Divisions based on linguistic structures studied - раздел Связь, Основы письменной коммуникации Linguistic Structures Are Pairings Of Meaning And Form. Any Particular Pairin...
Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a Saussurean sign. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in spoken languages), movements of the hands and face (in signed languages), and written symbols (in written languages).
Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For instance, consider the structure of the word "tenth" on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most speakers of English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.
Linguistics has many sub-fields concerned with particular aspects of linguistic structure. These sub-fields range from those focused primarily on form to those focused primarily on meaning. They also run the gamut of level of analysis of language, from individual sounds, to words, to phrases, up to discourse.
Sub-fields of structure-focused linguistics include:
· Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception
· Phonology, the study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning
· Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified
· Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
· Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences
· Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used in communicative acts, and the role played by context and nonlinguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning
· Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)
Many linguists would agree that these divisions overlap considerably, and the independent significance of each of these areas is not universally acknowledged. Regardless of any particular linguist's position, each area has core concepts that foster significant scholarly inquiry and research.
Все темы данного раздела:
Фразеологические средства научного стиля
Фразеологические сочетания научного стиля также характеризуются своими особенностями. Здесь употребляются общелитературные, межстилевые устойчивые обороты, выступающие в номинативно
Разновидности и жанры научного стиля
Разновидности научного стиля речи (подстили)
Жанры, виды текстов
Собственно научный
Монография, статья, доклад, курсовая работа, дип
ОБРАЗЦЫ КОМПРЕССИИ ТЕКСТОВ
Аннотация статьи «Особенности самоконтроля младших школьников как универсального учебного действия»
В данной статье рассматриваются особенности самоконтроля в учебной деят
What is Philology
Philology is the study of ancient texts and languages. The term originally meant a love (Greek philo-) of learning and literature (Greek -logia). Philology was one of the 19th century
Germanic philology
Germanic philology is the philological study of the Germanic languages particularly from a comparative or historical perspective.
The beginnings of research into the Germanic langu
English Studies
English Studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the UK, the U.S., Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealan
History of English Studies
Initially, English Studies comprised a motley array of content: the practice of oratory, the study of rhetoric and grammar, the composition of poetry, and the appreciation of literature (mostly by
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The e
Cognitive linguistics
In linguistics, cognitive linguistics (CL) refers to the branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, whi
Language development
Language development is a process starting early in human life, when a person begins to acquire language by learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry. Children's language development moves from si
Divisions based on nonlinguistic factors studied
Alongside the structurally motivated domains of study are other fields of linguistics. These fields are distinguished by the kinds of nonlinguistic factors that they consider:
· Applied li
Skills teaching
When talking about language skills, the four basic ones are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, other, more socially based skills have been identified more recently such as summariz
Russian literature
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its émigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia
Th century
After taking the throne at the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great's influence on the Russian culture would extend far into the 18th century. Peter's reign during the beginning of the 18th cen
Russian literature. Golden Age
The 19th century is traditionally referred to as the "Golden Era" of Russian literature. Romanticism permitted a flowering of especially poetic talent: the names of Vasily Zhukovsky and l
Russian Language
Russian language is a Slavic language spoken primarily in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Estonia, and to a
Classification
Russian is a Slavic language in the Indo-European family. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian and Belarusian, the other two national languages in the
Standard Russian
The standard well-known form of Russian is generally called the Modern Russian Literary Language. It arose in the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian
A.S. Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin 6June[O.S. 26 May]1799 – 10 February[O.S. 29 January]1837) was a Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russi
Life and career
Portrait of Pushkin 1800-1802 by Xavier de Maistre.
Pushkin's father Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1767–1848) descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility which traced its ances
Ancient popular literature
From its earliest history Russia has possessed a literature that was handed down by tradition from generation to generation. It was not before the seventeenth century that this literature took a wr
Abstract
This study is an attempt to provide a framework for the stylistic analysis of the translations.
To achieve this, this paper focused on a model proposed by Hasan Ghazalah (1987) for the sty
References
Arnold, Mathtew (1882). Literature and science, [Online] Available:
http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~ian/arnold.htm
Barthes, R. (1976). Writing Degree Zero. Paris: Seuil, (Translat
Abstract
Language is a socio-cultural phenomenon. A large number of language learning strategies arise from the interactions between individuals and their socio-cultural contexts. The aim of this article wa
Introduction
Last few decades, beginning from 70s, have witnessed a gradual and significant shift ineducation, resulting in less emphasis on teacher and teaching and more stress on learner and learning. The for
Theoretical Framework
The information about the way learners use the strategies and the kind of strategies they use in the interaction with their environment, would help us manage our resources and decision making proce
Purpose of the study
As mentioned earlier, a large number of studies had taken into account the interaction between language learning strategies and different psychological traits and learner variables. To the research
Conclusion
In line with aforementioned studies, this study revealed that social and cultural capitals played a significant role in EFL learners’ language learning strategies and three subscales of social and
References
Abdollahzadeh, E. (2010). Undergraduate Iranian EFL learners’ use of writing strategies.
