BIOLOGY IN OUR LIFE - раздел Биология, МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ З КУРСУ ОСНОВНИЙ КУРС Змістовий модуль 1. Біологія – наука про живі організми ІМЕНІ В.О. СУХОМЛИНСЬКОГО Biology Is The Science Of Life And People Who Are Engaged In It Are Called Bi...
Biology is the science of life and people who are engaged in it are called biologists. They study the secrets of living things. Their discoveries are of great value to all mankind.
Biology tells us about our body: how it is constructed and how it functions. It gives us important information about other living things and how their lives affect mankind. Knowledge of biology will help you to keep healthy. It will be your guide in solving many of everyday living and scientific problems.
Biologists made a great contribution to science. They increased our food supply, they developed new and better varieties of plants and animals. Scientific methods of farming gave us much more food. Biologists control many diseases. They saved millions of lives by discovering the causes of these diseases and methods of prevention and cure. Vaccines, penicillin and other antibiotics are products of the biological laboratory.
Biologists solved many mysteries of the body. They discovered how blood circulates, how food is digested and many other secrets of life. They are now working in different fields of biology and their studies may lead to a solution of many problems.
A biologist's laboratory is a fascinating place. In it you may find a variety of plants and animals, some of which are invisible to the naked eye. There are powerful microscopes and other instruments. One of the most important tools of a scientist is his laboratory notebook. He always keeps very complete and accurate records of his observations and experiments.
In carrying out his work biologists use the scientific method that is:
1) They find out everything that is known about the problem by reading or by discussing the matter with others.
2) They think of several possible explanations or solutions. Some of these will prove to be wrong. One or more of the others may be right.
3) They test all the possibilities by experiments. They repeat the experiment several times. They make every effort to prevent errors.
4) When they reache a conclusion, they inform other scientists who may repeat the work.
Notes to the text:
to be of great value – мати велике значення, цінність
to keep healthy – бути здоровим
to make a contribution – зробити внесок
to be acquainted with – бути ознайомленим з
according to – згідно з
to do one's best – старатися
3. Translate the following words bearing in mind the meaning of the affixes and memorize them:
to engage (v), engagement (n)
to discover {v)), discoverer (n), discovery (n)
to value (v), value (n), valuable (adj)
to construct (v), construction (n), constructive (adj)
importance (n), important (adj)
to know (v), knowledge (n)
to develop (v), developer (n), development (n)
to vary (v), variety (n); variation (n), various (adj), variable (adj)
to acquaint (v), acquaintance (n) mystery (n), mysterious (adj)
to observe (v), observer (n), observation (n)
to specialize (v), specialist (n), speciality (n), special (adj)
4. State the parts of speech and underline the suffixes:
science, information, to function, engagement, to circulate, biological, preventive, digestion, constructor, possibility, to repeat, knowledge, various, specialize, to inform
5. Supply the three forms of the following verbs:
to tell, to say, to speak, to give, to keep, to make, to lead, to begin, to be, to do, to choose, to know
6. Define the tense of the predicate and put the sentences into the interrogative and negative forms:
1) He is a good biologist.
2) These scientists work at a very interesting problem.
3) He solved this difficult problem.
4) My teacher developed a new plant.
5) They began to investigate this problem last year.
6) Animals and plants live under different conditions.
7) Life exists in many places on the earth.
8) Some animals can exist under the immense pressure of the deep seas.
9) Biologists solved many mysteries of the body.
10) Students of the biological faculty study different subjects.
7. Read and translate the text and reproduce it:
I am a student of the Faculty of Natural Sciences. Our faculty is one of the largest faculties of the University. We study different subjects: Botany, Anatomy, Microbiology and many others. Besides these subjects we study Economy, Philosophy and English. We study English to be able to read scientific books on biology.
There are many departments in our faculty: of botany, of zoology, of microbiology, of physiology of man and animals, of physiology, of plants, of genetics, of soil science, of conservation of nature, of bionics, etc. Besides there are research laboratories and museums. Every student has an opportunity to work in modern, well-equipped laboratories, where different problems of biology are under investigation.
