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BRITISH EDUCATION British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of individuals, for their own benefit and of society as a whole. Compulsory schooling takes place between the agers of 5 and 16, but some pupils remain at shool for 2 years more, to prepare for further higher education.Post shool education is organized flaxebly, to provide a wide range of opportunities for academic and vacational education and to continue studying through out life. Administration of state schools is decentralised.

The department of education and science is responsible for national education policy, but it doesn t run any schools, if doesn t employ teachers, or prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount of freedom. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. That is religious instruction. Children recieve preschool education under the age of 5 in nursery schools or in infant s classes in primary schools.Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds and the small proportions attend schools wholy independent.

Most independent schools are single-sex, but the number of mixing schools is growing.Education within the mantained schools system usually comprises two stages primary and secondary education. Primary schools are subdevided into infant schools ages 5 - 7 , and junior schools ages 7 - 11 . Infant schools are informal and children are encouraged to read, write and make use of numbers and develop the creative abilities.

Primary children do all their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and music. The work is beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible. The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits of arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and D streams according their abilities.The most able children were put in the A stream, the list able in the D stream.

Till reccantly most junior shool children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent test. According to the results of the exam children are sent to Grammar, Technical or Secondary modern schools. So called comprehansive schools began to appear after World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which can provide education for over 1000 pupils.Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and Secondary modern schools.

By the law all children must receive full-time education between the ages of 5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of 18 or 19. The course is usually subdevided into the lower 6 and the upper 6. The corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3. The main examinations for secondary school pupils are general certeficate of education the GCE exam and certificate of secondary education the CSE exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels ordinary level 0 level and advanced level A level . Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 - 16 years away. GCE level is usually taken at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam is taken after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of everage abilities of their age. MY FUTURE PROFESSION What I would like to become? This question pasels me greatly.

Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest.

I think that nearly all the professions are very important in life. But to choose the right occupation is very difficult, because we must take in to consideration many factors. We must consider our personal taste and our kind of mind. At the same time we must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples needs in one profession or another.The end of school is the beginning of an independent life, the beginning of a more serious examination.

In order to pass that very serious exam we must choose the road in life which will help us best to live and work. Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind and use knowledge and education received at school. Some may prefer to work in factories or works, others want to go into construction to take part in building power stations and new towns.Many opportunities to work and to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and your own personal interest are offered in the sfere of the services transport, communications and many others.

I have a specially liking for to became a programmist. I like this profession because it very interest. ART GALLEREYS OF LONDON Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all mention The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery. I would like to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate gallery.The national gallery houses one of the richest and most extensive collections of painting in the world.

It stands to the north of the Trafalgar Square. the gallerey was desighned by William Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and periods of painting, but is a specially famous for it s examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented as the national collections are shared with the Tate gallerey.The National gallerey was founded in 1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.

The Tate gallery houses the national collection of british painting from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the national gallerey for modern art, including painting and sculpture made in Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national gallerey of british art. It owes it s establishment to Suie Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own collection of 65 painting.BRITISH THEATRES Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around actors rather then companies.

It has been hard to find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff in British theatres.Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws the odious and pays it s way. Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced bookable , and unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the principal first come - first served.

And ancient times plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places. The first theatre in England The Blackfries build in 1576, and The Globe build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare.Speaking about our times we should first of all mention The English National theatre , The Royal Shakespeare company and Covent Garden . Covent Garden used to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive surroundings farther west, such as St. Jame s Square . The first Covent Garden theatre was build in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after.

It opened in September 1809, with Shakespeare s Macbeth . Since the middle of the last century Covent Garden became exclusively devoted to opera.

Now Covent Garden in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet. THE NATIONAL THEATRE It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre company. It s first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier.This is the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one The Oliver theatre , the biggest is for the main classical repertoire The Lyttilton , a bit smaller is for new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and The Cottesloe theatre , the smallest is used for experimental writing and productions.

The Royal Shakespeare company are devided between the country and the capital and it s produces plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is Stratford -on-Avon , and modern plays in it s two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre.

MOSCOW THEATRES For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic Bolshoy , Maly and Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for the development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it s great number of highlygifted, interesting directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of theatre-gowers.

The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to developing the principals of directing and acting laid down by Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and others. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations. I d like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre.The magestic building of the Bolshoy Theatre stands in Theatre Square in Moscow s central quater, not far from Kremlin.

This is the leading Russian opera house with the best vocalists and choreographers in it s company. The Bolshoi traces it s history to 1776 when a standing opera company was organized in Moscow.The first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera life of tsar now Ivan Susanin .At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here. At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber, Verdi and others.

The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world s finest.This is equally true of it s brilliant realistic style of perfomance and repertoire. MY FAVORITE PAINTER One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch master, one of the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of Rembrant remains one of the most profound witness of the progress of the soul in it s earthly pilgrimage towards the realisation of higher destiny.

The son of the prosperous miller, Rembrant was born in Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting. His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631. In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection of paintings and rarities. The universal artist dealt with many world subjects.Rembrant created a number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional to the Dutch art. The best of them are Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp and The night watch . In 1655 Rembrant found himself in the midst of several financial troubles.

At that period he painted The Polish Rider , which is an allegory of the man s earthly journey. Probably in 1669, the year of his own death, Rembrant painted his famous Return of the Prological son , which stands at the ultimate peak of Cristian spirituality, illuminating the relationship of the self to the eternity.The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant.

He painted Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir , The Saint Family . Rembrant was not understood when he was alive. He died in poverty. But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes Rembrant from his Dutch contemporaries making him the greatest artist of the world. ART IN MOSCOW Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the most famous gallereys. The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture gallereys in Russia.It takes it s name from it s founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant.

In the 19 th century Tretyakov began to collect russian paintings. He visitet all the exibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St. Peterburg to the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow.Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from oter museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallerey reflects the whole history of Russian paintings from 11 th century to the present day. Also I d like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine art. The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898 - 1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of initiative of professor Ivan Cvetayev.

Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds largest ancient collections of european art. Now the picture gallerey has over 2 thousands works of various schools of painting which enaibous us to understand and appreciate the variaty of staills over the centuries.

The Pushkin museum pereodically hald s exibition of the art of various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present.THEATRES, MUSIC HALLS AND CINEMAS Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else the chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you are staying in London for a few days, you ll have no difficulty whatever in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening.

You ll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day. The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the upper circle. Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive.Most theatres and music halls have good orchestras with popular conductors.

You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well dressed audience. But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, won t interest you. At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses.As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done of the most lavish scale.

Choose a good play, and you ll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the agencies. When you go to a theatre, you ll probably want to seat as near to the stage as possible. But if you are at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen.In fact, I would say, the further away the better. BRITISH THEATRES Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around actors rather then companies.

It has been hard to find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff in British theatres.Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws the odious and pays it s way. Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced bookable , and unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the principal first come - first served.

And ancient times plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places. The first theatre in England The Blackfries build in 1576, and The Globe build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare.Speaking about our times we should first of all mention The English National theatre , The Royal Shakespeare company and Covent Garden . Covent Garden used to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive surroundings farther west, such as St. Jame s Square . The first Covent Garden theatre was build in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after.

