ooa cooo pya.

ooa cooo pya. - ,   . M. e oo...

 

. M. e

ooa

Cooo

pya

 

e yo

 

Peoeoao Mcepco

oeo poeccoaoo opaoa

Poccco eepa aece yea

cyeo cx yex aee,

oyaxc o ooec ceaoc

 

aeca pya HOPMAHPA

M ca, 1999

K 65.9(2)24

27

Cee o aope:

opc Mxao e oop ooecx ay, poeccop, aey aepo Ca-eepypco ocyapceo eeo-ooeco aae. Aop oee 130 eax pao, ce 7 oopa . Bcya a eyapox oepex Pocc epa. Ocoe aye papao .. ea ca c oae pyox poecco op pya, eope eoa oa, opaae, apaoo a, poea aeca , eoc opeca, eaoo.

e . M. ooa cooo pya. e y. .: ca pya HPMA , 1999. 384 .

 

ISBN 5-89122-278 ()

ISBN 5-86225-876-0 ( - )

 

e oooe cooec c pepo popao c "ooa cooo pya", yepeo eo-eoec oeee oac pooceoo eeea. o ep ye o yaao ce, peoeoa Mcepco oeo poeccoaoo opaoa Poccco eepa cyeo ooecx ceaoce yo.

Aop cxo o, oope c ocoooaa a oo, a cooo pya. K a o pee ceo oocc: aeco , opeoc oea eoea, eoc, o, yco pya, cpaeoc, pacpeeee . aeoe eco oeeo oe poe oa pyox poecco op pya.

B yee cooa peya pao, pooxc aopo p acoo oepe oa Copoca Pocccoro oa yaeax cceoa.

cyeo, acpa peoaaee ooecx yo ayeo, ceaeo o ypae pep.

 

 

ISBN 5-89123-278-2 (HOPMA) . M. e,1997

ISBN 5-86225-876-0 (HPA M) aeca pya HOPMAHPA M, 1997

 

pecoe

e oooe a ocoe ppo popa "ooa cooo pya", yepeo eo-eoec oeee o opaoa oac pooceoo eeea.

K acoey pee coc a oxoa peoaa yaao c, O eop peoa paeoe oee poe oo pya cooo pya; pye ac a opaece aoc x poe. M oaae, o opo oxo oee oocoa eopeec eooecl.

1 B yee cooa peya pao, pooxc aopo p acoo oepe oa Copoca (Research Support Scheme, grant 963/93) Pocccoo oa yaeax cceoa (rpa 96-06-80235 pa 98-06-80167).

 

Aop cpec cxo o, oope c ocoooaa a oo, a cooo pya. K a o pee ceo oocc: aeco , opeoc, oea eoea, eoc, o, cpaeoc, yco pya, pacpeeee oxoo.

Ceceoe ae yeeo ec, ooec yxo acea eeoc eoea. o pecaec eoxo c c po eca eax ee pa a. To, o e poca pecyoc pax cpaax 23 paa oepea e ooecoo poca 34 paa e poca acee, aeo epe cao c ococy a ooecoo oee. ece ace xoceo eeoc ocoeo aya copeeo Pocc.

p aae aopo eoc pya oepaec, o ae x ec opec oea eoea, pep oeca. o yepee copypoao ope eope o peaeoc ooe pya. Paccope yco, opeee paoaoe cooae oeaa eoea.

e peaae epy oepe ooo ceaco o ypae pep. ooy e aeoe eco oeeo oe poe opaa oppoa pya, o ce oa pyox poecco op pya.

B paoe a yeo cyeceo oo ya oeeceo apyeo epaype, aea peoe oe, o ce yaco oepe ceapo poea pya, pooxc p yac o pyooco aopa Moce, Ca-eepype, Caape, Xeo pyx ropoax CH. Ocoe e yea ocyac a epa: opaa cxoo pya (ep), a aepe opaa ypae oo pya epca cyca xa (cce), a Bocx opyax 1995 1997 ., pooxc Texec yepceo Xe-ay.

Aop aoape co oera yo Pocc ep: o. o. ay, po, H. . Apxoo, o. o. ay, po. . A. Koooo, o. o. ay, po. . M. Kypoeo, o. ex. ay, . . H. Ho, o. o. ay, po. M. . yxaoy, o. o. ay, po. . A. Bay, o. o. ay, po. . . Beceoy, ac. e. ay P, o. o. ay,. A. H. opeoy, . . ay,. K. T. ypaaey, o. o. ay, po. A. . Kaoy, . .. Koeoy, o. o. ay, po. . . Oeoy, ac. e. ay P, o. o. ay, po. . . epoeo, o. ay, po. . M. Cpoy, o. o. ay, po. . M. Coay, po. B. A. eoy, po., . B. Stieler-Lorenz, po., o. G. Diethelm, po., o. K. Jacob, po., o. D. Hahn, po., o. W. Krűger, po., o. R. Lang, po., o. R. Marr.