Students are acquainted with all branches of biology. They are lectured in various subjects of natural science, namely botany, zoology, anatomy, microbiology, biophysics, biochemistry, soil science, bionics, genetics.
During the first two years they attend lectures on mathematics, physics, chemistry, political subjects and foreign languages. In the third year more narrow specialization begins. They have several specialized courses and additional practical and research work in the subject they chose as their future speciality. Besides attending lectures they may join some scientific circle and choose a problem to work on according to their bents. All of them know that biology is the science of glorious past and great future. They do their best to acquire as much knowledge as possible.
Graduates of the biological faculty are assigned to work at laboratories, schools, research institutes. Those who have a bent for research work may apply for a post-graduate course of study.
8. Translate the text without a dictionary trying to guess the meaning of the unfamiliar words from the context:
Biology gives us an acquaintance with the world of living things and an understanding of some of the great fundamental laws and processes of nature. There are many special fields of knowledge and many pha5es and principles to which elementary training in general biology is essential.
These include medicine, physiology, agriculture, horticulture, forestry, sanitation, hygiene and many others. Because man is an organism subject to the same laws which govern all living things and is built according to the same plan as other higher animals, an elementary knowledge of biology gives us a basis for an understanding of our own body.
9. Translate the following into English:
Біологія – наука про живі організми. Вона вивчає таємниці живої природи: як влаштовані живі організми, як вони функціонують. Результати досліджень біологів мають велике значення для розвитку багатьох галузей науки. Відкриття біологів допомагають розв’язати багато проблем сучасної науки, зрозуміти взаємозв’язок (interrelation) між живими організмами та оточуючим середовищем (environment). Визначення сутності життя (essence of life) – одне з провідних завдань загальної біології.
10. Get ready for the following imaginary situations:
1. You are the Dean of the biological faculty. Tomorrow you are to speak to the first-year students. What would you tell them? What would you wish your future students?
2. Students of various faculties meet at a tourist camp. Everybody speaks about the importance of the science he studies. Prove that biology is the most vital of all the sciences.
3. You are to write a report about the work of the biologists of your faculty. You wrote a little. Ring your friends up, tell them what you already wrote and ask them what can be added.
4. You are discussing hobbies and professional interests with your friends. Tell your new friends about your hobby groups, clubs and circles of your institute.
5. You are working at a biological laboratory. Suddenly the door opens and a man comes in. “It's a chemical laboratory, isn't it?”, he asks. Tell him about your laboratory and its peculiarities.
МИКОЛАЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ... ІМЕНІ В О СУХОМЛИНСЬКОГО... КАФЕДРА ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ З КУРСУ...
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BIOLOGY IN OUR LIFE
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Biology is the science of living things. The word "biology" comes from two Greek words: bio – "life" and logos – "discourse" or "study". Biology includes all
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
No one knows how many different kinds of plants and animals there are. Some scientists estimate the number at three million. Many of them provide us with food, clothing, shelter and medicines. Some
LINNEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Carolus Linneus was born in Sweden in a small wooden, house painted red with a roof of live turf. It was like many other houses in the village. But the house had a garden around it, so that Linneus
THE MICROSCOPE
Even the ancients had known that curved mirrors and hollow glass spheres filled with water had a magnifying effect. In the opening decades of the 17th century men began to experiment wit
CHARLES DARWIN
Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England. In those days schools did not teach science as they do today. Twelve-year old Darwin, who wanted to spend his time out of doors collecting plants and
Darwin and evolution
A hundred years ago people believed that plants and animals had always been as they are now. They thought that all the different sorts of living things, including men and women, had been put here b
Translate the text and give the main point of it in writing.
Since the days when men climbed down out of the trees, he has spread out all over the earth in hot countries and cold, in mountains, jungle swamps and fertile valleys.
Wherever men went th
The simple past tense
3. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the simple past tense.
