University AKADEEMIValev Kondratyuk The second year, stationary The basic schools of management and empower qualified employees Essay Subject Introduction to management The teacher Dr. David Jones Tallinn 2004 The basic schools of management and empower qualified employees In the given essay I shall consider history of the academic discipline management and I shall lay down for myself the aim to understand such question as empower qualified employees of corporations.The very first researches in the field of management have been made by classical school.
The first managers basically were excited with a question on a production efficiency the technical approach. They concentrated the activity on adaptation of workers. In these purposes the design of workplaces was developed, expenses of time for various operations, etc. were studied.The majority of researchers of that time believed, that management is an art. Such understanding of management is connected by what not all workers on the parameters approach for a supervising post. There are certain character traits and skills which are peculiar to all succeeding managers.
Therefore many researchers have accepted the approach at studying the person from the point of view of character. That is if to establish the character traits peculiar to the manager it is possible to find people which possess such qualities.Results of these researches have shown what to define parameters on character traits it is impossible, what even such thing as mind, in some cases can not have in management of paramount value.
In a result it has been established, that the concept of features of characters simply does not work. In this connection there was a question whether there is a science management The first big stride to consideration of management as sciences has been made by F.Taylor 1856-1915 who has headed movement of scientific management.It has become interested not in efficiency of the person, and efficiency of activity of the organization, 41-J and has begun development of school of scientific management.
Due to development of the concept of scientific management management has been recognized as independent area of scientific researches.In the works Factory management 1903 and Principles of night management 1911 F.Taylor has developed a number of methods of the scientific organization of the work, the movements of the worker based on studying with the help of timing, standardization of receptions and instruments of work His basic principles of management will consist in the following if I can select people on a scientific basis, on their scientific basis to prepare, give to them some stimulus and to connect together work and the person then I can receive the cumulative productivity exceeding the contribution, made by an individual labour.
F.Tayloras main merit will be, that it as the founder of school scientific management has developed methodological bases of normalization of work, standardized working operations, has introduced scientific approaches of selection, arrangement and stimulation of work of workers in practice. F.Taylors the greatest contribution will be, that it began revolution in the field of management.
Becoming of a science about management also contacts names F. and L. Dzhilberts.They have carried out researches in the field of labour movements, have improved chronometrical techniques, and also have developed night principles of the organization of a workplace.
Thus, by 1916 the whole direction in researches was generated the first scientific school which has received of a little bit names scientific management, classical, traditional. Version of classical school of management is the administrative school. She was engaged in studying of questions of a role and functions of the manager.Was considered, that as soon as the essence of work of the manager was defined, it was easily possible to reveal the most effective methods of a management. One of pioneers of development of this idea A.Fayol 1841-1925 was. It has divided all managerial process into five basic functions which we till now use in management of the organization this planning, the organization, selection and placement of personnel, a management motivation and the control.
On the basis of A.Fayols doctrine in 1920th years the concept of organizational structure of firm which elements represent system of interrelations, a series of the continuous interconnected actions - functions of management has been formulated also. It is necessary to recognize the principles of management developed by A.Fayol independent result of management science, administration from here and the name administrative school.
Not casually Americans name Frenchm A.Fayol father of management.The essence of the principles of management developed by him is reduced to the following a division of labour authority and the responsibility of authority discipline unity of a management unity of the order submission of private interest to the general compensation for work balance between centralization and decentralization coordination of managers of one level the order validity kindness and decency stability of the personnel the initiative.
From other representatives of administrative school it is possible to allocate M.Blyumfield who has developed the concept management of the personnel, or labour control 1917, and M.Weber offered the concept of rational bureaucracy 1921. It has given the characteristic of ideal types of domination and has put forward position according to which bureaucracy - the order established by rules, is the most effective form of the human organization.
The basic feature of classical school scientific and administrative consists that there is only one way of achievement of a production efficiency.Therefore the purpose of classical managers was to find out this accomplished and is unique a comprehensible method of management.