C aoapoc oeae, o paoe a yeo oe ooa oepa peopaa, aep ypae pyo coa poecca, oe opaoo-ceoo epa Ca-eepypco ocyapceo eepo-ooeco aae.

p oope aepaa orooe pyoc ea ay po cpa aea peoe o. o. ay, po. P.. Koocoo (Mococ rocyapce yepce), ac. e. ay P, o. o. ay. po, A. A. Pyea (cy coao-ooecx poe PAH), peaopa T. . Xapaoo. Ap paee copya aeca a oy paoy.

aa 1. pee eooo ypca

o opeee A. Mapaa, py o "coe yceoe ecoe yce, pepaeoe aco eo c e oce Copeee aop xapaepy py ocoo a e, a Mapa oepae oco pyeo copo pya cao pee ceo c e, o a poe cee

Oa xapaepca eeoc o ypae eoeec pecypca ooecx cce

B acaax oo cpa ypaee eoeec pecypca apaeo peyeceo a peypoae aoc, yco a pya, Ha pep ae aaa ypae eoeec pecypca 1. Opeeee opeoc paox, eepax, eeepax pao aa, cxo cpae eoc

Cpyypa ay o pye epcoae. x aoc c py aya

Tpyoa eeoc eoea aa oeo cceaecx ayx cceoa cpaeo eao co opo oo XIX . e ax B paax ay o paa pya coppoac p ooceo C aaa XX . ca yoac a r o ypae pooce oea, oye epcoaa,

Meooo oecoo cceoa ooecx coax poe pya

B ocee o cyeceo yeoc oeco ya o poea aeoc eoeca, oo, eca, pecyoc, O ocooooo cooo . Ko oepa, o "ce ace paec ooece ay paac ocoo eaco o . epea ay ooa

Ooe nomu

.

Topeco.

poecc .

oye pyy.

eoeece pecypc oeca .

Koec oxo ypae eoeec pecypca.

poe ay o pye .

Ke ycoo pa.

Meaeop.

Meaooa.

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

1. Kae ace opaae oe "py"?

2. B e cyoc opeca?

3. Opeee aoc o "py" "opeco".

4. Kaoa cyoc poecca pya?

5. Haoe ocoe eeoc o ypae eoeec pecypca ece a pep.

6. Opeee cyoc coepae oecoro oxoa ypae eoeec pecypca.

 

aa 2. Kaeco

oe aeca

Kaeo oe cyae opeeec o ce cepa acea cyecoa eoea: ppoa, ce, paoa, oecea eeoc, Pae ace aeca ocyac poo ococo, ayoro aaa aeca pee cero ceye ya, o aeco oro ea pecca oe

Kaecmo uu xapamepuyemc cmene yoemopeu nompeocme eoea, onpeeeo no omoeu coomemcny opa, oa u mpauu, a mae no omoeu ypo ux .

aaa apoa aeca coyec p oaaee (coax aopo), oope opaa a oee xapaepc (opeee aepax a, pooeoc , ccea opaoa p.), a cyeoe ocpe yco cyeoa. B poo epaype apy c oe aeca (quality of life QOL) coyec ae ep "cyeoe aoye" (subjective well-being SWB).

Ooceoc oeo aeca cppye cey . oca epoecx aepacx paox aea cyepapea, oaaeo cocoe ecoo oo oapo, aec peeo ea. Oao paocax ycx oaxo oro eoea pecaec pae eaooyo.

Aepac cxoo ceac o ea P. Aep (Pa ac) ocae pa e o aece cey opao: "B xpae oeo ypy aax o a oe poca. ca a oce, yac epa, e o pa e, ce, aca oo ya y1. Oa, c a, po ca ypaa "a", o oeoex aepacx eax, oopy a oa-o. o a ecoo oopa, oaax x . co oo ocae oeoeoo: "Bec e cy oae, a oce, oc epa e o pa e" e ca o oaa yac eo ax yx ycox. ocope a co cocey : opooo pa ae e yco p o aco pea cae" [Pa ac. C. 60].

1 xaaa-a cea a ya.

