General - раздел Программирование, TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM The Traffic Alert And Collision Avoidance System (Tcas) Helps The Flight Crew...
The traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) helps the flight crew maintain safe air traffic separation from other ATC transponder equipped airplanes. TCAS is an airborne system and operates independently of the ground-based ATC system.
TCAS sends interrogation signals to nearby airplanes. These airplanes which are equipped with an air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) transponder or an air traffic control (ATC) mode S transponder respond to these interrogations. TCAS uses these response signals to calculate the range, relative bearing, and altitude of the responding airplane. If a responding airplane does not report altitude, TCAS cannot calculate the altitude of that airplane. Airplanes tracked by TCAS are called targets.
Using the information from the response signals and altitude of own airplane, TCAS calculates the relative movement between own airplane and the target. TCAS then calculates how close the target will be to own airplane at the closest point of approach (CPA).
Targets are classified as one of these four types depending on the separation at CPA and the time it will take until CPA occurs:
· Other traffic
· Proximate traffic
· Intruders
· Threats.
Each type of target has a different symbol on the display.
If the separation at CPA is within certain limits, TCAS provides advisory messages to the flight crew. TCAS provides two levels of advisories to the flight crew, traffic advisory (TA) and resolution advisory (RA). The type of advisory is determined by a combination of altitude, the time to CPA, and the separation at CPA. The TA shows for relatively longer times to CPA and relatively larger separation at CPA and is for intruder targets. The RA shows for relatively shorter times to CPA and relatively smaller separation at CPA and is for threat targets.
The TA shows the range, bearing, and relative altitude (if relative altitude is known) of the intruder target. The RA also gives visual and aural commands to the flight crew to make sure there is safe vertical separation from the threat target. TCAS also communicates with other airplanes that have TCAS to coordinate the flight movement to prevent a collision.
TRAFFIC ALERT AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM General TCAS sends interrogation signals to nearby... TCAS GENERAL... TCAS COMPONENT LOCATION General Description TCAS directional...
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General
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
· abs - absolute
· abv - above
· ADIRU - air data inertial reference unit
· AGL - above ground level
· AI - attitude indicator
· ant - antenna
General
The TCAS transmits to and receives signals from other airplanes to get altitude, range, and bearing data. The other airplanes report their own altitudes. The range of the other airplanes is calcula
General Description
These are the TCAS components:
· TCAS directional antennas (2)
· TCAS computer
· ATC/TCAS control panel.
TCAS interfaces with these other system components:
Flight Compartment
These are the components in the flight compartment that
interface with TCAS:
· Left electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) control panel
· Left outboard display unit
General
The TCAS computer has analog and discrete interfaces with these components:
· Top and bottom TCAS directional antennas
· Landing gear lever switch
· Proximity Switch Elec
Program Pins
These are the functions for the program pins on the TCAS computer:
· Does not show airplanes that are on the ground when own airplane is below 1750 feet AGL
· Inhibits self-test i
ATC Transponder - Control and Coordination Data
When you select an ATC transponder, it sends this ATC control panel data to the TCAS computer:
· The TCAS mode selection (TA only or TA/RA)
· Control of the altitude limits for th
Radio Altimeter Inputs
The TCAS computer gets radio altitude from radio altimeter 1 and 2 transceivers although only one input is necessary for TCAS operation. The data is used by the TCAS computer to calculate some sens
Front Panel LED Indications
These are the status light emitting diodes (LEDs):
· A green PASS to show that there is no TCAS computer
failure
· A red FAIL to show a TCAS computer failure
· A
Physical Description
The directional antenna is a phased array antenna. There are
four array elements on the antenna. Each element has a color
coded connector. The TCAS computer sends transmit
Training Information Point
An antenna connection includes the coax cable and an antenna element. The TCAS computer checks the resistance of each antenna connection at power-up. The TCAS computer reports an antenna fault when
General
The TCAS computer transmits interrogations to and receives
replies from other airplanes. Airplanes that are tracked by
TCAS are called targets. The TCAS computer uses these
Signal Processor
The signal processor gets bearing information from the
receiver/processor and changes it to digital signals. The
signal processor does these functions:
· Uses time measur
Beam Steering and Attenuator Circuits
The beam steering circuits send the signals to the four antenna elements. During transmit, the beam steering circuit controls the phase relationships of the four RF outputs. The whisper/ shout atte
General
TCAS transmits these two types of interrogation signals:
· Whisper-shout for ATCRBS transponders
· Mode S.
The TCAS finds and monitors all of the airplanes within range t
Whisper-Shout Interrogation
The TCAS uses an ATCRBS all-call whisper-shout interrogation to look for airplanes that have an ATCRBS transponder. The whisper-shout procedure changes the strength of the interrogation pulse in ma
TCAS Data Calculation
When the TCAS interrogates a target, the reply signal from the target usually contains the airplane altitude and any information requested by TCAS.
The TCAS computer uses the round-trip ti
RA and TA Groups
The TCAS forms two protected areas around its own airplane. The dimensions of these protected areas change with airspeed and altitude of the TCAS airplane and the closure rate of the target.
EFIS Control Panel
To show the TCAS data on the display, put the mode selector on the EFIS control panel in one of these modes:
· Expanded approach
· Expanded VOR
· Expanded map
·
ATC/TCAS Control Panel
The ATC/TCAS control panel sends control data through the ATC Mode S transponder to the TCAS computer. The TCAS computer sends this data to the DEU for display.
The function selector puts
General
The TCAS computer puts traffic into these four groups:
· Other traffic shows as a white open diamond, and the altitude readout is white text
· Proximate traffic shows as a solid w
Altitude Separation
The TCAS computer calculates the altitude separation between own airplane and the target. It uses the barometric altitudes of the airplanes to do this. The altitude separation shows on the ND in hu
TCAS Messages
The ND can show these messages for TCAS:
· TFC shows in cyan in the CTR MAP and EXP MAP, VOR and APP modes. It shows the TCAS traffic display is active. The TFC switch on the EFIS control
OFFSCALE
The OFFSCALE message shows on the ND when an RA or TA is outside the current ND display area. The TFC switch on the EFIS control panel must be set to ON to show the OFFSCALE message. If an RA is ou
RA and TA No-Bearing Traffic
The no-bearing RA and TA messages show on the ND when
TCAS loses the bearing of the RA or TA traffic. The bottom
directional antenna becomes an omnidirectional antenna when
Preventive Action RA
This type of RA occurs when at the closest point of approach (CPA) the present vertical speed results in a safe altitude separation from the threat airplane. When this happens, the aural advisory c
Corrective Action RA
This type of RA occurs when the altitude separation at the CPA is not safe. These RA aural advisories tell the flight crew to take corrective action to avoid a possible collision:
· CLIMB
Corrective Action RA
This type of RA occurs when the altitude separation at the CPA is not safe. These RA aural advisories tell the flight crew to take corrective action to avoid a possible collision:
· CLIMB
Increase Corrective Action RA
This type of RA tells the flight crew to increase the corrective maneuvers because of maneuver changes from the threat airplane or because the flight crew did not react quickly enough to the initia
TCAS Self-Test Indications - ND
If the test passes, the ND shows this data:
· A cyan message, TCAS TEST
· A red message, TRAFFIC
· Amber TA traffic symbol at the 9:00 position, -200 feet relative altitu
Front Panel Self-Test
Push and hold the test switch on the front panel for one second. This starts a self-test. During the test, the front panel shows these indications:
· All LEDs come on for one second to do
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