It opened in September 1809, with Shakespeare s Macbeth . Since the middle of the last century Covent Garden became exclusively devoted to opera.

Now Covent Garden in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet. THE NATIONAL THEATRE It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre company. It s first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier.This is the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one The Oliver theatre , the biggest is for the main classical repertoire The Lyttilton , a bit smaller is for new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and The Cottesloe theatre , the smallest is used for experimental writing and productions.

The Royal Shakespeare company are devided between the country and the capital and it s produces plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is Stratford -on-Avon , and modern plays in it s two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre.

Computers When Charles Babbage, a professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he couldnt imagine the situation we find ourselves in today. Nearly everything we do in the world is helped, or even controlled by computers, the complicated descedants of his simple machine.Computers are used more and more often in the world today, for the simple reason that they are far more efficent than human beings.

They have much better memories and they can store much information. No man alive can do 50 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can predict weather, and ever play chess, write poetry or compose music.The use of computers Just as television has extended human sight across the barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers.

Computers in medicine Computers are one of great importance in modern hospital. The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been equired in the last 50 years. No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of various dessieses and of their treatment is stored.Doctors feed data on simpthoms in the computer and get the nessesary information on correct diagnostics and treatment.

Computers that can be learn Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk. Now scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learning from experience and remembering what they have learned. Such a machine is capable of recognising objects without human help or control. Of course, they made many mistakes.There is another similar machine which can look at letter alphabet a simple words and they say thought a loudes speaker what it has seen. The machine has as certain learning power.

Computers at the school Information science with the ideas and message of processing and storing informations is of great importance today. Thats why computer technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject basic information science , and computing machine was intreduste for the siner forms at schools.The pupils teach computers to anlestigate school problems. Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studing new subject.

School computers are used not only for studing information science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish the school must be trained to operate computers. Fedor Dostoevsky 1821-1881 The Russian writer Dostoevski is regarded as one of the world s great novelists. In Russia he was surpassed only by Leo Tolstoi.Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevski was born on Nov. 11, 1821, in a Moscow hospital where his father was a physician.

At 13 Fedor was sent to a Moscow boarding school, then to a military engineering school in St. Petersburg. Shortly after graduating he resigned his commission in order to devote his time to writing. Dostoevski had published two novels and several sketches and short stories when he was arrested along with a group of about 20 others with whom he had been studying French socialist theories.After the 1848 revolutions in Western Europe, Russia s Czar Nicholas I decided to round up all of that country s revolutionaries, and in April 1849 Dostoevski s group was imprisoned.

Dostoevski and several others were sentenced to be shot, but at the last minute their sentence was changed to four years of hard labor in a prison in Omsk, Siberia. There, Dostoevski said, they were packed in like herrings in a barrel with murderers and other criminals.He read and reread the New Testament, the only book he had, and built a mystical creed, identifying Christ with the common people of Russia.

He had great sympathy for the criminals. As a child Dostoevski suffered from mild epilepsy, and it grew worse in prison. After four years in prison, he was sent as a private to a military station in Siberia. There in 1857 he met and married a widow named Marie Isaeva. In 1860 Dostoevski was back in St. Petersburg.The next year he began to publish a literary journal that was soon suppressed, though he had by now lost interest in socialism.

In 1862 he visited Western Europe and hated the industrialism he saw there. Dostoevski had been separated from his wife but visited her in Moscow before her death in 1864. In 1867 he married his young stenographer, Anna Snitkina. He died on Feb. 9, 1881, in St. Petersburg. Education in Russia An educated person is one who knows a lot about many things.I think it is very important that everyone should be educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member of our society.

Education is very important in our life. Going on educational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge. In the Russian Federation the school education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession.When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton in institutes or universities.

There are many school types of schools in Russia specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Nowdays appeared some new types of schools gimnasiums and colledges. Exploration Christopher Columbus 300-400 years ago a great deal of the world was undiscoveried.But now there seems little more to explore, the wild north was conquered, the jungle was conquered too. And it seems that all the pages of the great book called The Earth has been filled in, but exploration still goes on. In the 15th century people knew only 3 continents Europe, Asia and Africa.

They knew nothing about America. The man who was thought to be the discoverier of America was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was Cristopher Columbus.Knowing that the earth was round he desided to reach India by sailing to the west. It was very difficult for him to organize an expedition as nobody wanted to help him. At last the Spanish government gave him some money. In the 1492 he sailed with 3 small ships in to the Atlantic ocean.

They had been sailing for more than 2 months and at last they saw land. Columbus was certain that the lands he discoveried were part of India and he called these islands The West Indias . He made 3 voyagers to America. His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After that, seriously ill, he remained in Spain until his death.He died believing that Cuba was part of Asia. Colum-buses voyagers gave Europe first important knowledge of the new world.

Many places have been named in his honour. America however was named after another explorer Amerigo Vespucci. Americus Vespucius or Amerigo Vespucci, as the name is spelled in Italian was born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He was in Spain at the time of Columbus first and second voyages.In a letter, written in 1504 and printed in 1505, he claimed to have made four voyages, on the first of which, in 1497, he explored the South American coast.

This would make him the first European to land on the American continent, for at that time Columbus had only reached the outlying islands. Most scholars reject Vespucius version of this voyage. Vespucius perhaps did accompany a Spanish expedition that of Alonzo de Ojeda to South America in 1499, and in 1501 and 1503 he probably went with Portuguese expeditions.Probably he never commanded an expedition himself and, of course, was not the first person to set foot on the continents to which his name is given.

Vespucius died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. Экономическое чудо или просто правильная экономическая политика. Первые достоверные сведения о Японии относятся к 3-4 векам нашей эры, но до середины 19 века японская культура крайне мало соприкасалась с европейской или другими культурами. Прошёл век и к концу 20ого столетия Япония уже успешно конкурирует с США и Германией в автомобилестроении, радиоэлектронике и других современных отраслях промышленности.Волшебное событие, которое вывело Японию в ряды наиболее развитых стран называется просто - научно-техническая революция НТР . Несмотря на большое количество стран, которые захлестнула НТР, Япония добилась наибольшего прогресса в технологически сложных производствах, что и помогло ей удержаться на пике НТР. В данный момент весь мир, даже страны, выпускающие собственную высококлассную электронную аппаратуру, заполнены Японской техникой.

Какие же условия помогли Японии добиться такого успеха? Чтобы разобраться в этом я сделаю план, который даст понять случайно ли настолько быстрое развитие Японии или этого следовало ожидать.

Размещение мирового хозяйства в период НТР Факторы размещения 1. Территориальный фактор. Если оценивать географическое положение Японии не зная каких экономических успехов она добилась за последние 50 лет, то очень сложно назвать территориальное положение Японии удачным.Сравнительно небольшая площадь 372,2 тыс. км 2 и небольшое количество полезных ископаемых, раздробленность Японии по островам неудобно для размещения крупных производств и населения.

