dial sl the word is limited to a particular area is there as slang. amp fml-tech it is a term used in formal situations.

Here we may find the words belonging to all the layers of the word-stock of the English Language.

As beaut belongs to common literary vocabulary, bevy - to special colloquial nonstandard non-literal vocabulary. Some words having the notation AmE old-fash, SrE becoming old-fash may be referred to special literal vocabulary.

Such labels as infml becoming rare, infl esp. BrE belonging to words which come from common colloquial vocabulary. But there is a number of labels that makes it difficult to identify to which layer this or that word belongs because the natations may indicate different layers. old-fash BrE infml - as we considered it earlier the label old-fash indicates special literary vocabulary archaic words in particular, the label infml evidently shows common colloquial vocabulary.

BrE oid-fash sl- where sl indicated nonstandard group of the word-stock. The existence of such labels confirms the fact that there are differen t degrees of bookishness colloquialness. In accordance to the combinations of labels the words marked, e.g. BrEinfmIsl or BrE old-fash sl may be found bordering on common literary special colloquial vocabulary, such words may pass into another layer, taking into con sideration I.R. Calpe rin point of view. Stylistico-sementical labels indicate emotional state, attitude of the speaker by means of the marked word, in other words this label shows the type of connotation that is typical of the word. E.g. bouncing of babies esp appnec this word is u sually u sed about healthy and active people with a kind of administration, catchpenny derog - something that is cheap useless, but is done to be attractive.

The word is used with negative connotation show s not delightful attitude towards such things.

Sometimes to show some peculiarities, some overtones of the semantics of the word some additional indexes are used anatomy - 2. body of a person or animal - has the label often humor. We know that in this very meaning thi s word is used frequently with humour. breeches now usu. humor in the meaning trousers. We may suppose that this word didn t have any emotional colour but nowaday s it has become some stylistical connotations. activist sometimes derog - sometimes this word may be used derogatorily depending on the speaker s attitude emotional state.

Here we refer the label taboo, as prohibition of the usage is aroused by the high emotions that are connected with annoyance when taboo marked word is used. Prohibition is usually accompanied with the labels sl or derog, because they may express annoyance as well. ball in the meaning nonsense taboo sl derog.

These stylistically marked words belonging to this group we may find both in colloquial literary vocabulary in nonstandard vocabulary, because emotions are human being characteristics which are reflected in emotiveness expressiveness of the word s used by people independently on the layer. Stylistico-semantico-functional labels combine all possible characteristics that a word may possess. Both semantical functional characteristics are represented in such stylistic notations.

Through such labels we may consider the whole passport of the word all the additions to its main meaning . boon-docks AmE infml humor accept the main meaning - a rough country area far from any town, where few people live - we see that this word belongs to American English, is used in informal situations common colloquial vocabulary the emotions that are expressed by this word are humorous. broad 2 AmE derog sl in the meaning woman.

We know that this word is used in American English Slang nons tandard expressing negative derogatory emotions. That is why before using this word regarding for women one should keep in mind and consider what reaction one can call by such stylistical colours, blue-eyed-boy infml esp. BrE,usu derog - someone favourite male person - so we may use this word in informal situations keeping in m ind that the British would understand you better than American the fact that by using this word one can offend somebody.

This stylistical group of labels include the words of any layer, that is why the label s themselves should be examined thoroughly for proper usage. There is a group of words the labels of which indicate the choice of usage. beseem fml or old use to be suitable or proper for th e word is used either in formal situations or by senior citizens, appendage med or fml in the meaning an arm or leg the word is used either as a term or as a word acc eptable in formal situations, bibulous humor or pomp liking to drink too much alcohol the word may express humor or may show foolish self-important attitude, In some cases we may face the fact that some stylistic notation s indexes suggesting the choice of usage may be opposed to each other either the functions or sphere of usage are opposed or the emotions that can be expressed. bible thumper AmE infml humor or derog a person who tries to attract people to Christianity in a loud unpleasant way. The choice of the emotions depends on the emotional state of the speaker his attitude toward bible thumpers. buggery Br taboo or law for sodomy the choice depends on the situation whether it is a legal term or a vulgar word used to offend.

Such labels undergo the classification suggested in this part too according to characteristics they express humor or pomp - stylistico-semantical group of labels, AmE infml humor or derog - stylistico-semantico-functional group of labels.

The widely spread group turned out to be stylislico-functional group which counts 68 label s, then comes stylistico-semantico-functional group -42 labels, then stylistico-semantico-functional group - 22 labels, pure stylistical group - 19 labels for better view of the labels their classification in LDELC Appendix IX . As it was mentioned above a stylistical label may have up to five indexes.

To denote some peculiarities of stylistical usage such indexes as usu sometimes, often, esp now, rather, not polite may be used. We consider them to be stylistical labels too as they indicate temporal or functional juxtaposition.

