Упражнения

 

I.Read the following sentences and comment on different meanings of the words this, that, these, those used in them. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. “– Is this big money?” “– Yes, it’s a very big sum of money.”

2. This way, please. Watch out! There’s a car coming. This long.

3. “– Does this hotel allow dogs?” “– No, it doesn’t.”

4. It was difficult to define the properties of these substances.

5. It was this plant that I visited first in 2004.

6. From the point of view of transportation it should be noted that the Baltic Sea is not an open sea and that except for Kaliningrad, its ports are blocked by ice during the winter.

7. It was not until the discovery of radioactivity that the age of the earth could be approximately fixed.

8. Man has always been interested in devices that do things for him.

9. Now that your test is over and it is a success, you may have a rest.

10. The symposium will take place between the 18^th and 20^th of October. Those giving papers are asked to supply short abstracts to the Program Committee that plans to present every participant with a book of abstracts before the opening of the symposium.

11. This rock is heavier than that one.

12. The freezing point of water on the Centigrade scale is 0^o and that on the Fahrenheit scale is +32^o.

13. These documents have been translated into English. You can use them in your work. These are on your research issue (= theme).

14. There are stars with masses millions of times that of the sun.

15. In 1914 Rutherford discovered that the simplest positive rays are those obtained from hydrogen and that these are positively charged particles.

16. I’ll try to reply by e-mail so that Dick can book the ticket tonight.

17. Everybody likes that professor’s lectures very much.

18. That J.J. Thomson discovered a tiny electron is well known.

19. The display was hung as high as possible in order that it would not get broken.

 

II.Read the following text and choose the answer from a)-e) which you think fits best according to the text. Pay attention to the words given bellow, read and memorize them.

Bauxite

 

Bauxite (n) [‘bכ:ksait] – боксит, алюминиевая руда

Commercial (adj) [k∂‘mз:∫l] – промышленный, промысловый, имеющий промышленное значение

Assign (v) [∂‘sain] – присваивать, приписывать, причислять

In terms of – исходя из, на основе, в зависимости от

Fine-grained – мелкопористый, мелкозернистый

Hydrous aluminium oxide – водосодержащий окисел (оксид) алюминия

Gibbsite (n) – гибент, гидраргиллит

Boehmite (n) – бомит

Diaspore (n) – диаспор

Residual deposits – рыхлые отложения, образовавшиеся на месте в результате выветривания; элювиальные отложения

Weather (v) – выветривать, выветриваться

Alumina (n) [∂‘lu:min∂] – глинозем, оксид алюминия

Clay (n) – глина, глинозем

Silica (n) – кремний, диоксид кремния

Composition (n) – состав, смесь, соединение

The ore of aluminium is called bauxite. It has been the only commercial source of aluminium since the beginning of the 20^th century. At that time it was believed to be a mineral and was assigned a chemical composition and described in terms of its physical properties. Much later, mineralogic study showed it to be a fine-grained mixture of several minerals and thus more properly named a rock, its principle mineral constituents are the hydrous aluminium oxides, gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore, any of which may be dominant.

Bauxite forms residual deposits in tropical or subtropical regions by the weathering of rocks high in alumina. In temperature zones clay, in the main aluminium silicate, is the weathering product of such rocks, but in the Tropics the silica is also removed, leaving only aluminium and iron oxides.

1. What is the aluminium raw material called?

a) It is called diaspore. d) It is called a raw product.

b) It is called bauxite. e) No information is given in

c) It is called a mineral. the text.

2. Since what time has this rock been the main mineral source to obtain aluminium?

a) Since the twelfth century. d) Since nineteen twenties.

b) Nowadays. e) From the time immemorial.

c) Since the last century.

3. Why is it more correct to call the ore of aluminium a rock rather than a mineral?

a) Because it is a residual deposit.

b) Nobody knows why.

c) Because it is hard.

d) Because it is a mixture of some minerals.

e) No information is given in the text.

4. What influences the formation of aluminium silicate or aluminium oxide in tropical and temperate zones?

a) Earthquakes. d) Industrial activities of man.

b) Floods. e) Weathering processes.

c) Sun rays.

III.Read the following text and choose the answer from a)-e) which you think fits best according to the text. Pay attention to the words given bellow, read and memorize them.