1. I go to work by bus.
2. I meet her on Tuesdays.
3. He always wears black.
4. I
The future simple tense
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple.
1. I (know) the result in a week.
2. You (be) in Rome tonight.
3. You (be) able to drive after another five le
The present continuous tense
7. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense.
1. She (not work), she (swim) in the river.
2. He (teach) his boy to ride.
3. The airplane (fly) a
The simple past and the past continuous
10. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past continuous tense.
1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (burn) brightly when Tom came in at 7.00.
2. When I arrive
The future continuous and the future simple
11. Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous tense.
1. This time next month I (sit) on a beach.
2. When you arrive I probably (pick) fruit.
3. I'll cal
The present perfect tense
13. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary.
1. Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist.
2. You (have) brea
The present perfect and the simple past
14.Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense.
1. This is my house. ~ How long you (live) here? ~ I (live) here since 1990.
2. He (live) in
The future perfect tense
15. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense.
1. In a fortnight's time we (take) our exam.
2. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening.
3. By this t
The present continuous tense as a future form
16. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense.
1. They are going to drill for oil here. They (start) on Monday.
2. My uncle (make) a speech on Friday.
The present continuous and the future simple
19. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future simple using the present continuous where possible.
1. I am sure that I (recognize) him.
2. I (see)
Passive Voice
20. Active to passive. Put the following into the passive voice.
1. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.
2. Previous climbers had cut steps in the
Indirect speech
Indirect speech: statements
21. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. ‘I have something to show you,' I said to her.
2. 'Nothing grows in my
What we have learned earlier
1. Unless the natural resources are properly protected and maintained the equilibrium of the nature will be affected adversely.
2. Each species has its own adaptations in relation to its e
The Biosphere
Do you know what the biosphere is?
Biologically, the habitat which contains air, water and soil together make up the living world or the biosphere. It includes the entire surface of the ea
The flow of energy
You have already learned about the food chains and the different trophic levels existing in an ecosystem. The green plants convert the solar energy in to chemical energy in the living world. Let us
The Pyramid of Numbers
Now you are well aware of the fact that there is a reduction in the number of organisms when entering one trophic level to the other. The schematic representation based on the number of organisms a
Inverted Pyramid
Now you know what a pyramid number is.
Consider a tall mango tree with ripe fruits as an ecosystem. On it there are several birds and mammals, which are consuming fully ripe fruits. The
The pyramid of biomass
Let us see, how we can represent the quantity of the loss of matter in the different trophic levels in the form of a pyramid. Suppose the herbivores in a food chain feeds on 100 kg of plant tissues
Flow of Matter
Is energy alone transferred in a food chain? Is there also a transfer of matter? Let us examine how it occurs. The chemical energy fixed in the plant tissues is utilized by different organisms as t
Carbon Cycle
You know that carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are important nutritive elements of food substances. Organic substances are formed by the combination of these elements in different proportions.
Nitrogen Cycle
Which gas is present in abundance in the atmosphere? No doubt it is Nitrogen, which is one of the most important elements used for the synthesis of proteins required for body building and also one
Other cycles
Phosphorus is one of the building units of nucleic acids and ATP. Plants absorb this element in the form of ions. It is utilized for the synthesis of plant tissues. This element comes back to the s
Natural Resources
You must have understood the role of biotic and abiotic factors in the flow of energy and matter. It is from these that natural resources are formed. They include energy, air, water, soil, minerals
SUMMARY
· Energy flow and flow of matter are essential for the existance of biosphere. Unlike the energy flow, flow of matter is cyclic.
· A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level.
FURTHER ACTIVITIES
· Imagine that the producers in an ecosystem are extensively destroyed. How does it affect the proportion of the biomass between different trophic levels? Explain briefly.
· The
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова в Present Simple в усіх особах однини і множини, крім третьої особи однини, збігається з інфінітивом (неозначеною формою дієслова) без
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Simple вживається для вираження:
1) звичайної, повторюваної дії в теперішньому часі:
Не goes to see her every day.