Гористая местность неудобна для размещения населения. Япония находиться на путях движения тайфунов, которые вместе с землетрясениями, часто наносят большой экономический вред стране. 2. Фактор ЭГП. Япония - островное государство, она имеет морские границы с Россией и Кореей. Но основной положительный фактор - это естественно центральное положение в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском районе.Многие морские пути проходят через Японию, благодаря этому и хорошо развитому флоту Япония связана с многими странами морскими путями. 3. Природно-ресурсный фактор.

Т.к. Япония бедна полезными ископаемыми и другими ресурсами, то это не только исключает развитие добывающих производств, но и ставит Японию в сильную зависимость от стран-экспортёров полезных ископаемых металлов и других ресурсов. Например Япония импор-тирует около 90 металлов.Однако это один из тех факторов, который заставил Японию развивать обрабатывающую индустрию, что и привело её к успеху. 4. Транспортный фактор.

Т.к. Япония островное государство, он не имела другого выхода, как развивать флот и авиацию для нормальной торговли с другими странами. Развитию флота помогла большая протяжённость побережьев их длина примерно равна длине берегов Африки . В настоящее время не только внешний, но и внутренний транспорт прекрасно развиты и отвечают последнему слову техники. 5. Фактор трудовых ресурсов.В Японии большое количество недорогой рабочей силы, что и позволило ей внедрять высоко-технологичные производства.

К тому же средний образовательный уровень населения достаточно высок. 6. Фактор территориальной концентрации. Один из наиболее благоприятных факторов большая часть населения и промышленности сосредоточены в крупных городах. Крупнейшим является мегаполисы Токио-Иокогама и Осака-Кобе-Киото. Дополняет эту ситуацию 7.Фактор наукоёмкости.Последние десятилетия огромные средства Япония вкладывает в науку. Японское образование считается одним из лучших в мире. Помогают развитию науки и частные компании, в лабораториях которых ведуться свои собственные исследования. 8.Экологическийфактор.

Благодаря вложению больших средств в свою природы Японии удалось намного изменить и приспособить к жизни людей природу и фауну.Сейчас в Японии очень строго следят за загрязнением окружающей среды, поэтому, несмотря на большое количество заводов, в стране удалось удержать загрязнение на минимальном уровне.

Вывод моё небольшое исследование подтверждает, что чудес в экономике не бывает. Несмотря на неудобное географическое положение и скудность природных ресурсов Японии удалось развиться в одну из самых экономически развитых стран. Но это удалось сделать только благодаря двум вещам. Первое правильная маркетинговая политика в промышленности и второе огромное трудолюбие японцев.Незнакомка По вечерам над ресторанами Горячий воздух дик и глух, И правит окриками пьяными Весенний и тлетворный дух. Вдали над пылью переулочной, Над скукой загородных дач, Чуть золотится крендель булочной, И раздаётся детский плач. И каждый вечер, за шлагбаумами, Заламывая котелки, Среди канав гуляют с дамами Испытанные остряки.

Learning languages. The problem of learning languages is very important today.Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years.

Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet. Today English is the language of the world. Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand.English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic.

As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies. It is the major international language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of the literature, education, modern music, international tourism.Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is espicially urgent today.

Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist.It is well known that reading books in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.

LONDON, Jack 1876-1916 . The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime, one of the most popular authors in the world. After World War I his fame was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he remained popular in many other countries, especially in the Soviet Union, for his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental struggles for survival.John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support himself.

At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage. He was largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a year at the University of California. In the late 1890s he joined the gold rush to the Klondike.This experience gave him material for his first book, The Son of Wolf , published in 1900, and for Call of the Wild 1903 , one of his most popular stories.

In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many short stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing expenses. His fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a peculiar and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial superiority. London s works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality.The best books are the Klondike tales, which also include White Fang 1906 and Burning Daylight 1910 . His most enduring novel is probably the autobiographical Martin Eden 1909 , but the exciting Sea Wolf 1904 continues to have great appeal for young readers. In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif where he intended to build his dream home, Wolf House. After the house burned down before completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22, 1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide. 1. Сборник хитовых игр за октябрь 1995 года 2. Сборник хитовых игр за ноябрь 1995 года 3. Автодром автомобили, описание 4. Scooter Our happy hardcore MPC game part 5. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 6. Warcraft 2 and Command Conquer new missions 7. Software для Windows 95 8. Z and Gender wars 9. Сборник новейших CD-ROM игр 10. Command Conquer disk 1 GDI 11. Command Conquer disk 2 NOD 12. Понедельник Вторник Среда Четверг Пятница 1. Литература 2. Математика 3. Математика 4. Литература 5. Доп. Матем. 6. Английский 7. История 1. История 2. Литература 3. Физика 4. История 5. Математика 6. Химия 7. Химия 1. Биология 2. Биология 3. История 4. История 5. Английский 6. ОБЖ 7. Физкультура 1. Физкультура 2. Литература 3. Математика 4. Физика 5. Английский 6. Литература 7. Физкультура 1. Физика 2. Физика 3. Астрономия 4. Английский 5. У 6. П 7. К Понедельник Вторник Среда Четверг Пятница 1. Литература 2. Математика 3. Математика 4. Литература 5. Доп. Матем. 6. Английский 7. История 1. История 2. Литература 3. Физика 4. История 5. Математика 6. Химия 7. Химия 1. Биология 2. Биология 3. История 4. История 5. Английский 6. ОБЖ 7. Физкультура 1. Физкультура 2. Литература 3. Математика 4. Физика 5. Английский 6. Литература 7. Физкультура 1. Физика 2. Физика 3. Астрономия 4. Английский 5. У 6. П 7. К РОССИЯ Опять, как в годы золотые, Три стёртых треплются шлеи, И вязнут спицы росписные В расхлябанные колеи Россия, нищая Россия, Мне избы серые твои, Твои мне песни ветровые - Как слёзы первые любви! Тебя жалеть я не умею, И крест свой бережно несу Какому хочешь чародею Отдай разбойную красу! Пускай заманет и обманет Не пропадёшь, не сгинешь ты, И лишь забота затуманит Твои прекрасные черты Ну, что ж? Одной заботой боле - Одной слезой река шумней, А ты все та же - лес, да поле, Да плат узорный до бровей И невозможное возможно, Дорога долгая легка, Когда блеснёт в дали дорожной Мгновенный взор из-под платка, Когда звенит тоской острожной Глухая песня ямщика 18 октября 1908 года S3Trio64UV driver utility Всё для S3Trio64UV British education British education emas us to develop fully the abilities of individuals, for their own benefit and of society as a whole.

Compulsory schooling takes place between the agers of 5 and 16, but some pupils remain at shool for 2 years more, to prepare for further higher education. Post shool education is organized flaxebly, to provide a wide range of opportunities for academic and vacational education and to continue studying through out life. Administration of state schools is decentralised.

The department of education and science is responsible for national education policy, but it doesn t run any schools, if doesn t employ teachers, or prescribe corricular or textbooks. All shools are given a considerable amount of freedom.

According to the law only one subject is compulsary.

That is religious instruction.

Children recieve preschool education under the age of 5 in nursery schools or in infant s classes in primary schools.

Most pupils receive free education finenst from public fonds and the small proportions attend schools wholy independent. Most independent schools are single-sex, but the number of mixing schools is growing.