Classical school - one of the first stones in the base of a world administrative science. However it not unique current in development of administrative idea. The certain break in the field of the management, marked by occurrence of school of human attitudes behavioural school, has been made on a boundary of 1930th. Achievements of psychology and sociology are put in its basis sciences about human behaviour.Therefore within the framework of this doctrine in managerial process it was offered to concentrate the basic attention to the worker, instead of on his task. In the beginning of XX century the scientists studying behaviour of the person in labour process, have been interested in increase of labour productivity not less, than any of classical managers. They understood, that, having concentrated attention to the worker, can better stimulate his work. It was supposed, that people are alive machines and that in a basis of management the care of the separate worker should lay. R.Own was the reformer of management in the sense that it the first has paid attention to people.
His idea will be, that the firm spends a lot of time for care of machine tools and machines greasing, repair and so forth and cares of people a little. Therefore it is quite reasonable to spend same time and for leaving of people alive machine.
This attention and care of them, maintenance of favorable conditions for rest, etc. Then, most likely, repair of people is not required.
Schools of human attitudes it is considered to be the ancestor E.Meyo. It has found out, that the group of workers is social system in which there are own monitoring systems. Definitely influencing such system, it is possible to improve, as counted then E.Meyo, results of work. In result movement of human attitudes became a counterbalance to all scientific movement.It is connected by that the accent in movement of human attitudes was done on care of people, and in movement of scientific management - on care of manufacture.
The idea will be, that simple display of positive attention to people renders very big influence on labour productivity. I.e. the question is increase of efficiency of the organization due to increase of efficiency of its human resources. From other scientists of this direction it is possible to allocate M.P.Follet who analysed styles of a management and has developed the theory of leadership.The big contribution to development of school human attitudes has been made in 40-60-е, when from English behaviour - the behaviour has been developed by the scientist - бихевиористами some theories of motivation.
From other scientists of this direction it is possible to allocate M.P.Follet who analysed styles of a management and has developed the theory of leadership.The big contribution to development of school human attitudes has been made in 1940-1960th. One of them is the hierarchical theory of needs of A.Maslou.
It has offered the following classification of needs of the person 1 physiological 2 in safety of the existence 3 social an accessory to collective, dialogue, attention to itself, care of others and so forth 4 prestigious authority, the service status, self-respect, self-esteem 5 in the self-expression, full use of the opportunities, achievement of the purposes and personal growth.Not less popularly at school human attitudes and D. McGregors doctrine 1960. In a basis of his theory X and Y the following characteristics of workers lay Theory X-the average individual is silly, aspires to shirk work, therefore it is necessary for forcing, urging on, supervising and directing constantly.
The person of such category prefers, that over him supervised, aspires to avoid the responsibility, worries only about own safety. Theory Y-people are not by nature passive.They became such as a result of work in the organization. At the given category of workers of an expense physical and brainwork as are natural and necessary, as games on rest. Such person not only takes up the responsibility, but also aspires to it. It does not require the control over the party as it is capable to supervise itself.
The modified variant of the doctrine of D. McGregor is submitted to R.Bleycom as administrative lattice. Later theories of management are developed basically by representatives of the quantita-tive school frequently named administrative.Occurrence of the given school - consequence of application of mathematics and computers in management.
Its representatives consider management as logic process which can be expressed with the help of mathematics. In 1960th years wide development of concepts of the management leaning on use of the mathematical device with which help integration of the mathematical analysis and subjective decisions of managers is reached begins.Formalization of some administrative functions, the combination of work, the person and the COMPUTER have demanded revision of structural elements of the organization services of the account, marketing, etc Such new elements of intrafirm planning, as imitating modeling of decisions, methods of the analysis in conditions of uncertainty, a software of an estimation of multi-purpose administrative decisions have appeared.