 

Ta opao, pae ocpa o e e yco cyecoa opaoy. p x pa, oeo cee, opeec pa oae cca ee.

e eeoc eoea

Ka eoe a ae ayaec o o, ocoeo oc capoc. oc cca o, o-oy, ocooe, o oae poea cca ee , ppo eoea, eo eca poa Ceye oe, o coocoeae "cc " aoee xapaepo pycco oco oa XIX

aa poecco pa a

ae aeca oo cy epy oepe o opee aepax a, cpee pooeoc pee pya. coe ee x xapaepc oee oa XVIII ., ora B o epo pae cpa aao Epo Ceepo Aep xapaepoaoc y ee: 1) yeee

Taua 2.3.1

    Ta opao, pae a xapaepyec cey oco poecca:

o pecae o oaaex aeca

aee ee pecaex o aece aac Epoe c oa XVIII . o e epo poeo peo, a ae B XX . ooa aa epaoe eco ccee coax ay (ooo Moe "ooecoo eoea" ooa oy p ax peyao aae pox ooe.

Ocoe nomu

Kaeco .

Kaeco pyoo .

Oee cyee oe aeca .

e eeoc eoea.

aa poecco pa .

ec pa eoeeco .

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. Haoe ocoe e eeoc eoea. 3. Kao ocoe pecae o ppoe eoea? 4. poaapye ay yaax e poecco c oa XYIII . o ax e:

aa 3. opeoc oea eoea

Cpyypa opeoce eoea

Tpyoc ye opeoce aac c opeee oea aaa. Ka ca A. Mapa, "opeoc ea eoea ec Haoee co ya oceo acca opeoce. o pae B acoee pe ocoo caec acca, peoea aepac cxooo A. Macoy. O ee

Tpyoo oea

Tpaoo ooeco ay ec poea xapaepc (aec) eoea a pooeoc pya. Ta, Mapa opeee oooce yac eoea ooecx poeccax oo Haop xapaepc, oope coyc epaype opeee oooce eoo pya, e oo

Kooe pyooo oeaa

opoe

  Taua 3.2.1 pep xapaepc pyooo oeaa Kooe

Hpacmeocm.

Baoc paceoc acee opao ooeco eeoc eoopao oeaac acca ooeco ay. . e pa Ceeco aoc ecx ooecx poe oo ca . Kec, oopoo oe ca pye ooco XX ., ca: "... eoeece aooc

Topecu nomeua

eee oea poy p ce apa paoeo pee ecoc pya caoc oo cece cooa ocooro a Ba cpa poy ayy oeaec pa oaae: o oecy Bao xapaepco opecoo oeaa cpa ec oeco opee. o o pa o

Amuocm

ppoa amuocmu eoea yoo cecopoe cceoaa . H. ye. O oepa, o "cae a pocee ooe pey Cpeee eoea ooy, ee poo, paooro, accoapoc "e ee ooe ec opa, oaoo ero opoa o pecye,

Opauoaocm

Opaoaoc eoea xapaepyec ae eo aypaoc, cpoaoc, oaeoc, aooocyoc. Haceee pax Ta, epa e c ceoro opaca ocoo ya pao: oc o opaa pya ocoa a " C": Cep (yopoeoc), Cea (opoc), Ceco

Opaoaue

eoc opaoa oeo cee opeeec acaa pacpocpae a pyx peyao opeco eeoc. B acoc, a ocee o ooc oo ya o ocaa Pocc oac B CA 12,5 . cyeo pxoc a aceee ceoc 240 , eoe. B Pocc a 150 . eoe 2

poeccuou

B Pocc aa paox pace o eocao ea. o cx op coa o aoapoaoo pyoo pya, ao ooo 30% Heocao poeccoa paox, eepo pyooee ec e Bece c e acoee pe o AC oe paoe epoep Pocc cocae ooo 10%, . e. aoo

Pecypc paoeo peu

Pecypc paoeo pee oe cyae opeec y aopa: ceoc paoo peee pao. ceoc ax a pep opeeec oeco paox ec, B acaax cpa ceoc ax peeec ceoc pyococooo acee, opeoc pax

peoc peaa oeaa eoea

ce; oe, oopo ocyecec eeoc eoea; oeco.

Kooe pyoo oeaa

ccee aopo aeca

paooxpaee; cpeee opaoae; cee opaoae;

opeoc oea eoea poo ooe

Taa cxea yoa cpa ox aacox coooe ey oea poy pecypco. Oao p o e yac ocoeoc oee ooo opae peax aoce poo ooe

Ocoe nomu

ope .

epapx opeoce.

o .

opeoc oce ee .

po yoeope opeoce.

pa opeoce.

Paoa .

eoeec aa.

Tpyoo .

.

Baoc opeoce oeaa eoea cxee ooecoo .

ompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. Ka ac epapx opeoce o ee eoea? 3. Moo ca ce opeoc epa? 4. Ec acoc ey cye ypo yoeope opeoce cyecoa opeoc

aa 4. eoc pya

Tpyoo oea ccee ooecx pecypco

Tep e ooeco eop oaae ppoe pecypc, .e. oa, pacooee oopoe e, oee coaee, a, ec, Tpy a ooec pecypc oo xapaepyec ceoc paoo, xapaepyec exec ooec oaae oopyoa, cpyeo, aepao ..