Education within the mantained schools system usually comprises two stages primary and secondary education.

Primary schools are subdevided into infant schools ages 5 - 7 , and junior schools ages 7 - 11 . Infant schools are informal and children are encouraged to read, write and make use of numbers and develop the creative abilities. Primary children do all their work with the same class teacher exept for PT and music.

The work is beist upon the pupils interests as far as possible. The junior stage extence over four years. Children have set pirits of arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography nature study and others. At this stage of schooling pupils were often placed in A, B, C and D streams according their abilities.The most able children were put in the A stream, the list able in the D stream.

Till reccantly most junior shool children had to seat for the eleven-plus examination. It usually consisted of an arithmetic paper and an entelligent test. According to the results of the exam children are sent to Grammar, Technical or Secondary modern schools.So called comprehansive schools began to appear after World War 2. They are muchly mixed schools which can provide education for over 1000 pupils. Ideally they provide all the courses given in Grammar, Technical and Secondary modern schools.

By the law all children must receive full-time education between the ages of 5 and 16. Formally each child can remain a school for a further 2 or 3 years and continue his studies in the sixth form up to the age of 18 or 19. The course is usually subdevided into the lower 6 and the upper 6. The corricular is narrowed to 5 subjects of which a pupil can choose 2 or 3. The main examinations for secondary school pupils are general certeficate of education the GCE exam and certificate of secondary education the CSE exam. The GSE exam is held at two levels ordinary level 0 level and advanced level A level . Candidats set for 0 level papers at 15 - 16 years away. GCE level is usually taken at the end on the sixth form. The CSE level exam is taken after 5 years of secondary education by the pupils who are of everage abilities of their age. My future profession What I would like to become? This question pasels me greatly.

Every job has its elements of difficulties and interest.

I think that nearly all the professions are very important in life. But to choose the right occupation is very difficult, because we must take in to consideration many factors. We must consider our personal taste and our kind of mind. At the same time we must satisfy the requirements of our society and peoples needs in one profession or another. The end of school is the beginning of an independent life, the beginning of a more serious examination.In order to pass that very serious exam we must choose the road in life which will help us best to live and work. Each boy and girl has every opportunity to develop mind and use knowledge and education received at school.

Some may prefer to work in factories or works, others want to go into construction to take part in building power stations and new towns.Many opportunities to work and to satisfy at the same time the requirements of the society and your own personal interest are offered in the sfere of the services transport, communications and many others. I have a specially liking for to became a programmist.

I like this profession because it very interest. Art gallereys of London Speaking about art gallereys of London we should first of all mention The national gallery, The national portret galerey and The tate gallery. I would like to tell you about National portret gallery and about Tate gallery.The national gallery houses one of the richest and most extensive collections of painting in the world.

It stands to the north of the Trafalgar Square. the gallerey was desighned by William Wilkins and build in 1834-37. The collection covers all schools and periods of painting, but is a specially famous for it s examples of Rembrant and Rubents. The british schools is only moderately represented as the national collections are shared with the Tate gallerey.The National gallerey was founded in 1824 when the government bought the collection of John Angerstein which included 38 paintings.

The Tate gallery houses the national collection of british painting from the 16-th century to the present day. It is also the national gallerey for modern art, including painting and sculpture made in Britain, Europe, America and other countries. It was opened in 1897 as the national gallerey of british art. It owes it s establishment to Suie Henritate who built the gallerey and gave his own collection of 65 painting.British theatres Until reccently the history of the english theatre has been build around actors rather then companies.

It has been hard to find any London theatre that even had a consistent policy. There are no permanent staff in British theatres.Apply is rehearsed for a few weeks by a company of actors working together mostly for the first time and it is allowed to run as long as it draws the odious and pays it s way. Another peculiarity of the theatres in Great Britain is an follows there are two kinds of seats, which can be booked an advanced bookable , and unbookable once have no numbers and the spectators occupy them on the principal first come - first served.

And ancient times plays were acted inside churches and later on the market places. The first theatre in England The Blackfries build in 1576, and The Globe build in 1599, which is closely connected with William Shakespeare.Speaking about our times we should first of all mention The English National theatre , The Royal Shakespeare company and Covent Garden . Covent Garden used to be a fashionable promenade - it was, before then, a convent garden - but when it became overrun with flower-sellers, orange-vendors and vegetable-growers, the people moved to more exclusive surroundings farther west, such as St. Jame s Square . The first Covent Garden theatre was build in 1732. It was burnt down in 1808 and rebuild exactly a year after.

It opened in September 1809, with Shakespeare s Macbeth . Since the middle of the last century Covent Garden became exclusively devoted to opera. Now Covent Garden in busier than ever, it is one of the few well-known opera houses open for 11 months of the year and it employs over 600 people both of the Opera company and the Royal Ballet.

THE NATIONAL THEATRE It took over the hundred years to establish a national theatre company.It s first director from 1962 was Lawrence Olivier. This is the first state theatre Britain has ever had. A special building for it was opened in 1976. It has three theatres in one The Oliver theatre , the biggest is for the main classical repertoire The Lyttilton , a bit smaller is for new writing and for visiting foreigh countries and The Cottesloe theatre , the smallest is used for experimental writing and productions. The Royal Shakespeare company are devided between the country and the capital and it s produces plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contempraries when it performs is Stratford -on-Avon , and modern plays in it s two auditoria in the Cities, Barbican centre.

Moscow theatres For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city of theatres. The birth plays of the historic Bolshoy , Maly and Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is a centre for the development exploretary modern ideas in the dramatic art and is famous for it s great number of highlygifted, interesting directors, actors, playwrigts and artists.

Every evening the doors of Moscow theatres open to streams of theatre-gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves to developing the principals of directing and acting laid down by Stanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov and others.

The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres today exists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations. I d like to tell you about the Bolshoy Theatre. The magestic building of the Bolshoy Theatre stands in Theatre Square in Moscow s central quater, not far from Kremlin.This is the leading Russian opera house with the best vocalists and choreographers in it s company.

The Bolshoi traces it s history to 1776 when a standing opera company was organized in Moscow. The first opera shown in Bolshoi theatre was opera life of tsar now Ivan Susanin . At later times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin, Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here. At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the best operas and ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber, Verdi and others.The bolshoi ballet company enjoys well-deserved fame as the world s finest. This is equally true of it s brilliant realistic style of perfomance and repertoire.

My favorite painter One of my favorite artists is Rembrant is the greatest Dutch master, one of the supreme geneuses in the history of art. To this day the art of Rembrant remains one of the most profound witness of the progress of the soul in it s earthly pilgrimage towards the realisation of higher destiny. The son of the prosperous miller, Rembrant was born in Leiden in 1608. He studied at Leiden University, but his real vocation was painting.

His rapid sugsess promoted him to move to the Amsterdam in 1631. In 1632 Rembrant bought a splendid house, started a collection of paintings and rarities.The universal artist dealt with many world subjects. Rembrant created a number of portraits and some group portraits which were traditional to the Dutch art. The best of them are Anatomy lesson of Dr. Tulp and The night watch . In 1655 Rembrant found himself in the midst of several financial troubles.

