Educational system in Russia and GB

Educational system in Russiaand GB.Russians havealways shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated inthe constitution of the Russia Federation. It s ensured by compulsory secondaryschools, vocational schools and higher education establishment.It is alsoensured by the development of extramural and evening courses and the system ofstate scholarship and grants.Education inRussia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. The stages of compulsoryschooling in Russia are primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive andsenior school for ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive, and senior school for ages13-14 to 14-15 inclusive.

If a pupil of secondary school wishes to go on inhigher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary andsecondary school together comprise 11 years of study.Every school has a corecurriculum of academic subjects, such as After finishingthe 9th form one can go on to a vocational school which offer programmes ofacademic subjects and a programme of training in a technical field, or aprofession.After finishingthe 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go intohigher education.

All applicants must take competitive exam. Higher educationinstitution, that is institutes or universities, offer a 5-years programme ofacademic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as agraduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidates degree ora doctoral degree.Highereducational establishments are headed by Rectors.

Protectors are in charge ofacademic and scientific work. An institute or a university has a number offaculties, each specializing councils which confer candidate and doctoraldegrees.The system ofhigher and secondary education in Russia is going trough a transitional period.The main objectives of the reforms are to decentralize the higher educationsystem, to develop a new financial mechanism, to give more academic freedom tofaculties and students.

All secondary schools, institutes and universities untilrecently have been funded by the state. Now there is quite a number of privatefee-paying primary and secondary schools, some universities have fee-payingdepartments.All Britishchildren must stay at school from the age of 5 until they are 16. Many of themstay longer and take final examination when they are 17 or 18. Before 1965 allchildren had to go through special intelligence tests.There were differenttypes of state secondary schools and at the age of 11 children went todifferent schools in accordance of with the results of the tests.State schoolsare divided into the following types - Grammar schools.Children who go to grammar schools are usually those who show a preference foracademic subjects, although many grammar schools now also have some technicalcourses Technical schools.Some children go to technical schools.

Most courses there are either commercialor technical Modern schools.Boys and girls who are interested in working with there hands and learning in apractical way can go to a technical schools and learn some trade Comprehensive schools.These schools usually combine all types of secondary education.

They havephysic, chemistry, biology laboratories, machine workshops for metal andwoodwork and also geography, history and art departments, commercial anddomestic courses.There are also many schools which the State doesn t control. Theyare private schools.They charge fees for educating children and many of themare boarding schools, at which pupils live during the term time. After leavingschool many young people go to colleges or further education.

Those who becomestudents at Colleges of Technology called Techs come from different schoolsat different ages between 15 and 17. The lectures at such colleges, each anhour long, start at 8,15 and end at 4,45 in the afternoon.From the end ofWorld War II the state in the United Kingdom provides a full range of freeeducational facilitates.

Those parents who send their children to privateinstitution, and could afford it, are free to do so.Theorganization of state schooling is not centralized as in the most Europeancountries. Firstly, there is no prescribed curriculum. Secondly, the types ofschool available and the age rangers for which they cater vary in differentparts of country. In each area Local educational Authority is responsible foreducation.At any publicly-manicured school no tuition fees are payable.

Stateschooling in the UK is financed partly by the Governmental and partly by localrates.Schooling isvoluntary under the age of 5 but there is some free nursery school educationbefore that age. Primary education takes place in infant schools for pupilsages from 5 to 7 years old and junior schools from 8 to 11 years . Some areashave different systems in which middle schools replace junior schools and takepupils ages from 9 to 11 years.Secondary education has been available inBritain since 1944. It is compulsory up to the age of 16, and pupils can stayat school voluntarily up to three years longer.

Until 1964children took an eleven plus exam at the age of 11. At this exam they wereselected, or streamed according to their current level of academic course forthe top 20 percent modern schools provided a general education with apractical bias. There were also a few technical schools-academic equals ofgrammar schools but specialized in technical studies.In 1965non-selective comprehensive schools were introduced. Most local education authoritieswere have now completely changed over to comprehensive schooling.At the age of16 pupils take school-leaving examinations in several subjects at the Ordinarylevel.

The exam used to be conducted by eight independent examining boards,most of them connected with the university. This examination could also betaken by candidates at a further education establishment.This exam was calledthe General Certificate of Education GCE . Pupils of comprehensive school hadtaken the examination called the Certificate of Secondary Education either withor instead of the GCE.A GCE ofAdvanced A level was taken two years after the Ordinary level exam. It wasthe standard for entrance to university and to many forms of professionaltraining.

In 1988 both examinations were replaced by the more or less uniformGeneral Certificate of Secondary Education.The privatesector is running parallel to the state system of education.

There are over2500 fee-charging independent schools in GB. Most private schools aresingle-sex until the age of 16. More and more parents seem prepared to take onthe formidable extra cost of the education. The reason is the belief thatsocial advantages are gained from attending a certain school. The mostexpansive day or boarding schools in Britain are exclusive public schools likeEton college for boys and St. James school for girls.There are over90 universities in GB. They are divided into three types the old universities Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities , in the 19th centuryuniversities, such as London and Manchester universities, and the newuniversities. Some years ago there were also polytechnics.

After graduatingfrom polytechnic a student got a degree, but it was not a university degree. 31formers polytechnics were given university status in 1992.Full coursesof study offer the degree of Bachelor of Art or Science.Most degree courses atuniversities last three years, language courses 4 years including year spentaboard . Medicine and dentistry courses are longer 5-7 years . Students mayreceive grants from the Local Education Authority to help pay for books,accommodation, transport, and food. This grant depends on the income of theirparents.Most studentslive away from home, in flats of halls of residence.Studentsdon t usually have a job during term time because the lessons called lectures,seminars, classes of tutorials small groups , are full time. However, manystudents now have to work in the evenings.Universitylife is considered an experience . The exams are competitive but the sociallife and living away from home are also important.

The social life is excellentwith a lot of clubs, parties, concerts, bars.There are notonly universities in Britain but also colleges.

Colleges offer courses inteacher training, courses in technology and some professions connected withmedicine.