Kooe eeoc eoea

T pepo eeoc, oopo peoaae a-py, ec oee pooceo oepa copo a oeepe c peyeceo opec ec py opeaee, paoaaopo, B oao ooe oo xapaepc aoc opecx eeo ao e eeoc oe

(1987 .)

(.. 1-5 ): Maoe K. P., p C. . C.112,

,

cmouu: paa 2 a. 4.3.1. p. 4 6 c.: eoe py. 1992. 45. C. 30. Oe, peee p. 8 9 a, 4.3.3. opaa peya pax o eeoc, a ae e

Teopea o peaeoc ooe pya

o coooee ae ocoae yepa, o acoey pee eo oo pao cpa ά-py e ca coo Oao ά-py ocaec eca ao ooeo oeceoo Ta opao, poc aoaoo oxoa, pxoc a oo e pax cpa, pocxo ocoo a ce

Koe eoc pya

B paoax o cop ay poc ec pepo peoo oe eoc pooca o e ox execx opaaox Bo opo ooe XX , pax cpaax cyeceo ycopc poecc Ta, 3% acee CA, aoo ceco eco xoce, ooc caae cpay poooce

Ocoe nomu

Kooe eeoc eoea,

ά-py.

β-py.

eoc pya.

poyoc pya.

Peaeoc pya.

Teopea o peaeoc ooe pya.

Koe eoc pya.

Teop eoeecoo aaa.

eoc ec eoeec aa.

 

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. Haoe pa ά-pya. 3. Haoe pa β-. 4. Kao oooc yee oea poy a ce a-pya?

aa 5. Moa

Cpyypa cce oa

Ocoe o eop oa payc epaype o-paoy. He eca yopee cax o "omuau" Moa o oece a oeee eoea oce x, Moa oe ypee ee (pc, 5.1.1).

Mo eeoc eoea

B oe ae o oee eoea oo pae a oucmuecue ampyucmuecue. epe apae a aococoe yya, ope p aae ooecx cce oo cxo cceoa apycecx oo aeoe ae ye o cax ecx coooo XX . .

   

Taua 5.2.3

oocoaoo ypae coa poecca eoxoa oee opoa acca ee cpec cooecya caceca

Teop oa

Aopa aoee ecx coepaex eop oa c A. Macoy, K. Aepep, . MaKea . epep. Ocoo x oxoo Coaco o eop, eece aop (yco pya, apaoa aa, poeccyax eop oa oo oea eop oa, eop cpaeoc oe opepa ayepa.

Moa c ypae

1 B epeoax aepacx ya o ypae ep "eop" aco yopeec e ocaox ocoa. B acoc, o, o   Teopu X

paa cxea cypoa eo pooceo eeoc

B ycox pep opaa eo pao ocyecec a ocoe epapxeco cpyyp, oopo o ypax occe paccopeo cpyyp ooecx cce pa coepe apa 1. pa xoceo caocoeoc (cee coo) ooe accopea poy, eoo ee

aa 6. Ocoe o opaa pya

B pa paee pya

Papaee o eeoc ooe cpa ocyecec o pya opace: cecoe ecoe xoco, oaa poeoc, Copeee pep oy a epcpoa, . e. yca Oco a paee pya a pep c: yuoaoe, mexoouecoe npeemoe.

pooce, exooec pyoo poecc

Ka pooce poecc oo paccapa c yx copo: a cooyoc ee, oope peepea pee pya, a Ta opao,mexoouec npoecc o eecoopaoe eee op, o ucmouy epuu exoorece poecc oo pae a naccue . epe pocxo a ppoe

Kacca exoorecx poecco

Kacca pyox poecco

 

co pya

co pya aac xapaepc pooceoo npoecca npooceo cpe, oecye a copya pep.

poocea cpea e ceo xapaepyec caapo-eec yco pya (eepaypa, y, oceeoc, aeoc, Ta opao, yco pya oy paccapac execx, poepoae yco pya oo ocyecc c yeo pa copyo pep o oy, opacy,

Paoee eco.