At that period he painted The Polish Rider , which is an allegory of the man s earthly journey. Probably in 1669, the year of his own death, Rembrant painted his famous Return of the Prological son , which stands at the ultimate peak of Cristian spirituality, illuminating the relationship of the self to the eternity. The biblical theme was very important to Rembrant.He painted Artakserks, Oman and Eshpir , The Saint Family . Rembrant was not understood when he was alive. He died in poverty.

But it is the spirituality of his art that distinguishes Rembrant from his Dutch contemporaries making him the greatest artist of the world. Art in Moscow Speaking about art gallereys of Moscow we must mention the most famous gallereys. The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture gallereys in Russia. It takes it s name from it s founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow mercant.In the 19 th century Tretyakov began to collect russian paintings.

He visitet all the exibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian paintings. In 1881 Tretyakov opened in St. Peterburg his collection to the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then the gallerey has received hundred paintings from other museums and private collections.The Tretyakov gallerey reflects the whole history of Russian paintings from 11 th century to the present day. The gallery contains such halls devon-ded to the works of 18 th century painters, as Рокотов, Левитский, Боровиковский.

The first half of the 19 th century is reprisentive by brilliant paintings by Брюллов, Веницианов and others. The gallery has the best collection of передвиженники , such as Кромской, Перов, and such great names as Суриков, Репин, Вознецов, Левитан.Also I d like to tell you about state pushkin museum of fine art. The building was built in Greek stile by Roman Klein in 1898 - 1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded of initiative of professor Ivan Cvetayev.

Since 1937 it has be known as The Puskin museum of fine art. It has one of the worlds largest ancient collections of european art. Now the picture gallerey has over 2 thousands works of various schools of painting which enaibous us to understand and appreciate the variaty of staills over the centuries.The Pushkin museum pereodically hald s exibition of the art of various countries and of individual outstanding artist of past and present.

Theatres, music halls and cinemas Theatres are very much the same in London as anywhere else the chief theatres ,music halls and cinemas are in the West End. If you are staying in London for a few days, you ll have no difficulty whatever in finding somewhere to spend an enjoyable evening.You ll find opera, balley, comedy, drama, revue, musical comedy and variety. Films are shown in the cinemas during the greatest part of the day. The best seats at theatres are those in the stalls, the circle and the upper circle.

Then comes the pit, and the last of all the gallery where the seats are cheapest. Boxes, of course, are the most expensive. Most theatres and music halls have good orchestras with popular conductors.You ought to make a point of going to the opera at least once during the season if you can. There you can get the best of everything - an exellent orchestras, famous conductors, celebated singers and well dressed audience.

But, of course, if you are not fond of music and singing, won t interest you. At the West End theatres you can see most of the famous English actors and actresses. As a rule, the plays are magnificently staged - costumes, dresses, scenery, everything being done of the most lavish scale.Choose a good play, and you ll enjoy yourself thoroughly from the moment the curtain goes up to the end of the last act. Get your seats beforehand, either at the box-office of theatre itself or at one of the agencies.

When you go to a theatre, you ll probably want to seat as near to the stage as possible. But if you are at the cinema, you may prefer to seat some distance from the screen. In fact, I would say, the further away the better. Music in our life Music - it art, reflecting validity in sound art images, one of the forms of public ideology.Having by powerful force direct emotional effect, music during of all history of man-kind plays a huge social, cultural and educational role. Leading composers are connected to progressive public movements, life, interests and aspirations people.

Each nations differs by peculiar national features. Folk music, being improved by creative efforts of many generations of the people, reaches a high degree of art maturity. On the basis of riches of national music professional musical creativity of composers is developed.Rejection of music from advanced ideas epoch of national culture, national roots of art leads to its to decline and degeneration.

Idea emotional contents of music is passed through sound art images, implemented in musical sounds. The basis of music is the tune. According to the way of performance music is devided into 2 main branches instrumental and vocal. There are a great number of different styles of music, such as Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classic and new musical directions.One of the new music directions is Rave. I prefer to listen hard-core and more quiet music such as Roxette and others.

Now days the number of music styles is growing, and every young people, which are fond of music can easily choose that style which appeals to them. The use of computers Just as television has extended human sight across a barriers of time and distance, so the computers extend the power of the human mind across the existing barriers. Computers in medicine Computers are one of the great importance in modern hospital.The chief use of computers is the storing and sorting the medical knowledge which has been equired in the last 50 years.

No doctor can possible keep up with all discoveries. The only solution of the problem is store medical knowledge in a computer. Today there are medical computer centers were all existing knowledge of simpthoms of various dessieses and of their treatment is stored.Doctors feed data on simpthoms in the computer and get the nessesary information on current diagnostics and treatment.

Computers that can be learn Ordinary computer can remember only the data stored in the hard disk. Now scientists have desighned machines, that are capable of learning from experience and remembarary what they have learned. Such a machine is capable of recognising objects without human help or control. Of course, they made many mistakes.There is another similar machine which can look at letter alphabet a simple words and they say thought a loudes speaker what it has seen. The machine has as thoughtarn learning power.

Computers at the school Information science with the ideas and message of processing and storing informations is of great importance today. Thats why computer technology must be told in secondary school. The new subject basic information science , and computing machine was intreduste for the siner through the schools.The pupils teach computers to anlestigate school problems. Contact with the machine increases the interest in learning, makes them more serious about studing new subject.

School computers are used not only for studing information science, but also examinations purposes. Young people who finish must be tried to operate computers. Exploration Christopher Columbus 300-400 years ago a great deal of the world was undiscoveried.But now there seems little more to explore, the wild north was conquered, the jungle was conquered too. And it seems that all the pages of the great book called The Earth has been filled in, but exploration still goes on. In the 15th century people knew only 3 continents Europe, Asia and Africa.

They knew nothing about America. The man who was thought to be the discoverier of America was born in 1451 in Italy. His name was Cristopher Columbus. Knowing that the earth was round he desided to reach India by sailing to the west. It was very difficult for him to organize an expedition as nobody wanted to help him. At last the Spanish government gave him some money.In the 1492 he sailed with 3 small ships in to the Atlantic ocean.

They had been sailing for more than 2 months and at last they saw land. Columbus was certain that the lands he discoveried were part of India and he called these islands The West Indias . He made 3 voyagers to America. His last voyage was made in 1502-1504. After that, seriously ill, he remained in Spain until his death. He died believing that Cuba was part of Asia. Colum-buses voyagers gave Europe first important knowledge of the new world.Many places have been named in his honour.

America however was named after another explorer Amerigo Vespucci. Americus Vespucius or Amerigo Vespucci, as the name is spelled in Italian was born in Florence, Italy, in 1454. He was in Spain at the time of Columbus first and second voyages. In a letter, written in 1504 and printed in 1505, he claimed to have made four voyages, on the first of which, in 1497, he explored the South American coast.This would make him the first European to land on the American continent, for at that time Columbus had only reached the outlying islands.

Most scholars reject Vespucius version of this voyage. Vespucius perhaps did accompany a Spanish expedition that of Alonzo de Ojeda to South America in 1499, and in 1501 and 1503 he probably went with Portuguese expeditions. Probably he never commanded an expedition himself and, of course, was not the first person to set foot on the continents to which his name is given.Vespucius died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. Learning languages The problem of learning languages is very important today.

Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.Today English is the language of the world.

Over 350 million people speak it as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic. As a second language it is used in the former British and US colonies.It is the major international language for communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entertainment.

English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organization. It is the language of the literature, education, modern music, international tourism. Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the purpose of communication is espicially urgent today. Learning a foreing language is not as easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience.But to know English is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for every good specialist. It is well known that reading books in the original , listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers.

One must work hard to learn any foreign language.LONDON, Jack 1876-1916 . The novelist and short-story writer Jack London was, in his lifetime, one of the most popular authors in the world.

After World War I his fame was eclipsed in the United States by a new generation of writers, but he remained popular in many other countries, especially in the Soviet Union, for his romantic tales of adventure mixed with elemental struggles for survival. John Griffith London was born in San Francisco on Jan. 12, 1876. His family was poor, and he was forced to go to work early in life to support himself. At 17 he sailed to Japan and Siberia on a seal-hunting voyage.He was largely self-taught, reading voluminously in libraries and spending a year at the University of California.

In the late 1890s he joined the gold rush to the Klondike. This experience gave him material for his first book, The Son of Wolf , published in 1900, and for Call of the Wild 1903 , one of his most popular stories. In his writing career of 17 years, London produced 50 books and many short stories. He wrote mostly for money, to meet ever-increasing expenses.His fame as a writer gave him a ready audience as a spokesman for a peculiar and inconsistent blend of socialism and racial superiority.

London s works, all hastily written, are of uneven quality. The best books are the Klondike tales, which also include White Fang 1906 and Burning Daylight 1910 . His most enduring novel is probably the autobiographical Martin Eden 1909 , but the exciting Sea Wolf 1904 continues to have great appeal for young readers.In 1910 London settled near Glen Ellen, Calif where he intended to build his dream home, Wolf House. After the house burned down before completion in 1913, he was a broken and sick man. His death on Nov. 22, 1916, from an overdose of drugs, was probably a suicide.

Mass media. Mass media that is the press, the radio and television play an important role in the life of society. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the world and make them change their views.Mass media mould public opinion.Millions of people in their spare time watch TV and read newspapers.

Everybody can find there something interesting for him. On the radio one can hear music, plays, news and various discussions or commentaries of current events. Lots radio or TV games and films attract a large audience. Newspapers uses in different ways,but basically they are read. There is a lot of advertisment on mass media. Some of the TV and radio stations and newspapers are owned by different corporations.The owners can advertise whatever they choose.

But it is hardly fair to say that mass media do not try to raise cultural level of the people or to develop their artistic taste. Mass media brings to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs. There are more then six TV channels and lots of radio stations and newspapers now in the Russian Federation.Education in Russia An educated person is one who knows a lot about many things.I think it is very important that everyone should be educated.Each pupils ought todo his best to become a useful member of our society.

Education is very important in our life. Going on educational excursions gives us opportunities to acquire some scientific knowledge.In the Russian Federation the school education is compulsary. Pupils begin to go to school at the age of six. When they complete high grades they can either continue to study at school for more 2 years, or go to a professional school where they study not only main subjects , but are able to learn some profession.

When school pupils leave school they can try to continue their educaton in institutes or universities. There are many school types of schools in Russia specialized, politecnical, musical art and others. Nowdays appeared some new types of schools gimnasiums and colledges. The educational system of Great Britain. The educational system of G.B. is extreamely complex and bewildering.It is very difficult to generalise about particular types of schools as schools differ from one to the other.

The departament of education and science is responsible for national educational policy,but it doesnt employe teacher or prescribe corricular or text books. Each school has its own board of governers consisting of teachers, parents, local politicians, members of local community, businessmen and sometimes pupils. According to the law only one subject is compulsary. Such as religious instruction.Schooling for children is compulsary from 5 to 16, though some provision is made for children under 5 and some pupils remain at school after 16 to prepare for higher education.

The state school system is usually devided into 2 stages secondary and primary .The majority of primary schools are mixed.They are subdevided into infant schools ages 5 to 7 ,and junior schools ages 7 to11 . In junior schools pupils were often placed in A,B,C or D-streams, according to their abilities.Under the pressue of progressive parents and teachers the 11 examination has now been abolished in most parts of the country.

There are some types of schools in G.B.Grammar schools provided an academical cause for selected pupils from the age of 11 to 18. Only those children who have the best results are admitted to these schools. They give pupils a high level of academic education wich can lead to the university. Technical Schools offer a general education with a technical bias and serve those pupils who are more mecanically minded.The corricular includes more science and mathematics.

Secondary modern schools were formed to provide a non-academic education for children of lesser attainment. The corricular includes more practical subjects. The comprehensive schools brings about a general improvement in the system of secondary education.Leasure time. Everybody sometimes has a free time. Somebody prefers only to sleep in their liesure time, but the largest part of us prefer to do a great amount of things which are pleasant and interesting for us. It may be reading, a various types of sport game, watching TV, listening music and others.

If we have a few day or a week we prefer to go to the attractive places. Many peoples thing that pupils and studients have too much liesure ,but in my opinion, they are wrong. We are very busy. Many pupils have six or se-ven lessons a day and go to school live or six day a week. Even during the holiday we learn our lessons after school.And we just no time to go some-there.

Oldest of us are working after school or institutes. Iam not spend my time at school and ofter I have a free time. The large part of my free time devote to reading. I like to read books about another coun-tries, another times and another worlds. Also I read books about history of our country. Besides reading I like to do physical exercises. I and my school friends often gather after school and play basketball, fooftball or other active games. But my favorite hobby is travelling.Usually I travel in summer and ofter it is a trip to the south, to the warm sea. thing all peoples must have other occupation besides their basic work, because it extand the bounduries of the familar world and teach us something new about people and thing.

Customs and traditions of english speaking countries.Every country and every nation has its own traditions and customs.Its very important to know traditions and customs of different people.it will help you toknow more about the history and life of different nations and countries.

One cannot speak about england without speaking about its traditions and customs .They are very important in the life of english people.Englishman are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are six public holidays a year in G.B.Cristmas day is one of their favorite holidays.Its celebrated on the 25-th of december.There are some traditions connected with it. One of them is to give presents to each other.It is not only choldren and members of family.Its a tradition to give cristmas presents to the people you work with.Another tradition is to send cristmas cards.All these cards are brightly and coloured.Most of big cities of G.B especially London, are decorated with coloured lights and cristmas trees.

On Trafalgar Square,in the center of London stands a big cristmas tree. It is a gift from the people of Oslo.It is over 50 feet high. Many families celebrate cristmas day in the open air near the cristmas tree in order to catch the spirit of cristmas.Children find cristmas presents in their stockings.The traditional english dinner on cristmas is turkey and pudding.

Other great holidays are Fathers day,Mothers day,Helloween and other. Я Мой дух не изнемог во мгле противоречий, Не обессилел ум в сцепленьях роковых.Я все мечты люблю, мне дороги все речи, И всем богам я посвящаю стих. Я возносил мольбы Астарте и Гекате, Как жрец, стотельчих жертв сам проливал я кровь, И после подходил к подножиям распятий И славил сильную, как смерть, любовь.