 

From the human voice and cave drawings to radio and TV

 

Seem (v) [si:m] – казаться, представляться, выглядеть

Journey (n) [‘d з:ni] – поездка, путешествие

Development (n) [di‘vel∂pm∂nt] – достижение, эволюция, событие, разработка

Develop (v) – разрабатывать, создавать, совершенствовать, сконструировать

Message (n) [‘mesid ] – сообщение, послание, информация, весточка

Means (n) = way, method [mi:nz] – средство, способ, устройство

No doubt = certainly [daut] – без сомнения, несомненно, конечно

Cord (n) = rope [kכ:d] – веревка, тонкий трос

 

Railways, steamships, cars and aircraft have all helped to make the world seem smaller. In 1900 it took five days to make the Atlantic crossing in the liner “Lucania”. Passengers on supersonic flights today will do the same journey in three and a quarter hours. One of the most remarkable developments over the past hundred years, however, has been the tremendous increase in the speed of sending messages. When we remember that for so many centuries the fastest speed for passing on information over long distances was that of the horse, the changes have been astounding.

The simplest means of communication is still the human voice. In prehistoric times, even before speech developed, men shouted friendly greetings or warnings of danger to each other. Stone Age cave drawings, discovered in Europe and Africa, have proved that men could express themselves in pictures as well as in sound and, no doubt, sent rough drawings to convey information long before they had learnt how to write. Drum beats, horn blasts, beacons, torches, smoke clouds and even cords tied with knots have all been used for sending messages.

The ancient Persians had a royal postal service 500 years before the birth of Christ and letters were carried in horse-drawn carriages in Greek and Roman times. It is said that by using torches to represent letters of the alphabet, Alexander the Great could send a message from hill to hill all the way from India back to Greece in five days.

Systems of signaling with flags have been used since the fourteenth century, especially between ships at sea, although British naval vessels did not use them until the seventeenth century. One of the earliest methods of visual signaling on land, known as “telegraph” or “semaphore”, was invented in 1792 by the Frenchman, Claude Chappé. His simple machine was a wooden post fitted with movable “arms” and “hands”. Letters and signs of a code were reproduced by working the “arms” and “hands” with cords and pulleys.

 

1. How long did it take one to make a voyage between Europe and North America at the beginning of the 20^th century?

a) About a week. c) 1/6 of a week. e) 15 days.

b) A few days. d) More than a week.

2. How long does a present-day supersonic air travel last?

a) 3 1/4 hours. c) 3 3/4 hours. e) 13 3/4 hours.

b) 3 2/4 hours. d) 13 1/4 hours.

3. What changed greatly?

a) The speed of drawing pictures.

b) The speed of sending information.

c) The speed of sending the human voice.

d) The speed of writing messages.

e) No information is given in the text.

4. Who could send letters long before the birth of Christ?

a) Ancient Romans. d) Cave people.

b) Ancient Persians. e) Ancient Persians, Greeks and

c) Ancient Greeks. Romans.

5. What other methods of sending messages was also used by people in different countries before sending information with the use of electricity?

a) Signaling with flags.

b) Signaling with arms.

c) Signaling with torches and flags.

d) Signaling with fireworks.

e) No information is given in the text.

 

* * *

Arrangement (n) [∂‘reind m∂nt] – расстановка, систематизация, расположение, компоновка

Cable (n) [‘keibl] – кабель, провод

The Straits of Dover – Па-де-Кале

Attend (v) [∂‘tend] – учиться, ходить, посещать (школу)

Scientist (n) [‘sai∂ntist] – ученый

Successful (adj) [s∂k‘sesful] – успешный, удачный

Succeed (v) [s∂k‘si:d] – достигать цели, преуспеть, удаваться

Value (n) = importance [‘vælju:] – значение, ценность, полезность

A revolution in the speed of signals and communication began with the use of electricity in the nineteenth century. When it was found that an electric current could run along wires, scientists thought of ways of sending messages along the wires – by electric telegraph. In 1837, two British scientists, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, linked Euston railway station with Camden Town station, one and a half kilometers away, by telegraph.

In the same year, Samuel Morse, in America, invented a faster method of sending messages – the Morse Code. The code could be used with flag movements, flashing lights, electric impulses or with sound. Letters, figures and punctuation marks are represented by an arrangement of dots and dashes. The dots are short signals and the dashes are long ones. “Mr Watson, come here. I want you” were the historic first words spoken on the very first telephone which could transmit speech. They were spoken by Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, in 1876, to his assistant Watson who was in another room of the workshop in Boston, USA. Watson dashed up three flights of stairs, burst into Bell’s room and called excitedly, “I can hear you! I can hear the words!”

Telephones have become so much a part of our lives that it is difficult for us, a hundred years later, to imagine a world without them.

In 1874, two years before Bell had made his telephone, Guglielmo Marconi was born near Bologna, in Italy, of an Italian father and an Irish mother. Marconi attended schools in Bologna and Florence and started making his scientific experiments from his boyhood. After studying the works of many scientists, Marconi thought that it was possible to send messages, not only by wires, but also by using the electro-magnetic waves in the earth’s atmosphere. Marconi’s father gave him money to buy apparatus and with this he succeeded in sending “wire-less” messages across their estate. The Italian government did not give Marconi any money to continue with his experiments so he had to go to live in Britain in 1896. Here he got the help and encouragement he needed from the Chief Engineer of the Post Office Telegraphy System and very soon proved the value of his work.

