Education in Russia.Citizensof Russia have the right to education which is guaranteed by the Constitution.The public educational system in our country incorporates pre-school, generalschool, specialized secondary and higher education.Pre-school consists of kindergartens and creches.Children there learn reading, writing and arithmetic.But pre-school educationisn t compulsory - children can get it at home. Compulsory education is for children from 6 7 to 17 years of age.The main link in the system of education is the generalschool which prepares the younger generation for life and work in modernproduction.
There are various types of schools general secondary schools,schools specializing in a certain subject, high schools, lyceums and so on.Tuition in most of them is free of charge, but some new types of schools arefee-paying. The term of study in a general secondary school is 11 years andconsists of primery, middle and upper stages.At the middle stage of asecondary school the children learn the basic laws of nature and society at thelessons of history, algebra, literature, physics and many others.After 9th form pupils have to sit for examinations.
Also they have achoice between entering the 10th grade of a general secondary school andenroling in a specialized secondary or vocational school.Persons who finish the general secondary school, recieve a secondaryeducation certificate, giving them the right to enter any higher educationalestablishment.Entrance examinations are held in July and August.
Institutionsare headed by rectors the faculties are headed by the deans. One has to studyin the institute for 5 years. Higher educational institutions train students inone or several specializations.Moscow Theatres For decades Moscow has had a reputation as a city oftheatres.The birth plays of thehistoric Bolshoy , Maly and Moscow Art theatres the city has been and steel is a centreforthe development exploretarymodern ideas in the dramatic art andis famous for it s great number of highlygifted, interestingdirectors, actors, playwrigts and artists.
Every evening the doors ofMoscow theatres open to streamsof theatre- gowers. The best Moscow theatres devoded themselves todeveloping the principals of directing and acting laid down byStanislavsky, Meerhold, Nemerovich-Danchenko, Vachtangov andothers. The discoveries and successes of Moscow theatres todayexists due to experience and triumphs of preceding generations.I d like to tell you aboutthe Bolshoy Theatre.
The magestic building of the Bolshoy Theatre stands inSverdlov Square in Moscow s central quater, not far from Kremlin.This is the leading Russian opera house with the best vocalistsand choreographers in it s company. The Bolshoi traces it shistory to 1776 when a standingopera company was organized inMoscow.The first opera shown inBolshoi theatre was opera life of tsar now Ivan Susanin .Atlater times operas by Dargomyzhsky, Serov, Tcaikovsky, Borodin,Moussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Rubinstein were produced here. At the same time the Bolshoi company staged the bestoperasand ballets by West European composers-Mozart, Rossini, Weber,Verdi and others.
The bolshoi ballet companyenjoys well-deserved fame as theworld s finest. This is equallytrue of it s brilliant realisticstyle of perfomance and repertoire.MoscowMoscow is the capital of Russia, its administrative, economic, political and educational centre.It is oneof Russia s major cities with thepopulation of about 9 million people.
Its total area is about 900 thousand square kilometres. The city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgonlkyand was first mentioned in thechronicles in 1147. At that time it was a small frontier settlement. By the 15th century Moscow badgrown into a wealthycity. In the 16th century, underIvan the Terrible, Moscow became the capital of the state of Muscovy.In the 18th century Peter theGreat transferred the capital to St.Petersburg, but Moscow remained the heartof Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon sattack in 1812. During the war of 1812three quarters of the city were destroyed by fire, but by the middle of the 19th century Moscow was completelyrebuilt.
The present-day Moscowis the seat of the government of the Russian Federation.President of Russia lives and works here government officesare located here, too. Moscow isa major industrial city. Its leading industries are engineering, chemical and light industries.
Moscow is known for its many historicalbuildings, musems and art galleries, aswell as for the famous Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. Thereare more than 80 museums in Moscow, among them the unique Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State TretyakovGallery, the Andtey Rublyov - Museum ofEarly Russian Art and many others. Moscow Is a city of science and learning.There are over 80 highereducational institutions in the city, including a number of universitiesRussiaRussia is one of the largest countries in the world.
The vastterritory of Russia lies in the easternpart of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are the Arctic, the Atlantic, thePacific. The seas are the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea andothers.Russia borders on manycountries, such as Mongolia and China in thesouth-east, Finland and Norway in the north-west, and so on. The land of Russia varies very much fromforests to deserts, from high mountainsto deep valleys. The main mountain cbains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. There are a lotof great rivers and deep lakeson its territory.
The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob,the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. Thelargest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and its water is the purest onearth. The Russian Federation is rich innatural and mineral resources.It hasdeposits of oil, gas, coal, iron, gold and many others.
The current population of Russia is more than150 million people. The European part ofthe country is densely peopled, and most population live in cities and towns and their outskirts.The capital of Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people. Russia is a presidedtial republic. It is oneof the leading powers inthe world.