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LITERATURE

LITERATURE - раздел Лингвистика, Аннотирование и реферирование английской научно-технической литературы 1. David Begg. Economics, – London, 1991. – C 32, 96, 402, 49...

1. David Begg. Economics, – London, 1991. – c 32, 96, 402, 497, 530.

2. John B.C. Haldane. Popular Scientific Essays. – М.: Наука, 1987.

3. Бурдонская Р.Д., Ляпунов В.Г., Мешков О.Д. Тексты по организации науки и системе образования в Великобритании. – М., 1987. – с 64.

4. Шахова Н.И., Рейнгольд В.Г., Салистра В.М. и др. Learn to Read Science. – М.: 1980. – с 43, 46,64.

5. The Economist. 1992/

6. Aircraft and Aerospace. 1995 – 99 гг.

7. Airspace 1992 – 1999 гг.

8. Britain 1992 – 1999 гг.

9. Fountain 1998 – 1999 гг.

10.Newsweek 1999 гг.

11.Flight 1997 – 1999 гг.

12.Don Milner. Advertizing & Promotion. John Murrey (Publishers) Ltd., Graet Britain, London., 1995.

CONTENTS

ВВЕДЕНИЕ........................................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 4

КРАТКИЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АННОТИРОВАНИИ И РЕФЕРИРОВАНИИ.. 5

(INFORMATION ABOUT ABSTRACTS AND SUMMARIES)........................ 5

TEXT 1................................................................................................................ 8

TEXT 2................................................................................................................ 8

TEXT 3................................................................................................................ 9

TEXT 4................................................................................................................ 9

ALUMINIUM...................................................................................................... 9

Text 5................................................................................................................ 10

The Age of Automation................................................................................... 10

Text 6................................................................................................................ 12

How the First Computer Was Developed...................................................... 12

Text 7................................................................................................................ 13

Dr. Roentgen Discoveres X-Rays.................................................................. 13

Text 8................................................................................................................ 16

The US Patent System..................................................................................... 16

Text 9................................................................................................................ 17

Albert Einstein................................................................................................ 17

Text 10.............................................................................................................. 18

Frederic Hopkins.............................................................................................. 18

Text 11.............................................................................................................. 22

Carnegie Institution of Washington............................................................. 22

Text 12.............................................................................................................. 25

Schools Brief................................................................................................... 25

Text 13.............................................................................................................. 28

Laboratory for the human environment...................................................... 28

(John B. Pierce Foundation)........................................................................... 28

Text 14.............................................................................................................. 30

The Environment:............................................................................................ 30

Problems and solutions.................................................................................. 30

Text 15.............................................................................................................. 32

Averages.......................................................................................................... 32

Text 1................................................................................................................ 35

What Science Is................................................................................................ 35

Text 2................................................................................................................ 38

Scientific method and method of science...................................................... 38

Text 3................................................................................................................ 38

Mathematization of natural sciences.......................................................... 38

Text 4................................................................................................................ 39

Pure and applied science................................................................................. 39

Text 5................................................................................................................ 39

Science and Technology................................................................................. 39

Text 6................................................................................................................ 42

Scientific attitude........................................................................................... 42

Text 7................................................................................................................ 43

Research Fundamental and Applied, and the Public................................... 43

Text 8................................................................................................................ 45

How to Write a Popular Scientific Article.................................................. 45

Text 9................................................................................................................ 49

Men of science: Archimedes, Newton............................................................. 49

Text 10.............................................................................................................. 53

Four Industrial Revolutions......................................................................... 53

Text 11.............................................................................................................. 54

Efficiency in Engineering Operation............................................................. 54

Text 12.............................................................................................................. 56

Murphy's Law................................................................................................... 56

Text 13.............................................................................................................. 57

Educating Our Mind....................................................................................... 57

Unit 1. Computers and Communication......................................................... 60

Text 1................................................................................................................ 60

Computers: History and Development.......................................................... 60

Text 2................................................................................................................ 67

The history, development and classification of robots............................. 67

TEXT 3.............................................................................................................. 70

A brief history of the Internet...................................................................... 70

Text 4................................................................................................................ 71

Computer assisted language learning.......................................................... 71

Text 5................................................................................................................ 73

A chip off the off block................................................................................... 73

Text 6................................................................................................................ 74

The Electronic Tongue................................................................................... 74

Text 7................................................................................................................ 75

Bill Takes it on the Chin................................................................................. 75

Text 8................................................................................................................ 79

The turning of telecoms................................................................................. 79

Text 9................................................................................................................ 80

Advances in Radar Imaging............................................................................ 80

UNIT II............................................................................................................... 82

COSMONAUTICS............................................................................................ 82

Text 10.............................................................................................................. 82

Collaboration the key................................................................................... 82

Text 11.............................................................................................................. 86

'Fly'-ing into the future.................................................................................. 86

Text 12.............................................................................................................. 87

Sukhoi............................................................................................................... 87

Text 13.............................................................................................................. 88

New Flight Testing Technologies.................................................................. 88

Text 14.............................................................................................................. 90

No limit to air cargo's future........................................................................ 90

Text 15.............................................................................................................. 93

Ilyushin-76MF: A new aircraft with good lineage...................................... 93

Text 16.............................................................................................................. 94

Problems and perspectives.............................................................................. 94

Cosmonautics and basic sciences................................................................... 94

Text 17.............................................................................................................. 96

Cosmonautics................................................................................................... 96

As a crucial dimension of Russia's national security................................. 96