Taking into consideration all the information above we may point out the following groups of labels according to their quantity of indexes represented in them. 1 . Monolabels - one index. AmE sl taboo derog BrE law rare apprec 2. Dilabels - two indexes. esp. AmE AnE infml BrEdial infml humor fml or lit rather fml 3. Tnreeindexed labels.

Sp AmE infml sl often derog old-fash euph infml fml usu derog 4. Fourindexed labels Austr esp lit or old use esp. BrE infml, not polite BrE infml sometimes derog 5.Fiveindexed labels BrE infml, esp. humor orderog sl, esp. AmE,oflen derog. infml.esp. BrEusa.derog Thus the stylistic component is reflected in the dictionary by means of stylistic notations which may be of various characteristics, manyindexed indicating stylistic overtones of the word possible emotions that can be expressed by this or that word, that helps to identify the layer of the word -stock to which the word belongs to use the word according to the situation. Conclusions1. Stylistic component of the word is a stylistical structure of the word which represents different stylistic characteristics overtones of the word carrying extra information of the word, its functioning usage. 2. Stylistic component of the word is reflected in dictionaries by means of stylistic notarions labels. But for the present there is no one and the same system of stylistic notations that would satisfy would be used in all the dictionaries of different types. Such a system is necessary for dictionaries not to mislead the users of the language especially those for whom the language is foreign. 3. Stylistic component is rather complex complicated, wide peculiar what influences it s lexicographical reflection in dictionaries.

That is why the labels suggested in dictionaries form different combinations to identify all possible existing characteristic of the word. Thus we may point out n pure stylistic labels n stylistico-functional labels n stylistico-semantical labels n stylistico-semantico-functional labels Глава II Британский и американский варианты английского языка и их лексикографическое отражение в словаре Все слова, имеющие в словаре пометы AmE BrE, относятся соответственно к американскому и британскому вариантам английского языка и являются словарными пометами.

Эти пометы указывают на территориальный признак и на принадлежность слова к тому или иному варианту языка, что непосредственно отражается на функционировании единиц языка в речи и на эффективности коммуникации.

Более того, слова, имеющие маркеры AmE BrE , помимо территориальных различий могут обретать также функциональные, семантические и функционально- семантические признаки.

Наличие дополнительных характеристик внутри варианта расширяет стилистический компонент слова, ограничивая или расширяя возможности функционирования слова в речи. Таким образом, мы столкнулись с внутриязыковой вариантностью английского языка, стилистические особенности которой представляют в стилистике особый интерес и являются на настоящий момент мало изученными и проанализированными.

Внутриязыковая вариантность появляется в результате сосуществования нового со старым в процессе развития языка, что на примере АmE BrE можно проследить в процессе исторического развития обоих вариантов английского языка. Особенно важно существование вариантности как проявление универсального свойства языка - обязательной избыточности кода, что видно из наличия множества диалектизмов, возникших в процессе исторического развития обоих вариантов.

Вариантность - это свойство языковой системы, которое проявляется не только на всех уровнях языка, но и во всех типах его функционирования. Одной из причин внутриязыковой вариантности английского языка является его функционирование в разных сферах деятельности и на разных территориях. Сложившиеся в языковой системе английского языка вариантные отношения имеют различную реализацию в функциональных стилях.

Варианты английского языка - это как бы обратная сторона функционально-стилевой дифференциации языка. Каждый вариант характеризуется типичными для него отличиями на фонетическом, лексическом, семантическом и грамматическом уровнях. Различительные признаки английского языка в BrE AmE охватывают не только диалектные явления, но и явления литературного языка. В связи с этим стилистический анализ, выявление жанрово-функциональных и эмоционально-экспрессивных особенностей BrE и AmE является на настоящий момент важнейшим элементом в процессе исследования языковых явлений английского языка.

В своих работах Швейцер А.Д. дал систематическое изложение основных особенностей американского варианта в области фонетики, орфографии, лексики и граматики в сопоставлении с британским вариантом, используя диахроническое и синхроническое описание вариантов английского языка.

В данной главе мы попытаемся на основе анализа, сделанного Швейцером А.Д рассмотреть функционально-стилистические различия BrE AmE на фонетическом, лексическом и семантическом уровнях, а также проанализировать разнообразие стилистического компонента внутри BrE AmE. 1.

– Конец работы –

Эта тема принадлежит разделу:

Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение

Выводы Глава III Роль и место британского и американского вариантов в процессе обучения английскому языку 1. Основы системы обучения американскому… Необходимая нам информация хранится не только в семантической структуре слова… Умение извлекать необходимую информацию, заключенную в слове, его семантике и стилистическом компоненте, позволяет…

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Стилистический компонент семантической структуры слова
Стилистический компонент семантической структуры слова. Как уже указывалось во введении, семантика слова соостоит из трех компонентов n денотативный n коннотативный n функционально-стилистический.

Причины возникновения и этапы развития британского и американского вариантов английского языка
Причины возникновения и этапы развития британского и американского вариантов английского языка. Ряд особенностей и различий встречающихся в BrE и AmE становится понятным лишь в свете тех процессов,

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