Within two years, Marconi had extended the range of his wireless, so that ships could make contact with nearby shore stations and, in 1899, the first wireless communications between Britain and the Continent were made. The day of 11 December 1901 was a momentous one. Morse signals were picked up in Newfoundland which had been transmitted from Marconi’s wireless station in Cornwall nearly 3200 kilometers away. They were the first transatlantic messages that could travel at the speed of light.

No one person can claim to be the inventor of television. Several Russian scientists, from 1884 onwards, had made experiments in transmitting pictures. Francis Jenkins in America transmitted a picture of a model windmill over a short distance in June 1925. The first public demonstration of television was given on 26 January 1926 by john Logie Baird of Scotland, but his system was later abandoned by the BBC for a better one, the electronic Marconi – EMI system.

6. Who invented the telephone?

a) Mr. Watson. d) Marconi.

b) A.G. Bell. e) Samuel Morse.

c) Edison.

7. Where did Guglielmo Marconi go on doing experiments with making radio contacts?

a) In the USA. d) In Russia.

b) In France. e) In Spain.

c) In Great Britain.

8. When did the first public broadcast take place?

a) In 1919. c) In 1926. e) In 1899.

b) In 1925. d) In 1935.

9. Whose system was named the E.M.I. one?

a) J.L. Baird’s. d) C.Chappé’s

b) Francis Jenkins’s. e) G. Marconi’s.

c) A. Popov’s.

* * *

Valuable (adj) [‘væljυ∂bl] – ценный, чрезвычайно важный, значительный

Dense (adj) [dens] – плотный, густой

Enrich (v) [in‘rit∫] – обогащать, пополнять, украшать

Ways in which radio and the electro-magnetic waves are used are very numerous and new developments appear almost every week. One of the most remarkable of these is radar. It is thanks to a radar, that an invisible beam is reflected back on to a dark screen when it strikes an object , so that ships and planes can “see” obstacles even when travelling through dense cloud or thick fog. Radar systems first used in the USA were developed in Britain in 1935 by Sir Robert Watson-Watt and became invaluable during the Second World War.

When Russia launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, on 4 October 1957, a new method of world-wide communication in sound and vision was to begin. Telstar I, launched on 10 July 1962, from Cape Canaveral in the USA, was the first fully operational communication satellite whereby “live” television programs could be watched in America and Europe simultaneously. Communication satellites orbit the earth and signals are sent up to them from transmitting stations and are re-directed down from them to receiving stations thousands of kilometers away.

Many scientists today receive communications from the millions of galaxies and stars which make up the universe. They are the radio astronomers who do not look through telescopes but listen with them. Radio telescopes, like the famous one at Jodrell Bank in Cheshire, do not have to rely on cloudless, clear nights for good results and they can receive radio waves from sources in outer space far beyond the reach of optical telescopes.

When we talk about radio and television we tend to think of them only as means of entertainment, but these also enrich our lives, provide many useful services and are important tools in man’s everlasting search for knowledge.

 

10. What helps to “see” different objects even through clouds and fog?

a) Radio. d) Telescope.

b) TV. e) Telegraph.

c) Communication satellites.

11. What devices help to send acoustic and visual information to distant places?

a) TV stations.

b) Communication satellites.

c) Radio stations.

d) Mobile phones.

e) No information is given in the text.

12. What kind of information do radio and TV provide us?

a) Different information, including scientific, cognitive and entertainment.

b) No information is given in the text.

c) Some valuable information.

d) Information for entertainment.

e) Information important for astronomers.

 

One	Примеры
1. Имя числительное со значением один, одна, одно.	It is not enough to know only one language. This metro station is one hundred meter deep. I bought a one-volume dictionary yesterday.
2. Определяющее слово (определитель).	On the one hand, I am a student and on the other hand, I am a teacher. I combine studies with work. Pat lived on one side of the street and her boyfriend on the other. Sam knew that one day he would become a good specialist in economics.
3. Неопределенно-личное местоимение. Употребляется в функции подлежащего в неопределенно-личных и безличных предложениях. В предложениях с модальными глаголами данное подлежащее не переводится на русский язык	If one really wants to achieve progress in studies one will always find time and place for it. One would like to know the effect of this new method. One must learn that grammar rule.
4. Слово-заменитель. Употребляется вместо уже упомянутого, чтобы избежать его повторения. One (ones) не переводится на русский язык. Иногда это слово можно перевести тем существительным, которое оно заменяет.	This PC belongs to the third generation and that one – to the fourth one. We were the ones who were asked at the exam first. I have bought two CDs – do you want one?