Cpyypa pooceo oepa

B opauauoo-mexueco u pooueco acnemax paoee ecmo o ac pooceoo pocpaca exa oea, ocaea B acneme oecneeu amocmu paoee ecmo o cepa eeoc ooo Bao ya, o o oecy paoe eca, cooecye y yaa acea, e cea coaa, o

Kacca apa paoeo pee

Kacca apa paoeo pee oe ocyecc o ooe pe eea pooceoo poecca: peey pya, paoa pee ocyece pooceoro poecca ( yopoa aoo p pacee op pya ycaaac apa paoero pee: oooeo-aeoro, oepaoro,

Ccea op opao pya

Coca oppyex pecypco opeeec ope opaaoo-exec yco. Ta, paox, ox copoo-oae Bo cex cyax ao ya aoc apa a pae C oee execoo opraaooo ypo pooca, poco eo oeo pacpec coca op pya,

Cpyypa aa oa pyox poecco op pya

K oouecu amopa oocc xapaepc oea poy, apa pecypco pax o, oaae poyoc, yco a pax o ncuxouuoouec amopau oa oaae, xapaepye K coua amopa ooc coepaeoc pya, eo paoopae, ae opecx eeo, xapaep

Meo oppoa pya.

co oce pao apeoc op

o pao cxee ycaoe op eo oppoa pya ec a aaece . Aaumuecue emo a: aa opeoo pyooo poecca, Cyape emo peoaa ycaoee op pya e paee poecca a ee poepoa

Ocoe nomu

pa paee pya. Kooepa pya. B pa. .

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. B e cyoc pa paee pya? Oce p x . 3. Haoe aop, opeee cee epea pyooro poecca. 4. Copypye ocoo p acca apa paoeo pee.

7. cceoae pyox poecco apa paoeo pee

 

Oa xapaepca eoo cceoa

pyox poecco apa paoeo pee

cceoae pyooo poecca peoarae aa cex eo xapaepc, x a apa pya eoc cooa poocex p opaa pya aoee aee e e aa, cae c Opeeee eoc oe eeo oepa eoxoo papao opao pee, opa aoee

Xpooepa

Bop oeo ae opeeec e poee xpooepaa. Ec e xpooepaa ycaoee yoee op pee, o p poee xpooepaa papao opao oea ae Ec xpooepa peec ye epeooo oa, o oeo cceoa o paoe, pee

  p poee aepo eoc eeo oepa aae oe oce oye eoxooo oeca aepo pooc opaoa ax ae. aoo eea oepa

oopa paoeo pee

B epo ooo ae eoxoo y exooec poecc, opaa paoeo eca, opo eo ocya, paeee oopa c e ye oep paoeo pee oec ye Ka oeaoc pa. 7.1, PB oe pooc y eoa: eocpecex aepo pee oex

 

Taua 7.3.2

Coa apa paoeo pee

oce oo cocac aec poepye (opa) aac apa paoeo pee. Ha x ocoe oy ycaoe o (7.3.1)  

oopa paoeo pee eoo

oex ae

ca coco paox ec oe ocyecc y cocoa: epe pae epe cyao pae poey pee. ep coco p ye cpyyp paoero pee eo oex ae ee p 1. C oo oex ae oo aapoa cpyypy paoeo pee paec p o oece

Ocoe nomu

oopa paoeo pee (PB). ooxpooepa. Hepep xpooepa.

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. B e cyoc oa oeca aepo p xpooepae? 3. Ka opeeec ycooc xpoopa? 4. B e cyoc oe ea pao p xpooepae?

aa 8. Hopae aepa opaa oppoa pya

 

Cpyypa opao

paac pee ceo o cee epea eeo pooceoo poecca, oopa opeeec acaa yca Cooyoc opao ec ooypoeo cceo, . e. opa Haoee oa ccea opao papaoaa aocpoe. oppoa ocooro (exooecoo) pee

Tpeoa opaa ocoe a x papao

Hapy c yaa o pa oppoa pya opa o yoeop cey peoa: 1) oecea aa ypoe epoe peoae yaec p ycaoe oycx opeoce Bopoe peoae oaae eoxooc cepaeo oca apao yco, a oope cocae opa.

Meo ycaoe opax acoce

1) opee coca aopo-yco aopo-apyeo. Be aopo-yco p oe opax acoce ocac ee. 2) o pace cceoa o opeee apa pya p _____________________________________

Ocoe nomu

B opao oppoa pya.

epapx opao.

poea eca .

Cooc opao.

.

Hopaa acoc.

Meo ycaoe opax acoce.

Kopoe opoc u me ucceoau

2. ae oac pee epepoax ypye . 3. Haoe peoa opa aepaa. 4. ae a papao .

aa 9. Oa pyox poecco ceoc epcoaa

 

Cpyypa op pee oceoaeoc

poepoa pyox poecco

  (9.1.1)  

poepoae pyox peo

Cyoc oa pyox peo paccop cxo oo cpyyp aa oa op pya (c. 6.6). B oe cyae poepoae pyooo pea aaec ycaoe p oa pyox peo eoxoo ya opae o oyc opa coea e, x

pae cxe opeee ceoc epcoaa

1) apacc; 2) cepo-cacec; 3) aaec-opa.

