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TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM - раздел Программирование,   Traffic Alert And Collision Avoidance Syst...

 

TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM

General

TCAS sends interrogation signals to nearby airplanes. These airplanes which are equipped with an air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS)… Using the information from the response signals and altitude of own airplane,… Targets are classified as one of these four types depending on the separation at CPA and the time it will take until…

Abbreviations and Acronyms

· abv - above · ADIRU - air data inertial reference unit · AGL - above ground level

TCAS - GENERAL DESCRIPTION

General

TCAS - COMPONENT LOCATION

General Description

· TCAS directional antennas (2) · TCAS computer · ATC/TCAS control panel.

Electronic Equipment Compartment

The TCAS computer is in the electronic equipment

compartment.

 

Flight Compartment

interface with TCAS: · Left electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) control panel · Left outboard display unit

TCAS - ANTENNA LOCATION

General

The top TCAS directional antenna is at station 385 on top of the fuselage. The bottom TCAS directional antenna is at station 305 on the bottom of the fuselage.

 

TCAS - POWER, ANTENNAS, ANALOG, DISCRETE INTERFACES AND PROGRAM PINS

General

· Top and bottom TCAS directional antennas · Landing gear lever switch · Proximity Switch Electronics Unit (PSEU)

Power

The TCAS computer gets 115v ac from AC transfer bus-1 through the TCAS circuit breaker on the P18 circuit breaker panel.

Antennas

There are two TCAS directional antennas. The TCAS directional antennas receive traffic airplane reply signals. They also transmit the TCAS interrogation signals.

Landing Gear Lever Switch

The discrete from the landing gear lever switch tells the TCAS computer that the landing gear is down. When the TCAS computer gets this discrete, the TCAS computer makes the bottom directional antenna become an omnidirectional antenna.

PSEU

The discrete from the PSEU supplies in-air or on-ground status to the TCAS computer. The air/ground discrete inhibits TCAS operation on the ground and inhibits tests when in the air. The air/ground discrete also controls flight leg increments in the TCAS nonvolatile memory.

GPWC - Advisory Inhibit Discretes

The GPWC sends one discrete to the TCAS computer. This discrete inhibits TCAS aural and visual warnings when the GPWC makes any voice message.

GPWC - Advisory Inhibit Discretes

The GPWC sends three discretes to the TCAS computer. These discretes inhibit TCAS aural and visual warnings during all GPWS modes except mode 6 (altitude callouts).

Weather Radar

The TCAS computer gets one discrete from the weather radar. This discrete inhibits all TCAS aural warnings and changes RAs to TAs when the weather radar makes a predictive windshear warning.

Suppression Input/Output

The TCAS computer gets a suppression pulse when an ATC transponder or DME interrogator transmits. When the TCAS computer transmits, it sends a suppression pulse to the ATC transponders and the DME interrogators.

DEU - Display Status

A discrete from either DEU goes to the TCAS computer when the DEU loses the ability to show TCAS displays. When the TCAS computer gets this discrete, the TCAS computer does not do these functions:

· Send TCAS display outputs to the DEU

· Send TCAS aurals to the REU

· Transmit coordination data to traffic airplanes with TCAS.

 

REU - TCAS Aurals - Voice Outputs

The TCAS computer sends resolution advisory (RA) and traffic advisory (TA) aural signals to the remote electronic unit (REU). The REU amplifies the RA and TA aurals. Then it sends them to the flight interphone speakers and headsets to alert the flight crew.

Program Pins

· Does not show airplanes that are on the ground when own airplane is below 1750 feet AGL · Inhibits self-test in the air · Controls the audio level of the voice outputs

TCAS - DIGITAL INTERFACES

General

The TCAS computer has digital interfaces with these

components:

· ATC 1 transponder

· ATC 2 transponder

· Radio altimeter 1 transceiver

· Radio altimeter 2 transceiver

· Left air data inertial reference unit (ADIRU)

· Display electronic unit 2 (DEU 2)

· Display electronic unit 1 (DEU 1)

· Flight data acquisition unit (FDAU).