Я посещал сады Ликеев, Академий, На воске отмечал реченья мудрецов, Как верный ученик, я был ласкаем всеми, Но сам любил лишь сочетанья слов. На острове Мечты, где статуи, где песни, Я исследил пути в огнях и без огней, То поклонялся тем, что ярче, что телесней, То трепетал в предчуствии теней. И страно полюбил я мглу противоречий, И жадно стал искать сплетений роковых.Мне сладки все мечты, мне дороги все речи, И всем богам я посвящаю стих 24 декабря 1899 года Темы к зачёту 15 мая 1. Renaissance. 2. William Shakespeare. 3. Shakespeares works and Hamlets soliloguy. 4. Enlightment. 5. Daniel Defoe. 6. Robinson Crusoe . 7. Jonathan Swift. 8. Gullivers Travels . 9. Robert Burns. 1.The Renaissance.

The Renaissance or the revival of learning was the period then european culture was at its high. It lasted from the 14th centure till 17th centure, and was coursed by complex economic situation and social conditions.The feudal system was been shuttled by the bourgeoisie, thich was getting stronger and stronger.

It was more profitable to unite under a single rouler. Absolute monacy came into being. This lead to the forming of nations and the true sense of the world. New social and economic conditions called for the new ideology, because the catholic dogmas didnt correspond to the new trend of life. For this reason in many european countries the protestant religion sprend up and national churches were established.Instead of the blind face ordered by the catholic then appeared a new outlook which was called humanism.

The time demanded positive recional knowledge and this demand was supplied in astronomy by Copernicus, in philosophy by Tomas More, in geography by Columbus, Vaska de Gama and others. Leonardo de Vinci was force a new feory of art It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind have so far experience, a time, thich called for Giants and produced Giants in power and thought, passion and character in universality and language.

An example of a typical men of the Renaissance period was the famous Englishmen sir Walter Raleigh, he was a soldier, sailor, explorer, pirate, coloniser, historian, thilosother and a poet. He was much interested in science and literature. He wrote works of geography and lead expedition to South America. He was an outstanding poet. His poems are full of profound wisdom, written with great elegance and salacity of style.He organised of academy . Christother Marlowe the greatest dramatist before Shakespear . But the most important of most this writer and one of the greatest men of this period was sir Thomas More. Thomas More. He came into great favour and made a repid carrier as a statesmen, at the same time writing works of a political, philosophical and historical character.

His most famous book is Utopie . Utopie - means no place, no there . The work is writing in latin and devided into two books. Thomas More was the first writer in Europe to formulate communist principals as a bases of society.

The Renaisense in England. The prideses of Shakespeare. The most brilliant period of English literature was in the second half of the 16th and begining of 17th centure.Sometimes its called Elizabethen age after quen Elizabeth 5. England had become a geat world power. It had established wide commercial contact with countries And rich trading company had been organaized.The english people were now a great nation and the english language inriched was now not unlike the language of Chaucer.

Many famous poetical and prose works appeared. Among those who inriched the literary haritage of this period ere sir Philip Sydney, Adnond Spenser and Christother Marlowe. There were fine works of poetry and prose in the Elizabethen age but the greatest hights of literature of this period were riached in drama. 2. Life of Shakespeare.The great poet and dramatist William Shakespeare is often called by his people Our National Bard , The Immortal.

Poet of nature and The Great Unknown . More than two hundred contemporary references to Shakespeare have been located amoung church records, legal records, documents in the Public Record Office, and miscellaneous repositories.When these owe assembled, we have at least the sceleton out line of his life, begining with his baptist on April 26, 1564, in Trinity Churche, Stratford-on- Avon, and ending with his burial there on April 25, 1616. Shakespeare native place was Sratford-on-Avon, a little town in Warwickshive, which is generally described as beign in the middle of England.

Shakespeares father, John, was a prosperious glove maker of Stratford who, after holding minor municipal offices, was elected high bailiff of Stratford. Shakespeares mother Mary Arden, came from an affluent family of landowners.Shakespeare probably recieved his early education at the exellent Stratford Grammar School, supervised by an Oxford graduate, where he would have learned Latin smattering of Greek. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who lived in a neighboring hamlet.

The first child born to Ann and William was their daughter Susanna. In about two years Ann bore him twins a boy and a girl, Hamlet and Jidith. Then life in Stratford became intolerable for William Shakespeare and he dicided to go to London and began a theatrical career.Shakespeare major activity lay in the field of drama. He became a full shaveholder in his acting company, he was partowner of the Globe theatre and later of the Blackfriars theatre, and in 1597 he purchased property in Strarford.

Including new place, one of the largest houses in the town. He probably refired there about 1610, travelling of London when necessary to take cave of his theatrical business. In all, 154 sonnets seguence. The sonnets were probably written in the 1590 but were first published in 1609. 3. Shakespeares works.Shakespeares literary work is usually divided into three periods.

The first period of his creative work falls between 1590 and 1600. Shakespeares comedies belong to the first period of his creativ work. They all are written in his playfull manner and and in the brilliant poetry that conveys the spectator to Italy. Some of the first plays of the first period are Richard 3 1592 , The comedy of errors 1592 , Romeo and Juliet 1594 , Julius Caesar 1599 , As you like it 1599 , 1600 - Twelth night . Shakespe-ares poems are also attributed to the first period, Venus and Adonis and Lucrece , and 154 sonnets.

Venus and Adonis was the first of Shakespeares works that came off the press. The second period of Shakespeares creative work during from 1600 to 1608. His famous tragedies appeared at this time. In the plays of this period the dramatist reaches his full maturity. He presents great humans problems.His tragedies and historical plays made Shakespeare the greatest humanist of the English Renaissanse. Some plays of the second period 1601 - Hamlet , 1604 - Othello . Shakespeares plays of the third period are called the Romantic dramas . There is no tragic tension in these plays.

This period lasted from 1609 till 1612. 1609 - Cymbeline , 1610 - The Winters Tale , 1612 - Henry 8 . Hamlets soliloguy. To be, or not to be, that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufler.The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing and then. To die, to sleep - No more, and by a sleep to say we end The heart - ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is hear to tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished.

To die to sleep - To sleep! Perchance to dream! Ay, theres the rub For in that sleep of death what dreams may comes, When we have shuflled off this mortal coil Must give pause - theres the respect That makes calimity of so long life. 4. The Enlightment.The history of England and second part of the 17th centure, and during the 18th centure was marked by British colonial, expression and struggle for the leading role in cowers. The writters and philosofists of this age protested against the sovivals of feodalizm in thich they saw the main evil of this time. Man they thought was vertains by nature and wise was duty ignorence to they started a pubic movement for enlighting the people.

This movement was called the enlightment . The enlighters belived in the power of reason and the period was also called the age of reason . This period saw a remarkable rise in literature. English literature of this period may be characterise by the following features 1.The rise of the political pamphlets and issue.