In modern conditions mathematical methods are used practically in all directions of an administrative science.Research of management as process has led to a wide circulation of system methods of the analysis.
The so-called system approach in management has been connected to application of the general theory of systems for the decision of administrative problems. It assumes, that heads should consider the organization as set of the interconnected elements, such as people, structure, problems, technology, resources. The main idea of the system theory will be, that any action is not undertaken in isolation from others.Each decision has consequences for all system.
The system approach in management allows to avoid situations when the decision in one area turns to a problem for another. On the basis of the system approach problems of management in several directions were developed. So there was a theory of unforeseen situations. Its essence will be, that each situation in which there is a manager, can be similar to other situations.However unique properties will be inherent in it. The problem of the manager in this situation will be to analyse all factors separately and 1 to reveal the strongest dependences correlation.
In 1970th years the idea of open system has appeared. The organization as open system tends to adapt to rather diverse internal environment. Such system does not provide itself - she depends on energy, the information and the materials acting from the outside. She has ability to adapt to changes in an environment.Thus, following the theory of systems, it is possible to assume, that any formal organization should have system of various forms of structural division system of the productive and effective stimulus inducing people to bring the contribution to group actions system of authority system of logic decision-making.
From the point of view of economy of the organization the most essential results in the scientific- methodical plan have been received within the framework of the situational approach.The essence of the situational approach will be, that forms, methods, systems, styles of management should vary essentially depending on a developed situation, i.e. the situation should borrow the central place.
It is a concrete set of circumstances which strongly influence the organization during given concrete time. In other words, the essence of recommendations under the theory of the system approach will consist century the requirement to solve the current, concrete organizational-administrative problem depending on the purposes of the organization and developed concrete conditions in which this purpose should be achieved.
That is suitability of various methods of management is defined by a situation. The situational approach has brought in the big contribution to development of the theory of management. It contains the concrete recommendations concerning application of scientific positions to practice of management depending on the developed situation and conditions of the external organization in the internal environments.Using the situational approach, managers can understand, what methods and means will promote in the best way to achievement of the purposes of the organization in a concrete situation.
Concerning work of school and training in general I think, that in 21 century it occurs much more better, than earlier. This judgement leans that modern computer tele-communications are capable to provide transfer of knowledge and access to the various educational information on the same level, and sometimes and much more effectively, than traditional means of training.
Experiments have confirmed, that quality and structure of teaching at schools is frequently much better, than at traditional forms of training.New electronic technologies, such as interactive disks of CD ROM, electronic bulletin boards, the multimedia hypertext, accessible through a global network the Internet with the help of interfaces Mosaic and WWW not only provide active involving pupils in educational process, but also allow to operate this process as against the majority of traditional educational 20 environments of a century.
As to a theme empower qualified employees it is necessary to pay especial attention to close communication of a theme of motivation of employees personnel with a theme of increase of his qualification. It is difficult to disagree with that fact, that the aspiration of the person to self-improvement can motivate it much more strongly, than any material compensation.Thus, the theme of improvement of professional skill mentions at once two major aspects of management - hence, at the correct approach to this question, the overall performance of the organization can increase by the order.
The theme follows from a question - whether it is necessary to spend money for improvement of productivity of the current personnel if it is possible to use personnel agencies and other sources for hiring foreign free experts.The answer to this question for the overwhelming majority of firms one yes, costs.
It follows, for example, from the current inquiries of the same foreign experts which want not only stable and concerning the high salary, a good climate on a workplace, but also constant employment. As a result of the firm, propagandizing the given approach, get known advantage before the enterprises which do not assume it by default.Universal principle of management Any changes should be carried out on the basis of an estimation of the current situation.
In sphere of management of the personnel exists such necessary and unfortunately, frequently missed of a kind procedure, as the analysis of the staff. Actually, she also allows the manager to receive clear representation about those actions which are necessary for undertaking for change of a developed situation.