Ñóáñòàíòèâíàÿ ìåòàôîðà â ïðîöåññå êîììóíèêàöèè

Ñóáñòàíòèâíàÿ ìåòàôîðà â ïðîöåññå êîììóíèêàöèè. Àêñèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñòàòóñ ñóáñòàíòèâíîé ìåòàôîðû (íà ìàòåðèàëå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà). Êðèòåðèè îöåíêè ñóáñòàíòèâíûõ ìåòàôîð.

Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âûñòóïàåò â êà÷åñòâå ìåòàôîðû êàê ñðåäñòâà îöåíêè, ñòî ìû ñâÿçûâàåì ñ åãî âûñîêèì íîìèíàòèâíûì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îáðàçóåò íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííóþ è íàèáîëåå «îòêðûòóþ» êàòåãîðèþ ñëîâ. Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò çíà÷èòåëüíî ðàñøèðÿòü ñâîå îñíîâíîå êàòåãîðèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ïðåäìåòíîñòè, âáèðàÿ â ñåáÿ çíà÷åíèÿ äðóãèõ ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ðàçðÿäîâ ñëîâ è ïðèäàâàÿ âñåì ýòèì çíà÷åíèÿì ïðåäìåòíûé õàðàêòåð (14,91). Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñïîñîáíî âûñòóïàòü èñòî÷íèêîì ìåòàôîð äðóãèõ ëåêñèêî-ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ðàçðÿäîâ.

Òàê, ðÿä ãëàãîëüíûõ ìåòàôîð îáðàçîâàí ñïîñîáîì êîíâåðñèè îò èìåíè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, â ñôåðå àäúåêòèâíûõ ìåòàôîð øèðîêî ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îáðàçîâàííûå ñïîñîáîì ñóôôèêñàöèè îò èìåíè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.  îñíîâàíèè îöåíî÷íîñòè ëþáîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è ëåæàò îïðåäåëåííûå êðèòåðèè îöåíêè. Àíàëèç ñóáñòàíòèâíûõ ìåòàôîð âûÿâèë ñëåäóþùèå êðèòåðèè îöåíêè, êîòîðûå ëåæàò â îñíîâàíèè îöåíî÷íîñòè: 1. Îöåíêà òåõ èëè èíûõ êà÷åñòâ – ÷åðò õàðàêòåðà (õàðàêòåðîëîãè÷åñêèé êðèòåðèé îöåíêè) (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – pleasant / unpleasant). Àíàëèç ñóáñòàíòèâíûõ ìåòàôîð ñ õàðàêòåðîëîãè÷åñêîé îöåíêîé ïîçâîëÿåò âûÿâèòü ðàçíûå îñíîâàíèÿ îöåíî÷íîñòè: 1) îöåíêà ìîðàëüíî-ýòè÷åñêèõ êà÷åñòâ ðåôåðåíòà (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – moral / immoral), íàïðèìåð: • “You know my door is always open”. “Open?” David laughed sarcastically. “If Christ himself came into this studio, those three harpies wouldn’t let him in to see you!” (6,286). (harpy – «ãàðïèÿ», «õèùíèê», «ãðàáèòåëü»); • I got up to the table, and there’s Caruso sitting with these 6 gorillas, see? (36,103). (gorilla – «óáèéöà», «áàíäèò»). • - Who is that tall bird? - I tell you he’s just a radical bastard. (21,166). (bastard – «óáëþäîê», «ïîäëûé ÷åëîâåê»). • All I mean is that it’s conceivable – just barely – that some nut could have done this job to the girl with an axe and a saw. (3,102). (nut – «ñóìàñáðîä», «ïñèõ»). • And in my opinion a wild beast is neither more nor less than what that old devil of a husband of hers is. (9,32). (devil – «äüÿâîë», «çëîé ÷åëîâåê»). • That child is a pig and a beast. (38,104). (pig – «ñâèíüÿ», «íåðÿõà»; beast – «óïðÿìåö»). • It appears that the young rip has been taking Julia to night clubs when she ought to have been in bed and asleep. (29,176). (rip – «ðàñïóòíèê», «íåãîäÿé»). • I’ve had’em all – including that pig of a husband of yours. (31,11). (pig – «ñâèíüÿ»). • Marsland’s rather an old duck… (17,40). (duck – «äîáðÿê», «äóøêà»). • 2) îöåíêà èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûõ êà÷åñòâ ðåôåðåíòà (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – clever / stupid), íàïðèìåð: • Don’t be an ass. (9,275). (ass – «îñåë», «ãëóïûé ÷åëîâåê»); • “… Wilmer’s rather an old goose…” (17,40). (goose – «äóðåíü», «ïðîñòîôèëÿ»). • You fool, Roger, d’you think Cleopatra would have liked what that silly old donkey said of her? (29,188). (donkey – «îñ¸ë», «äóðàê»). • I was rather a muff at the letter. (40,87). (muff – «ãëóïîâàòûé ÷åëîâåê», «øëÿïà»). • Rickards isn’t a brute. (25,385). (brute – «ñêîòèíà», «òóïîé ÷åëîâåê»). • Pompous old ass. (23,81). (ass – «îñåë», «òóïèöà»). 