Exercises - раздел Лингвистика, Аннотирование и реферирование английской научно-технической литературы 1. Give Russian Equivalents Of The Words Distinghisted In The Text.
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1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main idea.
3. Write the logical plan of the text.
4. Express the main idea of the text in Russian (in English).
Text 5
The Age of Automation
1. "Automation" has been, and still is, a greatly misused word, but its proper meaning, and therefore its implications, is gradually becoming better understood. Well, automation is a concept through which a machine system is operating with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurements, observation, and control of its behaviour. It involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system, so that the best corrective action can be applied immediately they become necessary. Automation in this true sense is brought about only through exploitation of its three main elements communication, computation, and control-"the three Cs".
2. Provided with the assistance of a computer the managers are free to concentrate on making policy decisions and on changing the decision of the computer if trey feel the operation does not really make the best sense. Without automation, the manager would have to spend his time making a series of decisions on the basis of very limited information and a great deal of experience. The computeraided manager is in a completely different position. Before he gets it, and even before he needs it, the information is processed, all action which can be decided by the machine already taken, giving him the important facts in a clear-cut form, so that he may sometimes be faced with one, two or three basic choices. He still has to make his selection of these choices, but he knows what the choices are, and he knows the consequences of his choices in advance, because the computer allows hit to test then. Before he makes his final decision, he will probably ask the computer a question: "If I decide to do this instead of that, what will the consequence be?" And be may then find, from the answer the computer gives him, that he has to refer the problem to his superior for a final decision.
3. Mention should be made that automation does not in the least replace human decisions on important problems. It makes sure that the people who have to make these decisions have adequate pre-digested information to work on. It is not a question of machines replacing men: it is largely a question of extending men's abilities by machines so that in fact they become better, more competent men. If you want to see across the ocean, you must use radar. You cannot see across the ocean with a telescope: you have to use the most adequate tools for your purpose; the further you want to see, the most complex your tools have to be. In the same way, if you want someone thousands of miles away to hear you, you do not use a megaphone; you have to use telecommunications.
INTRODUCTION
Тексты и упражнения, предназначенные для обучения студентов реферированию и аннотированию технических текстов, объединены нами в два раздела.
Первый раздел содержит небольшие по объему нау
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main idea.
3. Write a logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitable t
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main ideas.
3. Write a logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitable
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main ideas.
3. Write the logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitab
Summary of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" deals with the problem of employing automatic machines in our life.
Firstly the author defines what is automation. He says that automation is a c
Abstract of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" is about employing automatic machines in our life. The author gives a definition of automation, speaks about its three main elements, about its role in ma
Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text:
the fundamental principles of a computer; to receive education; to be under the influence of; to be u
Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text:
to perform an experiment, to be precise, to make sure, to be accustomed to, to be engrossed in someth
Exercises
I. Read the text and state the main idea.
II. Write a logical plan of the text.
III. Find key sentences in every paragraph.
IV. Make up a summary and an abstract of the t
SUPPLEMENT
Astronomy - astronomer
Geography - geographer
Biochemistry - biochemist
History - historian
Biology - biolog
Galileo and on
History helps to demonstrate why experiment has come to be important. The "scientific revolution" took place during the 16th and 17th centuries: explanations of nature derived from Aristo
In real laboratories
In the end, Lavoisier won the dispute with Priestley. The chemistry student in Las Palmas is producing oxygen at one electrode and hydrogen at another when the electrolyses water, not manipulating
Unit 1. Computers and Communication
Perform the following algorithm to all the texts given below.
1. Read the text and translate it with a dictionary.
2. Divide eac
Early Computing Machines and Inventors
The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in use today, may be considered the first computer. The device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding
COSMONAUTICS
Text 10
Collaboration the key
A subtle change, appears to have occurred across the aero engine industry since our last review six months ago.
ECONOMICS
Text 21
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Background
Britain ranks about 75th in size among the countries of the world, with about 0-18
Two Economic Issues
Trying to understand what economics is about by studying definitions is like trying to learn to swim by reading an instruction manual. Formal analysis makes sense only once you have
Business Organization
In the UK businesses are self-employed sole traders, partnerships, or companies. Self-employment increased throughout the 1980s and sole traders are by far the commonest type of bus
The Bank of England
The Bank of England, usually known simply as the Bank, is the central bank of the UK. For historical reasons, it is divided into an Issue Department and a Banking Department, each w
Money and its Functions
Although the crucial feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment or medium of exchange, money has three other functions. It serves as a unit of account, as a store of
Money and Inflation
In this section we develop the basic link between the nominal money supply and the price level. In turn, this provides a link between the rate of growth of the nominal money supply
Nationalized Industries
In Chapter 16 we distinguished between government production of public goods such as defence and government production of private goods such as steel. The nationalized industries ar
The Pattern of World Trade
Since every international transaction has both a buyer and a seller, one country's imports must be another country's exports. To get an idea of how much trade takes place, we can co
The Nature and Role of Information
Text 32
Social welfare
State and voluntary services
In Britain the State is now responsible, through either central or local government, f
LITERATURE
1. David Begg. Economics, – London, 1991. – c 32, 96, 402, 497, 530.
2. John B.C. Haldane. Popular Scientific Essays. – М.: Наука, 1987.
3. Бурдонская Р.Д., Ляпуно
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