Cpyypa aa oa op ocya ceoc

oeco opyex apaepo pyooo poecca; ccey opae o eoxooy pooceoy peyay, yco eey y, cooecyy pep ya cyapx apa oo oeeceoo pya a aa oe

Oa aaa oa paee pya ceoc epcoaa

poyuoe pao xapaepyc e, o pe x oe oeo xo eoc pooceoo a rooe poy. K Oecneuaue pao oy oc apaeo (oopeeo) c oco eee pao a poyoe oeceae e cooecye x ee a coe cooaee. aa

Meo oa paee pya ceoc epcoaa poocex cceax

xapaepc oy ycaoe c oo paecx, aaecx aox eoo. paece eo oo cooa cyax, oa pe pao Ec e t t e cyecee oea, o poecc ocya oopyoa ye euuecu. B o

ece poecc

  (9.6.1)  

Heece poecc

Ec e t t e oe oea, pace op ocya ceoc oe ocyecc c yeo epoocx aooepoce, oce opeee xapaepc cce ocya oopyoa (xoeo Haoee poco a aaa peaec ocya cao-aoao pao, coea y oepaopo

Mooae cce (eoa oa paee pya o ocya oopyoa)

aoo apaa paee ooepa pya a ocoe cooecyx pyox opao, ax o aeoc oopyoa cpyea, o ae aa ao pacpeee cyax e, ca Haoee o eoo pee paccapaeo aa ec a poecca ocya oopyoa a

Ocoe nomu

oceoaeoc poepoa pyox poecco pacea op pya. Oa pe pya. Cxe aoec eeo pooca.

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoa

2. Ka yac oppoae epep paoe oopyoa p pace op eoc oepa? 3. Kao pep oaoc opae aaax oa peo 4. Ka e cxea aoec eeo pooca a pac op ocya ceoc?

aa 10. Pacpeeee oxoo oaa pya

p oppoa oxoo poo ooe

o oa o apaa peyaa pya? a paec oea x p pax ax pya, ocoeo aoa oa epa oa a ey apa peyao pya?

Cacec aa pacpeee oxoo

1) pyoa eeoc epcoaa, paoaeo o ay, coox poecc; 2) pepaeca eeoc; 3) coceoc;

aua10.2.1

Heoopao oeaoc, o p opao yopye ooe epea x oxoo oe apocpoaa oapec Acep cooecye po opaae o, o o cex cpaax oeco Cpe acc pax cpa ec yaeo x oeco cac, oopa aeo epe oycoea

Coooee ypoe apaoo a opacx oo Ca-eepypa (1997 .)

0 coooe oxoo o pya opacx oo Pocc oo cy o coooe apaoo a a pepx Ca-eepypa (a. 0 pa oxoo paox cpaax Epo oo cy o pc. 10.2.6.

Cpyypa oxoa copya pep

1) apy ac oay o ap caa oaa; 2) oa oeca; 3) aa;

oa ap caa (oaa)

a ypoe aoc paoo eee cc

Hapy c opa aoro paoa oe ycaaac po oe aoc K, oop cooecye peao oe My aoc eee ce eecoopao ycao a ypoe 70% CTAT 3 (aau)

op cce apaoo a

op apaomo nam xapaepye coooe ey apaa paoeo pee, pooeoc pya paoo eo x apaoa, Cucmea apaomo nam xapaepye aoc eeo apaoo a: B copeex cceax apaoo a ocooe ae opaaec a ycee aepecoaoc aoo copya

apoae oo oa pya

B pae pep ae o o ope ec ac apaoa, cooecye opao cepxopao pooeoc. cxo paccopeo e oo cpyyp oxoa copya pep, Moe oaac eecoopa ee coca pe a oee ecx poocex aa paepe

Ocoe nomu

oxo o pya. oxo o coceoc. Coae a (pacep).

Kopoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. B ax cyax oeo ooo pacpeeee o apaa pya o peya pya? 3. B e cyoc pacpeee o peeo poyoc pya? 4. Kaoa acoc oro oxoa o coooe cpoca peoe a pe pya?

aa 11. Ocoeoc opaa oa pya poeoc

Moocaooe ocyae

1. Ha oae op ocya ceoc c yeo aoec ey oepaopa-oocaoa, aaa py pya 2. pee eoc a ooe e poy a oo 3. cao opy pyoeoc oepa a ey poy paox ao py cxo op eoc,

Aapaype pooca

B acoc o pea pao exooecoo oopyoa o pee aapaype poecc paec a cpee epepe. ucpeme poecc ocyecc pepo paoax aapaax. apya Henpepe aapaype poecc ocyecc epepo paoax aapaax eee eoo epoa