3) îöåíêà ýìîöèîíàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèõ êà÷åñòâ ðåôåðåíòà, åãî òåìïåðàìåíòà (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – spirited, excitable / easy-tempered, calm), íàïðèìåð: • Stand still, man. You aren’t a jumping bean. (44,205). (jumping bean – «íåïîñåäà»). • I’ll be a babbling baboon. (20,77). (baboon – «áàáóèí»); • Luckily the Lord has tempered the wind to his shorn lamb. (25,309). (lamb – «ÿãíåíîê», «ñìèðåííûé ÷åëîâåê»). • …and it’s not reasonable to give up business for that freckled cat. (40,358). (cat – «ñâàðëèâàÿ æåíùèíà»). • He had no real evidence that Oliphant was a bully. (25,172). (bully – «çàäèðà», «õâàñòóí»). 4) îöåíêà äåÿòåëüíîñòè ðåôåðåíòà (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – good activities / bad activities), íàïðèìåð: • Though I knew that he was not informidable, I knew also that he was a bit of a humbug and a bit of a clown. (37,36). (clown – «êëîóí»). • This is a hungry, vicious, ungrateful little monster with large ambitions. (14,138). (monster – «÷óäîâèùå»). • Monkey! Stop making faces. (19,23). (monkey – «îáåçüÿíà»). • You bloody rats! You’re nothing more. (1,341). (rat – «êðûñà», «ïðåäàòåëü»). 2. Îöåíêà âíåøíîñòè (ýêñòåðíàëüíûé êðèòåðèé) (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – beautiful / ugly). Îáúåêòîì îöåíêè ÷àùå âñåãî âûñòóïàåò ôèçè÷åñêîå ñòðîåíèå ÷åëîâåêà; â ðàìêàõ äîìèíàíòíîé ñåìû «êðàñèâûé / íåêðàñèâûé» ìîæíî âûäåëèòü êîíòåêñòóàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå «îïðÿòíûé, èìåþùèé âêóñ / íåîïðÿòíûé, íå èìåþùèé âêóñà», íàïðèìåð: • He was a bean-pole of 6 feet, 3 inches. (40,158). (bean-pole – «äîëãîâÿçûé ÷åëîâåê»). • When they asked him to have a luncheon with them which was cooked and served by a scarecrow of a woman whom they called Evie. (29,92). (scarecrow – «ïóãàëî, ÷ó÷åëî»). • Anthony Martson, a young bull with no nerves and precious little brain. (9,210). (bull – «áûê», «çäîðîâûé ïàðåíü»). • I have life in my body, this dead tree. (43,304). (dead tree – «ñóõîå äåðåâî», «èññîõøåå, ñòàðîå òåëî»). • What a bloodless ghost of a woman! (9,169). (ghost – «ïðèçðàê», «î÷åíü áëåäíûé ÷åëîâåê»). • He should have looked the arrogant bastard in the face and spoken the truth, even if it had cost him his stripes. (25,280). (bastard – «óáëþäîê»). • He was grateful when the door opened and Nora Gurney, the firm’s cookery editor, came briskly in, reminding him as always did of an intelligent insect. (25,14). (insect – «íàñåêîìîå»). • Charles had visited his father last summer, a golden-bronzed, hefty-legged, sun-bleached giant. (25,138). (giant – «âåëèêàí», «èñïîëèí»). 3. Îöåíêà ñîöèàëüíîãî ñòàòóñà, óðîâíÿ îáðàçîâàííîñòè, ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè (ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûé êðèòåðèé) (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – socially good / socially bad), íàïðèìåð: • Wonderful how they know weather, these old salts. (16,224). (old salt – «áûâàëûé ìîðÿê», «ìîðñêîé âîëê»). • That pill is coming to stay here. (18,93). (pill – «äîêòîð»). • Why should we have the disgrace of harboring such wretches?