 

ATC Transponder - Control and Coordination Data

· The TCAS mode selection (TA only or TA/RA) · Control of the altitude limits for the TCAS display that shows on the… The TCAS computer uses this data from the ATC transponder to calculate the climb or descent to prevent a collision: …

Radio Altimeter Inputs

At approximately 1700 feet, the TCAS computer uses radio altitude together with barometric altitude to determine intruders that are on the ground… At 1000 feet radio altitude, the TCAs computer inhibits resolution advisories and TA ONLY will show on the NDs.

TCAS Inputs from ADIRU

The left ADIRU supplies these inputs to the TCAS computer:

· Airplane roll attitude

· Airplane pitch attitude

· Airplane heading.

 

NOTE: Airplane heading is the only ADIRU input used by the TCAS computer.

NOTE: These inputs are not used by the TCAS computer at this time.

TCAS Outputs to DEUs

The TCAS computer supplies resolution advisory (RA) and traffic advisory (TA) data to the DEUs. This includes all traffic data for TCAS displays.

TCAS Outputs to the FDAU

The FDAU receives the same TCAS data that goes to the DEUs.

 

 

 

 

TCAS - DIGITAL INTERFACES

Purpose

The TCAS computer is the main component of the TCAS. It controls these functions:

· Surveillance

· Tracking

· Advisory

· Air-to-air maneuver coordination.

The TCAS computer sends signals which tell the flight crew to make one of these maneuvers:

· Keep the current flight plan

· Make flight maneuvers to prevent a possible collision with other airplanes in the area.

 

Physical Description

The TCAS computer is a 6 MCU size unit. It weighs 28 lbs (11.3 kg).

Functional Description

The TCAS computer transmits 1030 MHz pulse-coded interrogation signals. It receives 1090 MHz pulse-coded reply signals from intruder airplanes with an ATC transponder.

Front Panel LED Indications

· A green PASS to show that there is no TCAS computer failure · A red FAIL to show a TCAS computer failure

Front Panel Self-Test

You push the test switch on the front panel to start a test of the TCAS. The LED indications come on to show system status.

Performance Management Recording

The TCAS computer has a slot for a Personal Computer

Memory Card International (PCMCIA) card. The recorder

function provides the capability to store information about

TCAS events for post-flight analysis. These are the RECORD light emitting diodes (LEDs):

· An ACTIVE to show card recording

· A FULL to show card recording complete.

 

Front Panel Connectors

There is one connector on the front panel. You use it to load revised software and for automated test equipment.

 

 

TCAS - ATC/TCAS CONTROL PANEL

General

The ATC/TCAS control panel controls the TCAS computer.

Function Select Switch

You use the function select switch to select one of these TCAS modes:

· TA/RA mode. The displays show all targets. This is the

normal mode of operation for TCAS.

DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA

Physical Description

four array elements on the antenna. Each element has a color coded connector. The TCAS computer sends transmit interrogation signals to the array elements with different

CAUTION: DO NOT PAINT THE RADIATION SURFACE OR THE

BACKPLATE OF THE ANTENNA. PAINT DOES NOT

PERMIT THE ANTENNA TO RADIATE OR RECEIVE

RF SIGNALS.

CAUTION: TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE ANTENNA CABLES, DO NOT PULL ON THEM.

Training Information Point

   

TCAS - FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

General

replies from other airplanes. Airplanes that are tracked by TCAS are called targets. The TCAS computer uses these replies and data from other airplane systems to calculate if a target is a collision threat. The TCAS computer can…

I/O

The I/O circuit gets this on-board airplane systems data:

· Magnetic heading data from the left ADIRU

· Coordination and control data from the ATC transponder system

· Barometric altitude from the left or right ADIRU from the

active ATC

· Radio altitude from the radio altimeters

· Resolution advisory status from the DEUs

· Landing gear down discrete from the landing gear lever

switch

· Aural inhibit discrete interface with the GPWC

· Aural inhibit discrete interface with the weather radar

· Air/ground data from the PSEU.