Text 18.............................................................................................................. 97

Space flight...................................................................................................... 97

Orbits of international cooperation............................................................ 97

Text 19............................................................................................................ 100

Building blocks for orbital station........................................................... 100

Text 20............................................................................................................ 101

A load of old Junk........................................................................................ 101

UNIT III........................................................................................................... 103

ECONOMICS.................................................................................................. 103

Text 21............................................................................................................ 103

THE NATIONAL ECONOMY........................................................................ 103

text 22............................................................................................................. 108

Economics and the Economy........................................................................ 108

TExt 23........................................................................................................... 111

Demand, Supply, and the Market................................................................. 111

text 24............................................................................................................. 117

Business Organization and Behaviour....................................................... 117

Text 25............................................................................................................ 119

FINANCE........................................................................................................ 119

Text 26............................................................................................................ 124

Central Banking and the Monetary System.............................................. 124

Text 27............................................................................................................ 126

Money and Modern Banking........................................................................ 126

Text 28............................................................................................................ 129

Inflation......................................................................................................... 129

text 29............................................................................................................. 131

Nationalization and Privatization............................................................. 131

text 30............................................................................................................. 133

Taxes and Public Spending:.......................................................................... 133

The Government and Resource Allocation............................................... 133

text 31............................................................................................................. 136

International Trade and Commercial Policy............................................ 136

UNIT IV........................................................................................................... 139

SOCIAL WELFARE........................................................................................ 139

The Nature and Role of Information.......................................................... 139

Text 32............................................................................................................ 139

Social welfare............................................................................................... 139

State and voluntary services..................................................................... 139

text 33............................................................................................................. 145

The nature and role of information........................................................... 145

text 34............................................................................................................. 149

What is publicity and promotion?................................................................ 149

text 35............................................................................................................. 157

Models of communication............................................................................ 157

Text 36............................................................................................................ 159

Public relations............................................................................................ 159

text 37............................................................................................................. 164

Sales promotion............................................................................................. 164

text 38............................................................................................................. 165

The use of agencies........................................................................................ 165

ЛИТЕРАТУРА.................................................................................................. 182

LITERATURE................................................................................................... 182

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INTRODUCTION
Тексты и упражнения, предназначенные для обучения студентов реферированию и аннотированию технических текстов, объединены нами в два раздела. Первый раздел содержит небольшие по объему нау

Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text. 2. Read the text and state the main idea. 3. Write a logical plan of the text. 4. Suggest a suitable t

Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text. 2. Read the text and state the main ideas. 3. Write a logical plan of the text. 4. Suggest a suitable

Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text. 2. Read the text and state the main ideas. 3. Write the logical plan of the text. 4. Suggest a suitab

Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text. 2. Read the text and state the main idea. 3. Write the logical plan of the text. 4.

Summary of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" deals with the problem of employing automatic machines in our life. Firstly the author defines what is automation. He says that automation is a c

Abstract of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" is about employing automatic machines in our life. The author gives a definition of automation, speaks about its three main elements, about its role in ma

Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text: the fundamental principles of a computer; to receive education; to be under the influence of; to be u

Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text: to perform an experiment, to be precise, to make sure, to be accustomed to, to be engrossed in someth

Exercises
I. Read the text and state the main idea. II. Write a logical plan of the text. III. Find key sentences in every paragraph. IV. Make up a summary and an abstract of the t

SUPPLEMENT
Astronomy - astronomer Geography - geographer Biochemistry - biochemist History - historian Biology - biolog

Galileo and on
History helps to demonstrate why experiment has come to be important. The "scientific revolution" took place during the 16th and 17th centuries: explanations of nature derived from Aristo

In real laboratories
In the end, Lavoisier won the dispute with Priestley. The chemistry student in Las Palmas is producing oxygen at one electrode and hydrogen at another when the electrolyses water, not manipulating

Unit 1. Computers and Communication
Perform the following algorithm to all the texts given below. 1. Read the text and translate it with a dictionary. 2. Divide eac

Early Computing Machines and Inventors
The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in use today, may be considered the first computer. The device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding

COSMONAUTICS
Text 10 Collaboration the key A subtle change, appears to have occurred across the aero engine industry since our last review six months ago.

ECONOMICS
Text 21 THE NATIONAL ECONOMY Background Britain ranks about 75th in size among the countries of the world, with about 0-18

Two Economic Issues
Trying to understand what economics is about by studying definitions is like trying to learn to swim by reading an instruction manual. Formal analysis makes sense only once you have

Business Organization
In the UK businesses are self-employed sole traders, partnerships, or companies. Self-employment increased throughout the 1980s and sole traders are by far the commonest type of bus

The Bank of England
The Bank of England, usually known simply as the Bank, is the central bank of the UK. For historical reasons, it is divided into an Issue Department and a Banking Department, each w

Money and its Functions
Although the crucial feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment or medium of exchange, money has three other functions. It serves as a unit of account, as a store of

Money and Inflation
In this section we develop the basic link between the nominal money supply and the price level. In turn, this provides a link between the rate of growth of the nominal money supply

Nationalized Industries
In Chapter 16 we distinguished between government production of public goods such as defence and government production of private goods such as steel. The nationalized industries ar

The Pattern of World Trade
Since every international transaction has both a buyer and a seller, one country's imports must be another country's exports. To get an idea of how much trade takes place, we can co

The Nature and Role of Information
Text 32 Social welfare State and voluntary services In Britain the State is now responsible, through either central or local government, f