… Oh, I hate poor. At least, I hate those dirty, drunken, disreputable … pigs. (35,86). (pigs – «ñâèíüè», «ãðÿçíûå, íèçêèå ñóùåñòâà»). • Dolly’s folks in Blue Mountain are nothing at all but the poorest white trash… (43,245). (trash – «îòáðîñû», «áåäíÿêè èç áåëîãî íàñåëåíèÿ þæíûõ øòàòîâ»). • She is grand like royalty. I married a princess. (15,22). (princess – «ïðèíöåññà»). 4. Îöåíêà ïîëà è âîçðàñòà (äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèé êðèòåðèé) (äîìèíàíòíûå ñåìû – male / female, old / young), íàïðèìåð: • You rotten old eunuch, what do you know about love? (29,50). (eunuch – «åâíóõ» (ìóæñêîé ïîë). • She looked so deliciously yielding, a ripe peach waiting to be picked, that it seemed inevitable that he should kiss her. (29,240). (peach – «êðàñîòêà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • She had to ride with the two old wrinklies. (25,5). (wrinkly – «ñòàðóõà» (ïîæèëîé âîçðàñò). • It had been a fairly commonplace murder, a henpecked husband at the end of his tether who had taken a hatchet to his virago of a wife. (25,34). (virago – «ñâàðëèâàÿ æåíùèíà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • … he was rather desperately keeping his attention on that slut Yvonne. (25,70). (slut – «ïîòàñêóøêà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • The witch’s voice was cool. (25,135). (witch – «âåäüìà», «çëàÿ æåíùèíà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • You should see the mother.

She’s a right bitch, that one… (25,168). (bitch – ãðóá. «ñóêà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • You’re a young panther, a lion cub. (25,123). (young panther – «ìîëîäîé áàðñ», lion cub – «ìîëîäîé ëåâ» (ìîëîäîé âîçðàñò, ìóæñêîé ïîë). • There was a peach from West Oakland. (26,371). (peach – «êðàñîòêà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • She was the flower of the family. (5,98). (flower – «öâåòîê», «êðàñàâèöà» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • Oh, she was a daisy. (2,174). (daisy – «öâåòîê», «ïðåëåñòü» (æåíñêèé ïîë). • Her assistant, Shirley Coles, … a pretty 18-year-old… She was a pleasant child, anxious to please and responsive to friendliness. (25,245). (child – «ðåáåíîê», «ïîäðîñòîê» (ìîëîäîé âîçðàñò). • Control your tongue, poult. (40,35). (poult – «ïòåíåö», «þíåö» (ìîëîäîé âîçðàñò»). • Trot along, chicks, and have your tea. (16,245). (chick – «öûïëåíîê», «ðåáåíîê» (ìîëîäîé âîçðàñò). • You shut up your trap, you old cow, said Julia. (29,83). (old cow – «ñòàðàÿ êîðîâà» (ïîæèëîé âîçðàñò, æåíñêèé ïîë). • Kitten, it sure does, and that I go for. (39,30). (kitten – «êîòåíîê» (ìîëîäîé âîçðàñò). 5. Îöåíêà ýìîöèîíàëüíî-ïñèõè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ (êîíäèöèîíàëüíûé êðèòåðèé) (äîìèíàíòíàÿ ñåìà – spirited, excitable / easy-tempered, calm), íàïðèìåð: • Their love imprisons me. I am a trapped hare. (27,144). (trapped hare – «çàãíàííûé çàÿö»). • His conduct after that is the conduct of a hunted animal. (9,148). (hunted animal – «çàãíàííûé çâåðü»). • Not that Mrs. Ascher had been afraid of him – a real tartar she could be when roused. (9,31). (tartar – «ìåãåðà», «ôóðèÿ»). 2.2.