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§ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó "§æ§ð§ã§Ö§Û" §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§è§Ö§Ó "§ä§Ö§ã§Ö§Û". §¶§ð§ã§Ö§Û §³§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§Þ§Ö§ä§à§Ó (¦Õ¦Ô¦Ò¦Å¦É - §Ô§â§Ö§é. §á§à §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§Ö), §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §¤§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ú§ä §¿§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ü§Ú§Û (535-475 §Õ§à §ß.§ï.), §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§í §à§ä §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ù§Ó§å§Ü§Ú §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ. §ª§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ - §ï§ä§à §ä§Ö§ß§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§ä§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§Û. §´§à§ä, §Ü§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§å§Ö§ä §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú, §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ö§ß §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§î §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§Û §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ú§Þ§ñ, §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §Ø§Ö §ï§ä§à §ß§Ö §å§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §ä§à §à§ß §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ê§å§Þ. §´§Ö§ã§Ö§Û §ª§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §à§ä §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §à§Ò§í§é§Ñ§ð, §Ù§Ñ§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§è§í §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §á§à §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ý§ð§Õ§î§Þ§Ú (¦È¦Å¦Ò¦Å¦É - §Ô§â§Ö§é. §á§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð). §¬ §ß§Ú§Þ §à§ä§ß§à§ã§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §¥§Ö§Þ§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù §¡§Ò§Õ§Ö§â (470/460 - §á§Ö§â§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ß§Ñ IV §Ó. §Õ§à §ß.§ï.) §Ú §¡§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ú§Ù §³§ä§Ñ§Ô§Ú§â§í (384-322 §Õ§à §ß.§ï). §°§ß§Ú §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö§ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ó§Ö§ë§î§ð §Ú §Ö§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ: §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §á§à §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§å §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ú §ä§Ö §Ø§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Ò§í §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§à §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§Ö, §ß§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ò§í §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §ß§à, §ß§Ñ§á§â §¡§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ý §ã §á§â§à§Ù§Ó§Ú§ë§Ö§Þ §±§Ý§Ñ§ä§à§ß ("§ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§á§Ý§Ö§é§Ú§Û") §Ó§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ð. §³§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §ä§Ö§ã§Ö§Û §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§í, §Ñ §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú§Ù §ß§Ú§ç, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ §¥§Ú§à§ß §¬§â§à§ß §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§à§Ó §ã§à§ð§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§ß§Ñ§á§â "§¯§à §Ó§Ö§Õ§î"), §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§à§Õ§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Õ§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§ð §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§ä§å. §¯§Ñ §ï§ä§à §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §æ§ð§ã§Ö§Û §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ö§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ, §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §à§ê§Ú§Ò§à§é§ß§à. §±§Ý§Ñ§ä§à§ß §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ú§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ö "§¬§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý", §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ §á§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §æ§ð§ã§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ã§á§à§â§Ú§Ý §ã §¤§Ö§â§Þ§à§Ô§Ö§ß§à§Þ, §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§è§Ö§Þ §ä§Ö§ã§Ö§Û, §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý §Ü§à§Þ§á§â§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§ß§í§Û §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä: §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§Û §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú, §Ñ §Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§ä, §ä§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä §Ú§Þ§ñ §á§Ý§à§ç§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§à §à§Ò§í§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ. §³§ä§à§Ú§Ü§Ú §±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§à§Û §ê§Ü§à§Ý§í §ã§ä§à§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §·§â§Ú§ã§Ú§á§á §Ú§Ù §³§à§Ý§Ú (280-206), §ä§à§Ø§Ö §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §é§ä§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú §à§ä §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í (§ß§à §ß§Ö §à§ä §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §æ§ð§ã§Ö§Ú). §±§à §Ú§ç §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §à§Õ§ß§Ú §Ú§Ù §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§ç §ã§Ý§à§Ó §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ó§å§Ü§à§á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú , §Ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§ß§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¯§Ñ§á§â §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à §Þ§Ö§Õ (mel) §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ú§ä §á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§ß§à, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ö§Õ §Ó§Ü§å§ã§Ö§ß, §Ñ §Ü§â§Ö§ã§ä (crux) - §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§à, §á§à§ä§à§Þ§å §é§ä§à §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§á§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û (§Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§í §à§Ò§ì§ñ§ã§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ä§Ö§Þ, §é§ä§à §ï§ä§Ú §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§í §ã§ä§à§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Õ§à§ê§Ý§Ú §Õ§à §ß§Ñ§ã §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §Ú §Ò§à§Ô§à§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §¡§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ (354-430). §¥§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §à§ä §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §á§Ö§â§Ö§ß§à§ã§Ñ §á§à §ã§Þ§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú (piscina - "§Ò§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Û§ß" §à§ä piscis - "§â§í§Ò§Ñ"), §á§à §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§ã§ä§å (bellum - "§Ó§à§Û§ß§Ñ" §à§ä bella - "§á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§Ñ§ñ"). §¦§ã§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó §ã§Ü§â§í§ä§à, §Ú§ç §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§î §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ. §¤§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§í §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §¤§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§í §Ó §Õ§å§ç§Ö §Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§Ú "§¶§ð§ã§Ö§Û" §°§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§à§á§à§ï§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ (§Ô§â§Ö§é. "§ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ñ"), §Ú§Ý§Ú, §Ú§ß§Ñ§é§Ö §Ô§à§Ó§à§â§ñ, §Ù§Ó§å§Ü§à§á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§Ñ. §Á§Ù§í§Ü §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü §Ú§Ù §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ó§å§Ü§Ñ§Þ §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§í. §ª§â§à§ß§Ú§é§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§à§Û §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§í: §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ "§Ô§Ñ§Ó-§Ô§Ñ§Ó". §¿§ä§å §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ð §ã§ä§à§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §ß§Ö§Þ§Ö§è§Ü§Ú§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ §¤§à§ä§æ§â§Ú§Õ §­§Ö§Û§Ò§ß§Ú§è (1646-1716). §°§ß §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ý §Ù§Ó§å§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö, §ê§å§Þ§ß§í§Ö (§ß§Ñ§á§â, §Ù§Ó§å§Ü "§â") §Ú §Þ§ñ§Ô§Ü§Ú§Ö, §ä§Ú§ç§Ú§Ö (§ß§Ñ§á§â §Ù§Ó§å§Ü "§Ý"). §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §á§à§Õ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §ß§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ö§ë§Ú §Ú §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§ä§ß§í§Ö, §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ú §Ú §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ ("§â§í§Ü", "§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ñ"). §¯§à §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ, §á§à §Ö§Ô§à §Þ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §à§ä§à§ê§Ý§Ú §à§ä §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §¯§Ñ§á§â "§Ý§Ö§Ó" (L§à§Öw§Ö) §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §Þ§ñ§Ô§Ü§à§Ö §Ù§Ó§å§é§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§à§ä§í §Ò§Ö§Ô§Ñ (Lauf) §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §ç§Ú§ë§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §®§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§Ñ §¿§Þ§à§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ó§í§Ü§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §à§ä §â§Ñ§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ç§Ñ, §Ò§à§Ý§Ú §Ú §ä.§Õ. §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ü §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ. §ª§â§à§ß§Ú§é§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§à§Û §Ô§Ú§á§à§ä§Ö§Ù§í: §ä§Ö§à§â§Ú§ñ "§ä§î§æ§å-§ä§î§æ§å". §º§Ñ§â§Ý§î §Õ§Ö §¢§â§à§ã§ã (1709-1777), §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î- §ï§ß§è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§á§Ö§Õ§Ú§ ã§ä, §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§ñ §Ù§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û, §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ý, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ý§Ú§ê§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§ã§Ü§Ý§Ú§è§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ, §Ú §â§Ö§ê§Ú§Ý, §é§ä§à §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ò§í§ä§ß§í§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü §á§â§à§ê§Ö§Ý §ä§å §Ø§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ð. §¦§Ô§à §Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ: §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ - §ï§ä§à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§à§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ. §¿§ä§î§Ö§ß §¢§à§ß§ß§à §Õ§Ö §¬§à§ß§Õ§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Ü (1715-1780), §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ, §á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý, §é§ä§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü §Ú§Ù §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§á§à§Þ§à§ë§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û. §¦§Ô§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý §â§Ö§Ò§Ö§ß§à§Ü, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ö§Þ§å §ß§å§Ø§ß§à §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§Ñ §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î §Ö§Þ§å. §±§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó §Ò§í§Ý§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö, §é§Ö§Þ §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§Õ§å§å§Þ§à§Ó. §¬§à§ß§Õ§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Ü §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ý §ä§â§Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó: §Ñ) §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Û§ß§í§Ö, §Ò) §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö (§á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ü§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ç§Ñ §Ú §ä.§Õ.), §Ó) §Ú§Ù§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ý§ð§Õ§î§Þ§Ú. §¬§â§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§à§á§â§à§Ó§à§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§à§Þ. §©§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §Ý§ð§Õ§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú. §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §à§Õ§ß§à §ã§Ý§à§Ó§à §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Ý§à §è§Ö§Ý§à§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ú §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ §¨§Ñ§ß §¨§Ñ§Ü §²§å§ã§ã§à (1712-1778) §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý, §é§ä§à "§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§â§à§Õ§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í §á§à§ä§â§Ö§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §Ù§Ó§å§Ü§Ú §Ô§à§Ý§à§ã§Ñ - 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§à§Ü§à§Ý§à 400 §Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§à§Ó (§Ü§å§Ò.§ã§Þ.), §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ý§í - §à§Ü§à§Ý§à 500 §Ô§â. §´§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §Ø§Ö §Þ§à§Ù§Ô §Ò§í§Ý §å §Ñ§Ó§ã§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§à§á§Ú§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §¡§â§ç§Ñ§ß§ä§â§à§á §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à 2,5 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §Ý§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ. §±§Ö§â§Ó§í§Û §ï§ä§Ñ§á - homo habilis (§é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü §å§Þ§Ö§Ý§í§Û). §°§ß §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §Ü§Ñ§Þ§ß§Ú. §®§à§Ù§Ô - 700 §Ô§â. §¿§ä§à §ï§ä§Ñ§á §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §à§Ò§Ö§Ù§î§ñ§ß§í §Ü §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§å. §±§â§Ú§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§Ñ, §à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ §Þ§à§Ù§Ô §à§Ò§Ö§Ù§î§ñ§ß§í §à§ä §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ - §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à 750 §Ô§â. §£§ä§à§â§à§Û §ï§ä§Ñ§á - homo erectus (§é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Û). §±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú: §á§Ú§ä§Ö§Ü§Ñ§ß§ä§â§à§á, §ã§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§ä§â§à§á, §Ô§Ö§Û§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§Ò§Ö§â§Ô§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü. §£§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à 1,5 §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§Ñ §Ý§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ. §©§ß§Ñ§Ý §à§Ô§à§ß§î. §®§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ §Þ§à§Ù§Ô§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ 750 - 1250 §Ô§â. §£§Ú§Õ§Ú§Þ§à, §Ó §ï§ä§à§ä §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §å§Ø§Ö §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ù§Ñ§é§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ú §â§Ö§é§Ú. §±§Ñ§Ý§Ö§à§Ñ§ß§ä§â§à§á §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à 200-400 §ä§í§ã§ñ§é §Ý§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ. 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