 

Program pins set these parameters in the TCAS computer:

· Altitude limits

· Aural warning volume levels

· Self test inhibits

· Standby on ground

· Intruders on ground disabled.

The I/O circuits send this data to the CPU.

CPU

The CPU gets the data from the inputs of the I/O and puts it into

memory. The CPU combines the input data and the data it

receives from the signal processor. The CPU makes the

necessary calculations for the TCAS displays and aural

messages.

The CPU sends TCAS display data to the CDS DEUs. It shows on these indicators:

· Attitude indicators (AI)

· Navigation display (ND)

 

The CPU sends the display data to the flight data acquisition unit (FDAU).

It also sends signals through the speech processor circuits to the REU to make TCAS aurals.

Signal Processor

receiver/processor and changes it to digital signals. The signal processor does these functions: · Uses time measurement logic and the bearing information to calculate the intruder airplane range and bearing

Suppression

The suppression circuit sends a suppression pulse when the TCAS computer transmits. The TCAS computer receives a suppression pulse when an onboard ATC transponder or DME interrogator system transmits. This suppression pulse stops the TCAS computer receiver and transmitter circuits.

Speech Processor

When there is a TA, RA, or during a self-test, the TCAS computer sends signals to the speech processor. The speech processor sends the aural alerts to the REU. The REU sends them to the flight compartment.

During aural annunciations the GPWC sends an analog discrete to the TCAS computer to prevent TCAS advisories.

During predictive windshear annunciations the weather radar sends an analog discrete to the TCAS computer to prevent TCAS advisories.

Receiver Processor

The receiver gets the target replies from the antennas. The receiver uses the phase of the received signals to determine the bearing of the target. The receiver sends the signal to the signal processor to calculate the range to the target. The receiver decodes the target altitude from the reply signal. The receiver also receives and decodes coordination replies from targets equipped with TCAS.

 

Transmitter

The transmitter has a 1030 MHz output. The transmitter gets signals from the signal processor. The transmitter sends the formatted signals to the beam steering and attenuator (ATT) circuits. The transmitter controls the beam steering circuits and whisper/shout attenuator.

Beam Steering and Attenuator Circuits

During receive, the phase of the received signals is different in each element. These beam steering circuit sends the signals to the receiver. The TCAS computer receives a discrete input from the landing gear lever…

BITE

The TCAS computer has BITE. The BITE continuously monitors TCAS for system faults and interface faults during normal operation. Also, when you start a self-test, the BITE makes test signals and sends them to the signal processor and receiver/ transmitter circuits. The BITE monitors for system faults and interface faults during the self-test.

When the BITE detects a fault through the continuous fault monitor, the fault goes into the fault memory. It also goes to the I/O circuits for output to the CDS DEUs and the FDAU.

When the BITE detects a fault during a self-test, the fault data goes to the I/O and then to these systems:

· DEUs

· REU* FDAU

· TCAS computer status LEDs if test is done from computer front panel.

 

Directional Antenna

The directional antenna has four elements spaced 90 degrees apart. Each element is independent of the others and has it own coaxial connector.

 

 

 

 

TCAS - BASIC OPERATION

General

· Whisper-shout for ATCRBS transponders · Mode S. The TCAS finds and monitors all of the airplanes within range that have ATCRBS or mode S transponders. The TCAS…

Whisper-Shout Interrogation

The airplanes that are near receive the lower power (whisper) interrogations. The airplanes that are far away do not receive these low power signals… The TCAS transmits a suppression pulse as the interrogation power increases.…

Mode S Interrogation

Mode S transponders transmit a squitter signal once each second. The signals contain a 24-bit airplane address. The TCAS listens for mode S squitter signal transmissions from airplanes that have mode S transponders. When the TCAS receives an address, it puts that airplane on a roll call list. The TCAS then interrogates the mode S transponder of the traffic airplane with the discrete 24-bit airplane address on the roll call list.

