1. David Begg. Economics, – London, 1991. – c 32, 96, 402, 497, 530.
2. John B.C. Haldane. Popular Scientific Essays. – М.: Наука, 1987.
3. Бурдонская Р.Д., Ляпунов В.Г., Мешков О.Д. Тексты по организации науки и системе образования в Великобритании. – М., 1987. – с 64.
4. Шахова Н.И., Рейнгольд В.Г., Салистра В.М. и др. Learn to Read Science. – М.: 1980. – с 43, 46,64.
5. The Economist. 1992/
6. Aircraft and Aerospace. 1995 – 99 гг.
7. Airspace 1992 – 1999 гг.
8. Britain 1992 – 1999 гг.
9. Fountain 1998 – 1999 гг.
10.Newsweek 1999 гг.
11.Flight 1997 – 1999 гг.
12.Don Milner. Advertizing & Promotion. John Murrey (Publishers) Ltd., Graet Britain, London., 1995.
CONTENTS
ВВЕДЕНИЕ........................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 4
КРАТКИЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АННОТИРОВАНИИ И РЕФЕРИРОВАНИИ.. 5
(INFORMATION ABOUT ABSTRACTS AND SUMMARIES)........................ 5
TEXT 1................................................................................................................ 8
TEXT 2................................................................................................................ 8
TEXT 3................................................................................................................ 9
TEXT 4................................................................................................................ 9
ALUMINIUM...................................................................................................... 9
Text 5................................................................................................................ 10
The Age of Automation................................................................................... 10
Text 6................................................................................................................ 12
How the First Computer Was Developed...................................................... 12
Text 7................................................................................................................ 13
Dr. Roentgen Discoveres X-Rays.................................................................. 13
Text 8................................................................................................................ 16
The US Patent System..................................................................................... 16
Text 9................................................................................................................ 17
Albert Einstein................................................................................................ 17
Text 10.............................................................................................................. 18
Frederic Hopkins.............................................................................................. 18
Text 11.............................................................................................................. 22
Carnegie Institution of Washington............................................................. 22
Text 12.............................................................................................................. 25
Schools Brief................................................................................................... 25
Text 13.............................................................................................................. 28
Laboratory for the human environment...................................................... 28
(John B. Pierce Foundation)........................................................................... 28
Text 14.............................................................................................................. 30
The Environment:............................................................................................ 30
Problems and solutions.................................................................................. 30
Text 15.............................................................................................................. 32
Averages.......................................................................................................... 32
Text 1................................................................................................................ 35
What Science Is................................................................................................ 35
Text 2................................................................................................................ 38
Scientific method and method of science...................................................... 38
Text 3................................................................................................................ 38
Mathematization of natural sciences.......................................................... 38
Text 4................................................................................................................ 39
Pure and applied science................................................................................. 39
Text 5................................................................................................................ 39
Science and Technology................................................................................. 39
Text 6................................................................................................................ 42
Scientific attitude........................................................................................... 42
Text 7................................................................................................................ 43
Research Fundamental and Applied, and the Public................................... 43
Text 8................................................................................................................ 45
How to Write a Popular Scientific Article.................................................. 45
Text 9................................................................................................................ 49
Men of science: Archimedes, Newton............................................................. 49
Text 10.............................................................................................................. 53
Four Industrial Revolutions......................................................................... 53
Text 11.............................................................................................................. 54
Efficiency in Engineering Operation............................................................. 54
Text 12.............................................................................................................. 56
Murphy's Law................................................................................................... 56
Text 13.............................................................................................................. 57
Educating Our Mind....................................................................................... 57
Unit 1. Computers and Communication......................................................... 60
Text 1................................................................................................................ 60
Computers: History and Development.......................................................... 60
Text 2................................................................................................................ 67
The history, development and classification of robots............................. 67
TEXT 3.............................................................................................................. 70
A brief history of the Internet...................................................................... 70
Text 4................................................................................................................ 71
Computer assisted language learning.......................................................... 71
Text 5................................................................................................................ 73
A chip off the off block................................................................................... 73
Text 6................................................................................................................ 74
The Electronic Tongue................................................................................... 74
Text 7................................................................................................................ 75
Bill Takes it on the Chin................................................................................. 75
Text 8................................................................................................................ 79
The turning of telecoms................................................................................. 79
Text 9................................................................................................................ 80
Advances in Radar Imaging............................................................................ 80
UNIT II............................................................................................................... 82
COSMONAUTICS............................................................................................ 82
Text 10.............................................................................................................. 82
Collaboration the key................................................................................... 82
Text 11.............................................................................................................. 86
'Fly'-ing into the future.................................................................................. 86
Text 12.............................................................................................................. 87
Sukhoi............................................................................................................... 87
Text 13.............................................................................................................. 88
New Flight Testing Technologies.................................................................. 88
Text 14.............................................................................................................. 90
No limit to air cargo's future........................................................................ 90
Text 15.............................................................................................................. 93
Ilyushin-76MF: A new aircraft with good lineage...................................... 93
Text 16.............................................................................................................. 94
Problems and perspectives.............................................................................. 94
Cosmonautics and basic sciences................................................................... 94
Text 17.............................................................................................................. 96
Cosmonautics................................................................................................... 96
As a crucial dimension of Russia's national security................................. 96
Text 18.............................................................................................................. 97
Space flight...................................................................................................... 97
Orbits of international cooperation............................................................ 97
Text 19............................................................................................................ 100
Building blocks for orbital station........................................................... 100
Text 20............................................................................................................ 101
A load of old Junk........................................................................................ 101
UNIT III........................................................................................................... 103
ECONOMICS.................................................................................................. 103
Text 21............................................................................................................ 103
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY........................................................................ 103
text 22............................................................................................................. 108
Economics and the Economy........................................................................ 108
TExt 23........................................................................................................... 111
Demand, Supply, and the Market................................................................. 111
text 24............................................................................................................. 117
Business Organization and Behaviour....................................................... 117
Text 25............................................................................................................ 119
FINANCE........................................................................................................ 119
Text 26............................................................................................................ 124
Central Banking and the Monetary System.............................................. 124
Text 27............................................................................................................ 126
Money and Modern Banking........................................................................ 126
Text 28............................................................................................................ 129
Inflation......................................................................................................... 129
text 29............................................................................................................. 131
Nationalization and Privatization............................................................. 131
text 30............................................................................................................. 133
Taxes and Public Spending:.......................................................................... 133
The Government and Resource Allocation............................................... 133
text 31............................................................................................................. 136
International Trade and Commercial Policy............................................ 136
UNIT IV........................................................................................................... 139
SOCIAL WELFARE........................................................................................ 139
The Nature and Role of Information.......................................................... 139
Text 32............................................................................................................ 139
Social welfare............................................................................................... 139
State and voluntary services..................................................................... 139
text 33............................................................................................................. 145
The nature and role of information........................................................... 145
text 34............................................................................................................. 149
What is publicity and promotion?................................................................ 149
text 35............................................................................................................. 157
Models of communication............................................................................ 157
Text 36............................................................................................................ 159
Public relations............................................................................................ 159
text 37............................................................................................................. 164
Sales promotion............................................................................................. 164
text 38............................................................................................................. 165
The use of agencies........................................................................................ 165
ЛИТЕРАТУРА.................................................................................................. 182
LITERATURE................................................................................................... 182