Abstract of Text 5 - раздел Лингвистика, Аннотирование и реферирование английской научно-технической литературы The Text "the Age Of Automation" Is About Employing Automatic Machi...
The text "The Age of Automation" is about employing automatic machines in our life. The author gives a definition of automation, speaks about its three main elements, about its role in making a series of decisions on the basis of limited information.
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How the First Computer Was Developed
The first suggestion that a machine for mathematical computation could be built was made more than a hundred years ago by the mathematician Charles Babbage. We now realize that he understood clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers.
Babbage was born in Devonshire, England, in 1792. He did not receive a good education, but he taught himself mathematics so well that when he went to Cambridge he found that he knew more algebra than his tutor.
At that time mathematics in Cambridge was still under the influence of Newton and was quite unaffected by the contemporary developments on the Continent.
Babbage was outstanding among his contemporaries because he insisted on the practical application of science and mathematics. For example he wrote widely on the economic advantages on mass production, and on the development of machine-tools.
In 1812 he was sitting in his room looking at a table of logarithms which he knew to be full of mistakes when an idea occured to him of computing all tabuler functions by machinery. Babbage constructed a small working model which he demonstrated in 1822. The Royal Society supported the project and Babbage was promised a subsidy.
In 1833 he began to think of building a machine which was, in fact, the first universal digital computer, as the expression is understood today. Babbage devoted the rest of his life toan attempt to develop it. He had to finance the whole of his work himself, and he was only able to finish part of the machine though he prepared thousands of detailed drawings from which it could be made.
Babbage wrote more that eighty books and papers, but he was misunderstood by his contemporaries and died a disappointed man in 1871. He tried to solve by himself and with his own resources a series of problems which in the end required the united efforts of two generations of engineers.
After his death his son continued his work and built part of an arithmetic unit, which printed out its results directly on paper.
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Abstract of Text 5
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INTRODUCTION
Тексты и упражнения, предназначенные для обучения студентов реферированию и аннотированию технических текстов, объединены нами в два раздела.
Первый раздел содержит небольшие по объему нау
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main idea.
3. Write a logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitable t
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main ideas.
3. Write a logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitable
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main ideas.
3. Write the logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitab
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main idea.
3. Write the logical plan of the text.
4.
Summary of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" deals with the problem of employing automatic machines in our life.
Firstly the author defines what is automation. He says that automation is a c
Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text:
the fundamental principles of a computer; to receive education; to be under the influence of; to be u
Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text:
to perform an experiment, to be precise, to make sure, to be accustomed to, to be engrossed in someth
Exercises
I. Read the text and state the main idea.
II. Write a logical plan of the text.
III. Find key sentences in every paragraph.
IV. Make up a summary and an abstract of the t
SUPPLEMENT
Astronomy - astronomer
Geography - geographer
Biochemistry - biochemist
History - historian
Biology - biolog
Galileo and on
History helps to demonstrate why experiment has come to be important. The "scientific revolution" took place during the 16th and 17th centuries: explanations of nature derived from Aristo
In real laboratories
In the end, Lavoisier won the dispute with Priestley. The chemistry student in Las Palmas is producing oxygen at one electrode and hydrogen at another when the electrolyses water, not manipulating
Unit 1. Computers and Communication
Perform the following algorithm to all the texts given below.
1. Read the text and translate it with a dictionary.
2. Divide eac
Early Computing Machines and Inventors
The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in use today, may be considered the first computer. The device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding
COSMONAUTICS
Text 10
Collaboration the key
A subtle change, appears to have occurred across the aero engine industry since our last review six months ago.
ECONOMICS
Text 21
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Background
Britain ranks about 75th in size among the countries of the world, with about 0-18
Two Economic Issues
Trying to understand what economics is about by studying definitions is like trying to learn to swim by reading an instruction manual. Formal analysis makes sense only once you have
Business Organization
In the UK businesses are self-employed sole traders, partnerships, or companies. Self-employment increased throughout the 1980s and sole traders are by far the commonest type of bus
The Bank of England
The Bank of England, usually known simply as the Bank, is the central bank of the UK. For historical reasons, it is divided into an Issue Department and a Banking Department, each w
Money and its Functions
Although the crucial feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment or medium of exchange, money has three other functions. It serves as a unit of account, as a store of
Money and Inflation
In this section we develop the basic link between the nominal money supply and the price level. In turn, this provides a link between the rate of growth of the nominal money supply
Nationalized Industries
In Chapter 16 we distinguished between government production of public goods such as defence and government production of private goods such as steel. The nationalized industries ar
The Pattern of World Trade
Since every international transaction has both a buyer and a seller, one country's imports must be another country's exports. To get an idea of how much trade takes place, we can co
The Nature and Role of Information
Text 32
Social welfare
State and voluntary services
In Britain the State is now responsible, through either central or local government, f
LITERATURE
1. David Begg. Economics, – London, 1991. – c 32, 96, 402, 497, 530.
2. John B.C. Haldane. Popular Scientific Essays. – М.: Наука, 1987.
3. Бурдонская Р.Д., Ляпуно
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