Украина (Eng.)

Ukraine Location Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia Geographic coordinates 49 00 N, 00 Independent States Area total 603,700 sq km land 603,700 sq km water 0 sq km Area comparative slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries total 4,558 km border countries Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania south 169 km, Romania west 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km Coastline 2,782 km Maritime claims continental shelf 200-m or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone 200 nm territorial sea 12 nm Climate temperate continental Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south Terrain most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains steppes and plateaus, mountains being found only in the west the Carpathians, and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south Elevation extremes lowest point Black Sea 0 m highest point Hora Hoverla 2,061 m Natural resources iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber Land use arable land 58 permanent crops 2 permanent pastures 13 forests and woodland 18 other 9 1993 est. Irrigated land 26,050 sq km 1993 est. Natural hazards NA Environment current issues inadequate supplies of potable water air and water pollution deforestation radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant Environment international agreements party to Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea Geography note strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia second-largest country in Europe Population 49,811,174 July 1999 est. Age structure 0-14 years 18 male 4,690,318 female 4,498,239 15-64 years 68 male 16,136,296 female 17,572,011 65 years and over 14 male 2,251,664 female 4,662,646 1999 est. Population growth rate -0.62 1999 est. Birth rate 9.54 births1,000 population 1999 est. Death rate 16.38 deaths1,000 population 1999 est. Net migration rate 0.63 migrants1,000 population 1999 est. Sex ratio at birth 1.05 malesfemale under 15 years 1.04 malesfemale 15-64 years 0.92 malesfemale 65 years and over 0.48 malesfemale total population 0.86 malesfemale 1999 est. Infant mortality rate 21.73 deaths1,000 live births 1999 est. Life expectancy at birth total population 65.91 years male 60.23 years female 71.87 years 1999 est. Total fertility rate 1.34 children bornwoman 1999 est. Nationality noun Ukrainians adjective Ukrainian Ethnic groups Ukrainian 73, Russian 22, Jewish 1, other 4 Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic Uniate, Protestant, Jewish Languages Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian Literacy definition age 15 and over can read and write total population 98 male 100 female 97 1989 est. Country name conventional long form none conventional short form Ukraine local long form none local short form Ukrayina former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Data code UP Government type republic Capital Kiev Kyyiv Administrative divisions 24 oblasti singular oblast, 1 autonomous republic avtomnaya respublika, and 2 municipalities mista, singular misto with oblast status Cherkaska Cherkasy, Chernihivska Chernihiv, Chernivetska Chernivtsi, Dnipropetrovska Dnipropetrovsk, Donetska Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivska Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkivska Kharkiv, Khersonska Kherson, Khmelnytska Khmelnytskyy, Kirovohradska Kirovohrad, Kyyiv, Kyyivska Kiev, Luhanska Luhansk, Lvivska Lviv, Mykolayivska Mykolayiv, Odeska Odesa, Poltavska Poltava, Avtonomna Respublika Krym Simferopol, Rivnenska Rivne, Sevastopol, Sumska Sumy, Ternopilska Ternopil, Vinnytska Vinnytsya, Volynska Lutsk, Zakarpatska Uzhhorod, Zaporizka Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyrska Zhytomyr note oblasts have the administrative center name following in parentheses Independence 1 December 1991 from Soviet