The novell became the leading genre. 2. The prose style became clever gracefull and polished. 3. The hero of the novell was no longer a prince but a representative of the middle class. 4. Literature became very instructive.The literature of this age may be divided into 3 periods The 1st period is caracterised by classisizm in poetry.

The greatest follower of the classical style was Alexander Pope. There appeared the first realistic novels written by Defoe and Swift. The 2nd peiod saw the development of the realistic social novel, represen-tive by Richardson, Fielding and others.The 3rd period is marked by the appiriense of a new trends sentimenta- lizm. Typefed by the works of Goldsmith and Stern. This period also saw the rise of the realistic drama R. Sheridan . 5. Daniel Defoe. DD was the founder of the realistic novel.

He was also a brilliant journa-list and in many ways the father of modern English periodicals. He founded and paved the way for many magazines The Revue , The Spectator . DD was born in London, his father a butcher, was wealthy enough to give his sone a good education. D was to become a prist, but it was his cheariched desire to become wealthy. His wished was never fullfield. D was banckrote several times.He was always in deep debt. The inly branch of business in which he proved succesful was journalism and literature.

When D was about 23 he started writting pamphlets on question of the hour. He started writting pamphlets prassing King William 3, who was supported by the whig party. D wrote a setire in woth. No matter in whose defends his brilliant pamphlets were written they are irony was so subtle, that the enemy didnt understand it at first.But as soon as his enemy realised the real character of the pamphlets D was sentensed to 7 years inprisonment.

It was a cruel punishment, and when the came for him to be set free people carried him on their shoulders This was the climax of his political career and the end of it. In 1719, he tried his hand at another kind of literature - fiction, and wrote the novel he is now best known Robison Crusoe . After the book was published, D became famous and rich and was able to pay his creditors in full. Other novels which D were also very much talked about during his lifetime, but we do not hear much about them now. For example Captain Singleton 1720 , Moll Flanders 1722 . 6. Robinson Crusoe.

Books about voyages and new discoveries were very popular in the first quater of the 18th centure and many stories of this then had been written but while Defoe was busy with politics he didnt think of also trying his hand at it. However one story in in Steel magasine attracted his attention. It was about Scotish sailor, who lived quite alone 4 years and 4 month on a desert island.

Defoes hero, R.C however spend 26 years on a desert island. The novel was a prase tohuman labour and the triumph the men over the nature. Labour and fortitude help Robinson to endure hardships. They save him from dispair. The very process of hardwork gives his satisfaction. Rs most characteristic tract is his optimism.His guiding prencipal in life was never said die and in trouble to be troubles is to have your trouble double. 7. Jonathan Swift. 1667-1745 JS was the greatest of English satiriste.

His better satire at the contempro-rary social order in jeneral and an the policy of English government towards in particular. Thats why the Irish people considered Swift the champion in the struggle for the wealthy and freedom of their country. JS was born in Dublin, but he came from English family. His father died at the age of 25, liaving his wife and daughter penuiless. His son was born seven month later after his death. The boy knew little of his mother chearch.He hardly ever saw her, during his childhood. J was supported by his uncle Godwin.

At the age of 6 he was send to school, which he left at 14. When he entered a college in Dublin and got his bacheloris degree in 1686. 8. Gullivers Travels. In 1726 Swifts masterpiece Gullivers Travels appeared. This work made a great sensation in Ireland as well as in England, it equally strirred the interests of those in politics as well as the readers of novels.In this work Swift intended to satirise the evils of the existing society in the form of fictions travels.

It tells of the adventures of ship surgeon, as related by himself and divided into four parts of four voyages 1. A voyage to Liliput. 2. A voyage to Brobdignag. 3. A voyage to Laputa. 4. A voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms. 1. The first voyage was to a strange country Lilliput.As the result of a shipwreck Gulliver finds himself in a country, inhabited by a race of people about six inches high. Everything else in this country is on a correspondent scale.

Swift meant this small country with its shallow interest, corrupted laws and evil customs to symbolize the England of the 18th centure, the court with its atmosphere of hostility, hypocrizy and flattery where the author felt as lonely as his hero when among the liliputians. 2. Before long Gulliver undertakes another voyage. The ship anchors near the land of the giants to take in a supply of water. While on shore Gulliver is captured by the giants.They are good-natured creatures and treat Gulliver kindly, though they are amused by his small size and look upon him as a plaything.

Brobdingnag is an expression of Swifts desire to find the ideal and escape from the disgusting world of the Liliputians. The author idealizes an agricultural country ruled by ideal monarch. Swift creates such a monarch in the king of Brobdingnag. He is clever, honest and kind to his people.He hates wars and wants to make his people happy. 3. The third voyage is to Laputa, a flying island Laputa.

Swifts imagination the bitterness of his satire reach their climax in the third part where he shows the academy of sciences in Laputa the author touches upon all the existing sciences . It is easy enough to understand that in ridiculing the academy of Laputa. Swift ridicults the scientists of the 18th century.The scientists are shut in their chambers isolated from all the world. 3. In the 4th part Swift describes Gullivers adventures at the Heuyhnhnms - a ideal land where were is neither sickness, dishonesty, non any of the frivo-lities of human scociety.

The human race ocupies a position of servility there and a noble race of horces rules the country by reason and justice. Gullivers travels was one of the greatest works of the period of the Enlightment in world literature.Swifts democratic ideas expressed in the book had a great influence on the English writers who came after Swift. 9. Robert Burns. RB is the national poet of Scotland.

Every year on his bithday scotsmen all over the world gather together for a traditional celebration in which his memory is glorified,his poems are recited and his song are sung. Burns poetry is loved and enjoied by all his countrymen. They love Burns for the generosity and kindness of his nature, for his patriotism and truthfulness. In his poems he sang the pride and dignity of the Scotish peasantry.Burns sang the beauty and the glory of his native land. He gloryfield true love and friendship.

Burns was born in Alloway, near Ayr, on the 25 of January, 1759. His father was a hard-working man and he took great trouble to give his family all the education he could. When Robert was 6, he was send to a school at Alloway Miln. Robert were given a good knowledge of English.For some years Burns worked on the family farm. They lived very poor. Burns wrote his first poem at the age of 14. And from then till his death his poems and songs came out, giving delight and joy to the himself, his countrymen and all the world around. Burns worked with his father and brothers.

The death of his father in 1784 left Burns free to chose his own kind of life, but it also gave him new resposobilities as head of the family. As a farmer he was unsuccessful and moved to other place - Burns published his poems in Kilmarnock in 1786. The success was great. Burns wrote many poems and songs.After a short illness he died on 21st July, 1796. Millions of people all over the world highly esteem and love Burns poems.

S. Marshak, a great soviet poet, brought Burns to russian people throught his fine translate. My Hearts in the Highlands.My hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here My hearts in the Highkands, a chasing the deer A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe - My heart in the Highlands wherever I go. Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North, The birthplace of valour, the country of worth Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, The hills of the Highlands for ever I love. Farewell to the mountains high coverd with snow Farewell to the straths and green valleys below Farewell to the forests and wild-handing woods Farewell to the torrents and loud pouring floods.

My hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here My hearts in the Highkands, a chasing the deer A-chasing the wild deer, and following the roe - My heart in the Highlands wherever I go.