TCAS Data Calculation

The TCAS computer uses the round-trip time of the reply signal to calculate the range and range rate of the target. It uses the direction of the… · altitude · altitude rate

Air-to-Air Coordination

If the target also has TCAS, the two TCAS computers communicate with each other using the mode S transponders. Both TCAS computers calculate an escape path if it is necessary. Both TCAS computers send the escape path to the mode S transponder in the other airplane. This sets up the airto-air mode S data link between the airplanes.

 

 

 

TCAS - SURVEILLANCE AREA

General

The TCAS tracks and evaluates up to 30 airplanes that are in the surveillance area. Airplanes in the surveillance area are put into one of these four groups:

· Resolution advisory (RA) group

· Traffic advisory (TA) group

· Proximate traffic

· Other traffic.

 

TCAS has a maximum surveillance area that is 8700 feet above and below your airplane. It has a range of 40 nm.

RA and TA Groups

The protected area represents the time until the target will be at the closest point of approach (CPA) to the TCAS airplane. This protected area is… To calculate the TAU, the TCAS computer uses this data: · Own airplane altitude

Proximate Traffic and Other Traffic

Proximate traffic is an airplane with a relative altitude

separation less than 1200 feet, is in a 6 nm radius of your

airplane, and is not a TA or RA threat.

Other traffic is an airplane with a range more than 6 nm that is not a TA or RA threat. If the range is less than 6 nm, the relative altitude must be more than 1200 feet.

 

 

TCAS - CONTROL AND DISPLAY

General

The EFIS control panel and the ATC control panel control the TCAS data that shows on the displays.

EFIS Control Panel

· Expanded approach · Expanded VOR · Expanded map

ATC/TCAS Control Panel

The function selector puts the TCAS computer in the TA only or TA/RA mode. In the TA only mode, the TCAS does not supply RA traffic symbols or… The ND shows the relative altitude of the target above or below the symbol.

TCAS - NAVIGATION DISPLAY

General

· Other traffic shows as a white open diamond, and the altitude readout is white text · Proximate traffic shows as a solid white diamond, and the altitude readout… · Traffic advisory (TA) shows as a solid amber circle, and the altitude readout is amber text

Range Data

Push the TFC switch on the EFIS control panel to show TCAS data. The range the EFIS control panel selects also shows on the ND.

Altitude Readout

Relative altitude shows in the same color as the traffic symbol on the NDs.

Altitude Separation

If the altitude separation is less than 100 feet, 00 shows. If the altitude separation cannot be calculated, the altitude display does not show.

Absolute Altitude

The target sends barometric altitude to the TCAS computer. This altitude shows in thousands and hundreds of feet. If the traffic is above, the digits show above the traffic symbol. If the traffic is below, the digits show below the traffic.

If the altitude cannot be calculated, the altitude display does not show.

Vertical Motion Arrow

A vertical motion arrow shows on the right side of the traffic symbol. It is the same color as the traffic symbol.

The arrow points down if the traffic airplane goes down at a rate more than or equal to 500 fpm. The arrow points up if the traffic airplane is in a climb at a rate more than or equal to 500 fpm. The arrow does not show for rates less than 500 fpm.

TCAS Messages

· TFC shows in cyan in the CTR MAP and EXP MAP, VOR and APP modes. It shows the TCAS traffic display is active. The TFC switch on the EFIS control… · TA ONLY shows in cyan and in all modes. It shows that TCAS is not… · TCAS TEST shows in cyan and in all modes. It shows that TCAS is in the test mode. It shows if the TFC switch on the…

OFFSCALE

This message shows in these navigation display modes: · Center (CTR) MAP* Expanded (EXP) MAP · Expanded (EXP) VOR

TRAFFIC

The red TRAFFIC message shows any time there is an RA. The amber TRAFFIC message shows any time there is a TA and no RA. The TRAFFIC message shows in all ND formats with the TFC switch on the EFIS control panel set to ON or OFF.