Union National holiday Independence Day, 24 August 1991 Constitution adopted 28 June 1996 Legal system based on civil law system judicial review of legislative acts Suffrage 18 years of age universal Executive branch chief of state President Leonid D. KUCHMA since 19 July 1994 head of government Prime Minister Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO since 16 July 1997, First Deputy Prime Minister Volodymyr KURATCHENKO since 14 January 1999, and three deputy prime ministers cabinet Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council note there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president a Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kyyiv Kiev and Sevastopol municipalities and chairmen of the Oblasti elections president elected by popular vote for a five-year term election last held 26 June and 10 July 1994 next to be held NA October 1999 prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Peoples Council election results Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president percent of vote Leonid KUCHMA 52.15, Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06 Legislative branch unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada 450 seats under Ukraines new election law, half of the Radas seats are allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 4 of the national electoral vote the other 225 members are elected by popular vote in single-mandate constituencies all serve four- year terms elections last held 29 March 1998 next to be held NA 2002 note repeat elections continuing to fill vacant seats election results percent of vote by party for parties clearing 4 hurdle on 29 March 1998 Communist 24.7, Rukh 9.4, SocialistPeasant 8.6, Green 5.3, Peoples Democratic Party 5.0, Hromada 4.7, Progressive Socialist 4.0, United Social Democratic Party 4.0 seats by party as of 8 July 1998 Communist 120, Peoples Democratic Party 88, Rukh 47, Hromada 45, SocialistPeasant 33, United Social Democratic 25, Green 24, Progressive Socialist 14, independents 26, vacant 28 Judicial branch Supreme Court Constitutional Court Political parties and leaders Communist Party of Ukraine Petro SYMONENKO Hromad Pavlo LAZARENKO Ukrainian Popular Movement or Rukh Vyacheslav CHORNOVIL, chairman Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman Peasant Party of Ukraine or SelPU Serhiy DOVAN Peoples Democratic Party or NDPU Anatoliy MATVIYENKO, chairman Reforms and Order Party Viktor PYNZENYK United Social Democratic Party of Ukraine Vasyl ONOPENKO Agrarian Party of Ukraine or APU Kateryna VASHCHUK Liberal Party of Ukraine or LPU Volodymyr SHCHERBAN Green Party of Ukraine or PZU Vitaliy KONONOV, leader Progressive Socialist Party Natalya VITRENKO note and numerous smaller parties Political pressure groups and leaders New Ukraine Nova Ukrayina Congress of National Democratic Forces International organization participation BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO pending member, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat nonsignatory user, Interpol, IOC, IOM observer, ISO, ITU, MONUA, NSG, OAS observer, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNPREDEP, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO applicant Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission Ambassador Anton Denysovych BUTEYKO chancery 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone 1 202 333-0606 FAX 1 202 333-0817 consulates general Chicago and New York Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission Ambassador Steven Karl PIFER embassy 10 Yuria Kotsubynskoho, 254053 Kiev 53 mailing address use embassy street address telephone 380 44 246-9750 FAX 380 44 244-7350 Flag description two equal horizontal bands of azure top and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky Economy overview After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.

Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics.

Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas. Shortly after the implosion of the USSR in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking.

Output in 1992-98 fell to less than half the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Since his election in July 1994, President KUCHMA has pushed economic reforms, maintained financial discipline, and tried to remove almost all remaining controls over prices and foreign trade.

The onset of the financial crisis in Russia dashed Ukraines hopes for its first year of economic growth in 1998 due to a sharp fall in export revenue and reduced domestic demand.

Although administrative currency controls will be lifted in early 1999, they are likely to be reimposed when the hryvnia next comes under pressure.

The currency is only likely to collapse further if Ukraine abandons tight monetary policies or threatens default.

Despite increasing pressure from the IMF to accelerate reform, significant economic restructuring remains unlikely in 1999. GDP purchasing power parity 108.5 billion 1998 est. GDP real growth rate -1.7 1998 est. GDP per capita purchasing power parity 2,200 1998 est. GDP composition by sector agriculture 14 industry 30 services 56 1997 est. Population below poverty line 50 1997 est. Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10 4.1 highest 10 20.8 1992 Inflation rate consumer prices 20 yearend 1998 est. Labor force 22.8 million yearend 1997 Labor force by occupation industry and construction 32, agriculture and forestry 24, health, education, and culture 17, trade and distribution 8, transport and communication 7, other 12 1996 Unemployment rate 3.7 officially registered large number of unregistered or underemployed workers December 1998 Budget revenues 18 billion expenditures 21 billion, including capital expenditures of NA 1997 est. Industries coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing especially sugar Industrial production growth rate -1.5 1998 est. Electricity production 171.8 billion kWh 1998 Electricity production by source fossil fuel 47 hydro 9.2 nuclear 43.8 other 0 1998 Electricity consumption 174 billion kWh 1998 Electricity exports 5 billion kWh 1998 Electricity imports 7 billion kWh 1998 Agriculture products grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables beef, milk Exports 11.3 billion 1998 est. Exports commodities ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products Exports partners Russia, China Turkey, Germany, Belarus 1998 Imports 13.1 billion 1998 est. Imports commodities energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, plastics and rubber Imports partners Russia, Germany, US, Poland, Italy 1998 Debt external 10.9 billion October 1998 Economic aid recipient 637.7 million 1995 IMF Extended Funds Facility 2.2 billion 1998 Currency 1 hryvna100 kopiykas Exchange rates hryvnia per US1 3.4270 February 1999, 2.4495 1998, 1.8617 1997, 1.8295 1996, 1.4731 1995, 0.3275 1994 note in August 1998, Ukraine introduced currency controls in an attempt to fend off the impact of the Russian financial crisis it created an exchange rate corridor for the hryvnia of 2.5-3.5 hryvnia per US1 Fiscal year calendar year Telephones 12,531,277 1998 Telephone system Ukraines phone systems are administered through the State Committee for Communications Ukraine has a telecommunication development plan through 2005 Internet service is available in large cities domestic local Kiev has a digital loop connected to the national digital backbone Kiev has several cellular phone companies providing service in the different standards some companies offer intercity roaming and even limited international roaming cellular phone service is offered in at least 100 cities nationwide international foreign investment in the form of joint business ventures greatly improved the Ukrainian telephone system Ukraines two main fiber-optic lines are part of the Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line TAE these lines connect Ukraine to worldwide service through Belarus, Hungary, and Poland Odesa is a landing point for the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia Undersea Fiber-Optic Cable ITUR giving Ukraine an additional fiber-optic link to worldwide service Ukraine has Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik earth stations Radio broadcast stations AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA note at least 25 local broadcast stations of NA type 1998 Radios 15 million 1990 Television broadcast stations at least 33 in addition 21 repeater stations that relay ORT broadcasts from Russia 1997 Televisions 17.3 million 1992 Railways total 23,350 km broad gauge 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge 8,600 km electrified Highways total 172,565 km paved 163,937 km including 1,875 km of expressways note these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, meaning that some are paved and some are all-weather gravel surfaced unpaved 8,628 km 1996 est. Waterways 4,400 km navigable waterways, of which 1,672 km were on the Prypyat and Dnistr 1990 Pipelines crude oil 4,000 km 1995 petroleum products 4,500 km 1995 natural gas 34,400 km 1998 Ports and harbors Berdyansk, Illichivsk, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev Kyyiv, Mariupol, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni Merchant marine total 181 ships 1,000 GRT or over totaling 1,022,047 GRT1,101,278 DWT ships by type bulk 9, cargo 117, liquefied gas tanker 1, container 4, multifunction large-load carrier 2, oil tanker 16, passenger 12, passenger-cargo 3, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 2, roll-onroll-off cargo 10, short-sea passenger 3 1998 est. Airports 706 1994 est. Airports with paved runways total 163 over 3,047 m 14 2,438 to 3,047 m 55 1,524 to 2,437 m 34 914 to 1,523 m 3 under 914 m 57 1994 est. Airports with unpaved runways total 543 over 3,047 m 7 2,438 to 3,047 m 7 1,524 to 2,437 m 16 914 to 1,523 m 37 under 914 m 476 1994 est. Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Internal Troops, National Guard, Border Troops Military manpower military age 18 years of age Military manpower availability males age 15-49 12,434,486 1999 est. Military manpower fit for military service males age 15-49 9,740,684 1999 est. Military manpower reaching military age annually males 365,762 1999 est. Military expenditures dollar figure 414 million 1999 Military expenditures percent of GDP 1.4 1999 Disputes international dispute with Romania over continental shelf of the Black Sea under which significant gas and oil deposits may exist agreed in 1997 to two-year negotiating period, after which either party can refer dispute to the International Court of Justice ICJ has made no territorial claim in Antarctica but has reserved the right to do so and does not recognize the claims of any other nation Illicit drugs limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption some synthetic drug production for export to West limited government eradication program used as transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey, and to Europe and Russia drug-related money laundering a minor, but growing, problem.