Writing & Pedagogy, 2 (1), 123-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/wap.v
Abstract
This study sets up to address two research questions: 1) the effect of teaching students self-questioning strategy while reading literary texts on students’ ability to do so independently and 2) th
Introduction
Despite the emergence of a ‘critical thinking’ approach, literature classes usually have been shown to be deprived of the advantages of the principles of this approach. Recent studies [such as Jaff
Background
Generally speaking, self-questioning in reading has been investigated from different theoretical angles. As the literature indicates, most self-questioning studies while reading published since 199
Discussion and Conclusion
One of the goals of the current study was to investigate whether teachers’ modelling a questioning approach technique can be helpful to foster in students ways of asking appropriate questions in or
References
Alfassi, M. (1998). Reading for meaning: The efficiency of reciprocal teaching in fostering Reading comprehension in highschool students in remedial reading classes. American Educational Researc
General remarks
The subject (matter) of the paper/ study / analysis / research /discussion is…
The present paper /investigation focuses on /deals with…
is devoted to the question /problem /issue
Summary lead
The structure of the article is as follows. The first part reviews/ describes/ clarifies/ outlines/ sketches… Part two portrays/ dwells on/ enlarges upon/ shows that… Part three argues that… The fi
Positive comments
The author’s investigation is an accurate/ comprehensive/ convincing analysis of..
is a profound/ thorough description of…
supports the theory of…
The author’s study/ ana
Results and their representation
The author’s investigations/ analyses of these data reveal/ show that…
The findings of this study reveal that…
This study presents evidence to/ lends support to the hypothesis of…
Conclusion
In conclusion it may be said that…
To conclude, the author has explored…
Finally, the author turns to…/ notes that…
The author’s conclusion focuses on the fact that…
Prospects and applications
The conclusions of the study reveal that…
The author has succeeded in actually showing that…
The results gained by the author highlight the potential of the technique described.
SAMPLE ANNOTATIONS
· Garver, Wayne; Moss, Frank. “Detecting signals with noise”: Garver and Moss describetwo experiments demonstrating the utility of noise in bringing out an electronic signal
Some Challenges to Implementing the Project Approach
From Changing Classroom Practice to Include the Project Approach by Ann-Marie Clark
Annotation: “Some Challenges to Implementing the Projec
Ancient Japanese Art of Origami Thriving in San Francisco
Suli Yi
The ancient Japanese art of origami – or paper folding – is thriving today in San Francisco – thanks largely to an American scientist.
Remember how much fun it was
They are dreaming of creating an origami movie.
6) Приступаем к написанию самого резюме, используя заготовки. С помощью нехитрых математических вычислений приходим к выводу, что в нашем резюме
How Testing and Choice Are Undermining Education
Author: Diane Ravitch
Year of Publication: 2010
Reviewed by: Dirk Windhorst (Assistant Professor of Education, Redeemer University Colleg
Особенности орфографии английского языка
Орфография английского языка считается одной из самых трудных для изучения среди европейских языков. Отражая сравнительно верно английскую речь периода Возрождения, она совершенно н
Дефисное написание слов
Через дефис пишутся сложные прилагательные и сложные наречия (кроме наречий на –ly), стоящие перед существительным; составные числительные, дробные числительные, записанные словами; приставки перед
Написание числительных
1. Числительные до 9 пишутся прописью, после 9 цифрами. При наличии числительных обоих возможен любой единообразный вариант:
I want five copies.
I want 10
Написание наречий
1. Наречия обычно образуются от прилагательных путем прибавления окончания –ly:
slow – slowly (медленный – медленно);
real – real
Написание слов при суффиксации
1. Когда суффикс, начинающийся с гласной буквы (-ing, -able, -ous, и др.), добавляется к слову, которое оканчивается на –e, буква "e" об
Особенности пунктуации английского языка
Знаки препинания – особые элементы письменности, служащие для обозначения на письме формально-грамматического, смыслового и интонационного членения речи.
Прямая речь и знаки препинания
При оформлении прямой речи можно использовать одинарные кавычки ' ' или двойные '' ''. Для того чтобы выделить прямую речь внутри другой прямой речи, используйте одиночные кавычки.
“I w
Прописные буквы
Использование прописных букв в английском языке подчиняется несколько иным правилам, чем в русском.
С прописных букв в английском языке пишутся:
1
Правила переноса
Как и в русском языке, перенос в английском всегда подчинен смыслу слова. Следует обращать внимание на то, чтобы перенос не исказил смысл слова или его произношение.
Перенос невозм
Новости и инфо для студентов