RA and TA No-Bearing Traffic

TCAS loses the bearing of the RA or TA traffic. The bottom directional antenna becomes an omnidirectional antenna when the landing gear is down. When this happens, the bottom

TCAS - ATTITUDE INDICATOR DISPLAY

General

These are the two types of TCAS vertical resolution advisories that can show on the attitude indicator (AI):

· TCAS RA - down advisory

· TCAS RA - up advisory.

These symbols only show for an RA when:

· The function selector on the ATC control panel is in the TA/

RA position

· The TCAS communicates with threat airplanes that give their altitude. Description

The red advisories show on the attitude display. They tell the flight crew to avoid some pitch movements.

The flight crew uses the advisories to avoid a possible collision with threat airplanes.

 

 

 

TCAS - AURAL MESSAGES

General

Aural advisory messages occur during these conditions:

· Traffic advisories (TA)

· Resolution advisories (RA)

· TCAS system tests.

 

Traffic Advisory Aural

When a traffic advisory occurs, the aural message TRAFFIC TRAFFIC comes on. This message tells the flight crew to monitor the display for intruder traffic.

Resolution Advisory

These are the two types of aural messages that can come on during a resolution advisory (RA):

· Preventive action RA

· Corrective action RA.

 

Preventive Action RA

This type of RA occurs when at the closest point of approach (CPA) the present vertical speed results in a safe altitude separation from the threat airplane. When this happens, the aural advisory is MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED - MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED. This message tells the flight crew to do these things:

· Maintain the flight path

 

Preventive Action RA

These are the aural messages for the preventive action RA: · MONITOR VERTICAL SPEED · MAINTAIN VERTICAL SPEED, MAINTAIN

Corrective Action RA

· CLIMB - CLIMB - CLIMB. The flight crew must climb at a rate to avoid the preventive up advisory. · CLIMB CROSSING CLIMB - CLIMB CROSSING CLIMB. The flight crew must climb at… · REDUCE CLIMB - REDUCE CLIMB. The flight crew must reduce the rate of climb to avoid the preventive down advisory. …

Corrective Action RA

· CLIMB - CLIMB. The flight crew must climb at a rate to avoid the preventive up advisory. · CLIMB CROSSING CLIMB - CLIMB CROSSING CLIMB. The flight crew must climb at… · ADJUST VERTICAL SPEED - ADJUST. The flight crew must reduce the rate of climb to avoid the preventive down…

Increase Corrective Action RA

· INCREASE CLIMB - INCREASE CLIMB. This follows the CLIMB advisory. The range of advised climb rates shifts to tell the flight crew to increase the… · INCREASE DESCENT - INCREASE DESCENT. This follows the DESCEND advisory. The… · CLIMB, CLIMB NOW - CLIMB, CLIMB NOW. This follows the DESCEND advisory. A climb is now necessary to give safe…

Self-Test Aural

At the completion of the self-test, the TCAS computer sends the status aural to the flight compartment. TCAS SYSTEM FAIL indicates that the TCAS computer has a failure. TCAS SYSTEM TEST FAIL indicates an input to the TCAS system has a failure.

 

 

 

TCAS - SELF-TEST INDICATIONS ON DISPLAYS

General

You can start a self-test from the ATC/TCAS control panel or from the TCAS computer front panel test switch.

During a test, TCAS test signals go to these:

· NDs

· ADIs

· Front panel of the TCAS computer.

At the end of the test, a TCAS test aural goes to the flight

interphone speakers.

 

TCAS Self-Test Indications - ND

· A cyan message, TCAS TEST · A red message, TRAFFIC · Amber TA traffic symbol at the 9:00 position, -200 feet relative altitude with an up vertical motion arrow and 2 nm…

TCAS Self-Test Indications – AI

If the test passes, the AI shows the red RA up and down

advisory cues.

If the test fails, the AI does not show any RA advisories.

 

 

TCAS - SELF-TEST INDICATIONS ON TCAS COMPUTER FRONT PANEL

Front Panel Self-Test

· All LEDs come on for one second to do a test of the LEDs · All LEDs go off for one second · Applicable LED comes on to show the status of the TCAS or the TCAS interfaces.

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