2) дії, яка характе
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова в Past Simple в усіх особах однини та множини збігається з другою формою дієслова:
І worked
we work
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Simple вживається для вираження:
1) одноразової або повторюваної дії в минулому. Час минулої дії часто уточнюється обставинами yesterday, last week, the o
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Past Simple утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Simple і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Future Simple утворюється за допомогою допоміжних дієслів shallі willта інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to.Допоміжн
ВЖИВАННЯ
Future Simple вживається для вираження одноразової, постійної або повторюваної дії в майбутньому:
I'll go there with you. Я поїду туди з тобою.
I'l
УТВОРЕННЯ
1. Present Participle утворюється за допомогою закінчення -ing, яке додається до інфінітива дієслова без частки to:
to
УТВОРЕННЯ
Present Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Indefinite і дієприкметника теперішнього часу
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Continuous вживається для вираження:
1) дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення:
You are not listening to me.
2) тривалої дії, що відбу
Verbs not normally used in the Continuous Tenses
Stative verbsrefer to ‘states’. A state has no beginning and no end. We don’t ‘control’ it
There are 3 cases of verbs:
· Dynamicverbs which have
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова в Past Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Simple і дієприкме
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Continuous вживається для вираження:
1) дії, що відбувалася, тривала в певний момент у минулому. На час дії звичайно вказують обставинні слова типу at tw
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Past Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Continuous і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма Future Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у Future Simple та дієприкметника
УТВОРЕННЯ
Present Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to haveу Present Simple і дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Parti
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, яка відбулася до моменту мовлення, і результат цієї минулої дії пов'язаний з цим моментом:
І have locked the door. Have yo
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Present Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Perfect і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Past Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to haveв Past Simple і дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Partici
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Perfect вживається для вираження:
1) дії, яка відбулася раніше іншої минулої дії, позначеної дієсловом у Past Simple:
І told you I had
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Past Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Perfect і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова у Future Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to haveу Future Simple і дієприк
УТВОРЕННЯ
Present Perfect Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Perfect і дієприкметника теперішнього
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Perfect Continuousвживається для вираження дії, що почалася в минулому і тривала протягом певного періоду, або все ще продовжується в цей момент, або щойно закінчилася:
УТВОРЕННЯ
Past Perfect Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Perfect і дієприкметника теперішнього часу (P
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Perfect Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, яка почалася до якогось моменту в минулому, або продовжувалася у цей момент, або закінчилася безпосередньо перед ним:
УТВОРЕННЯ
Future Perfect Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у Future Perfect та дієприкметника теперішнього часу
ВЖИВАННЯ
Future Perfect Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, яка почнеться до якогось моменту в майбутньому, або все ще триватиме в цей момент, або закінчиться безпосередньо пе
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
Наказовий спосіб в англійській мові, як і в українській, виражає спонукання до дії, тобто прохання, наказ, пораду, запрошення, застереження тощо.
В англійській мові форма наказового способ
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
В англійській мові існує певна залежність у вживанні граматичного часу дієслова-присудка підрядної частини від граматичного часу, в якому стоїть дієслово-присудок головної частини. Це правило назив
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
При перетворенні прямої мови у непряму в англійській мові слід дотримуватися певних правил.
У непрямій мові можна передавати твердження, питання, накази та прохання.
1. Твердження
MODAL VERBS
ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВІДОМОСТІ
У сучасній англійській мові виділяють 12 дієслів, які є модальними, або ж виступають у значенні модальних: can, may, must, should, ought, sha
Загальне питання
3.1.1
Присудок + підмет + інші члени речення ?
a) Is he a student?
b) Was it a very interesting film?
THE ARTICLE
The Indefinite Article
A, an
The Definite Article
The
a table
an apple
the [ðə] table
the [ði] apple
Other cases
Page twenty
Chapter five
Part two
Room three
Act one
Size forty-two
Ordinal numerals (порядкові числівник
FUTURE FORMS
will
1. The most common use of will is an auxiliary verb to show future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction.
Tomorrow will be warm and sunny.
What
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