Aoapoae pooca

1 Pao C eocpeceo e yacy oec a pee pya. x ocoa aaa coco o o oece ey 2. Koeco e exooecoo oopyoa C peae ceoc 3 o oc ypoe aeoc yopoa C ceye coa oece coe pa c oao pya

Cce ocya oopyoa paox ec

Ocoe ocoeoc pao o ocya oopyoa paox ec o cpae c paoa ocooo pooca aac oo Cyecey po ec pae ae eocpecea acoc peyao Bcece yaax ocoeoce oco a op pya paox, ax ocyae oopyoa paox

npaee pooco

Ka o oaao paeax 6.1 6.2, ypaeec epcoa pep oo pae a p py: pyooe, ceac (eep, B eeoc execx coee oo e caape, Tpyoe poecc eoopx ceaco ae coepa aey o caapx eeo. B acoc, o

Ocoe nomu

Hopa eoc oepa p oocaoo ocya. oa a ypoe aoc orocaoa. cpee epepe aapaype poecc.

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. Kao ocoeoc oa pya oocaoo? 3. B e ocoeoc opaa oppoa pya aapypx 4. B e ocoeoc oa pya aapao cpex epepx aapaypx poocax?

aa 12. Ocoeoc opaa oa pya ayo-cceoaecx opaax

Ocoeoc yaeax cceoa

1. yaeae cceoa oe o pax e opepoa a oyee p aaooo aepaoo oapae. 2. Bcece oo poea cee peyao yaeax cceoa 3. , coe eopeec cceoa, a pao, e e coo-y ax pepaecx

Ocoe op oa pya aye

Haye peymam oeac a ocoe ya (cae, , oao), pe a oee oce pao, apa oypco, Hay cmamyc oeaec cooec c yeo cee, ae, Coooee oeo yeoo o peyaa o caycy eoe pe ec peeo cycc a

Cxe ceeo oep yex Pocc

p oope yco yo aye opaa oy cooac cae pae eo o o eco opeee oea  

Pacpeeee accroa a cceoa

papao paacoo aae cpec eepaoo ea o apae

  oo cpec eepaoo ea, acpoae ay Pocc Ceea oepa yex aeo epe c-aa c poeo epea oxoo pee eo

Meo oe peyaoc pya yex

M coac c . . Taapo ae o, o eoxoo paa oaae peymaocmu npoymuocmu yex. B epo cyae pe e paec oe ox opaax aye oe oeac o eecoopao c cooae oex oaaee (oeco cae, , eax ao . .)

poeyp cep, pecpa ya ayx peyao

1. Ka ay peya, pa ay cooee (HC) ayo oee (HK), oe oyoa (ooo oca 2. cepa HC HK oa opo ocyo oo aopa. 3. a cepo o yoac apy c ae aopa ayoo peyaa (a AH).

Oocoae o yex cooec co ceo ayo pao

eoea, cooo aye, oooc aac cceoaeco paoo ec aee opeoc. o yoeop y o a opoca ae "oc" ( 19(313) o 2228 ape 1995 r.), Ec cxo e yoyx 75% yex, o cpyypa x opeoce opepoaa a yco, oeceae

Opaa ceeo oep yex peoax ayo-cceoaecx opaax

p opaa ceeo oep yex peoax eecoopao cooa o Pocccoo oa yaeax cceoa Pocccoo B ayo-cceoaecx opraax ace ceeo oep yex B ynpaeuu nepcoao HO eoxoo cxo oo, o ooopo ayo eeoc eoxo e

Ocoe nomu

Moa o peyay caycy aye.

B ayx .

oaae peyaoc poyoc pya yex.

pa a poeee .

Meo ya oe ayx peyao.

Cpyypa oxoa ayoo copya.

Ceea oepa yex.

Kompoe opoc u me ucceoau

1. Kao aoc ay oea?

2. Haoe op oa pya aye.

3. Ka opaoa oypc ao a poeee ayx cceoa?

4. Ka oe peyaoc ayoo eopya?

5. Ka opraoaa ceea oepa yex ayx opaa?

6. Ka oe aeco ayoo copya?

7. Ka oe paoaoc cpyyp oxoa ayoo copya?

aa 13. Coao-pyoe ooe

1 p oroe aoo paea cooa aepa P, . Koocoo [ooa pya, C, 4856]. Couao-mpyoe omoeu xapaepy ooece, cxoorece Aa coao-pyox ooe oo poo o pe apae: cye; pee; .

poea oye

eccceocm pya oyaec , oope, o ay-o poocey oepa, ac pao, e peca aae oeoo ecnooocm oe yac copyo pep, oop e ee a Omcmpaeocm oycoea pyoc eox pyecx oao, ocyce epce poeccoaoo

Teopeece oco peoc coaoro apepca

poe coaoo apepca oo paccapac cxo oceoeoo oa cpa aao Epo, ocoeo P. Oao ocoe e o o cyoc coaoro apepca, eoxoo cxo cop papee coax oo ayo epaype peaaoc a pao pax cocoa:

poe eaoo oee a pepx

B Pocc a 19861995 r. oee oeco pecye poco 2 paa, a oeco x pecye 5 pa. o oa a, ce Aay p ep peypee pecyoc a ocee o oceo Ha pepx pocy pecyoc cococy:

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. Haoe cye coao-pyox ooe. 3. Ko oe paooaee? 4. B e o aepaa o apepca cycapoc?

aa 14. Cce ypae eoeec pecypca

Cpyypa cce ypae eoeec pecypca

Haoee oe peoea o ypae pyoo eeoc papaaae Meyapoa opauau mpya (MOT), oopa ee co B ao cpae ec cucmea oeocyapcmex opao no onpoca mpya, yco pya a cex pepx;

Po pya ypaee aoc

Ocoe xapaepc pa pya

Po pya pee ceo ec exao coacoa epeco , paoax o ay, . Kpoe oo, a pe pya Ocoo aaa pa pya ec ycaoee cpoca a paoy cy ee Cnpoc a paoy cuy ac o ooeco oyp, cee exaa pya, coooe apa a oay

paee aoc

paee aoc ec aee ac ooeco coao o cpa. a oa ocyecec Mcepco oo,  

paee ao

poyoc apaoo a a pep

op pya o oaae, o paoao opaoao pooce oe oe op pao e oe e ee p rooe oopoo poy ouuem noeu op paomu

p coepecoa ypae

eoeec pecypca pep

B opaaox peopaoa

Copeeoe pooco oaec coo aoc, oopa oycoea exec popecco, pae ay, oocpec oypee, B acoc o y peopaoa o ee ceye 1. Pecmpymypuau eee poocex opaaox cpyyp, o ce aea oepa

Cyoc peopaoa ypae

eoeec pecypca pep

B ooueco acneme peopaoa o oece poc eoc a ocoe ocooro exeoo opaaooo coepecoa B couao acneme epee ypae epcoao o apae ooece coae e eco aoca, o opea a pae cocooce copyo

Ocoe nomu

Cpoc a py. peoee pya. ep op p pya.

opoe onpoc u me ucceoau

2. o opee eepae opacee coae o pyy? 3. Ka oppyec cpoc a py? 4. O eo ac peoee pya?

epaypa

Apexm . Be ., uc T. . y cea a ee copo eca. C.: ep, 1995. Amyep . C. Aop opee. M., 1973. Auu A. . Haya, exa, ooa. M.: ooa, 1989.

opc Mxao e

ooa cooor pya

e 064250 o 6 op 1995 . e 070824 o 21 ap 1993 . ocao ea 07.07.98. opa 60x90/16. c. e. . 24,0. Tpa aeca pya HOPMAHPA. M 109544, Moca, oa y., 36-38 Kaeco ea cooecye aoa, peocae aeco.

pecoe....................................................................................................................................... 3

aa 1. pee eooo pca.......................................................................... 5

1.1. o "p" "opeco"..................................................................................................... 5

1.2. Oa xapaepca eeoc o pae eoeec pecpca ooecx cce...................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.3. ............................................................................................ 9

1.4. Meooo oecoo cceoa ooecx coax poe pa 13

Ooe nomu.............................................................................................................................. 14

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau................................................................................. 15

aa 2. Kaeco .......................................................................................................... 15

2.1. oe aeca .............................................................................................................. 15

2.2. e eeoc eoea...................................................................................................... 16

2.3. aa poecco pa a........................................................................... 21

2.4. o pecae o oaaex aeca .................................................... 26

Ocoe nomu.............................................................................................................................. 29

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau................................................................................. 29

aa 3. opeoc oea eoea.......................................................... 29

3.1. Cppa opeoce eoea............................................................................................ 29

3.2. Tpoo oea...................................................................................................................... 33

3.2.1. o "paoa ca", "eoeec aa", "pyoo oea"..................... 33

3.2.2. Kooe pooo oeaa....................................................................................... 34

opoe............................................................................................................................................... 34

Hpacmeocm................................................................................................................................. 38

Topecu nomeua....................................................................................................................... 43

Amuocm........................................................................................................................................ 44

Opauoaocm.............................................................................................................................. 46

Opaoaue........................................................................................................................................ 46

poeccuou............................................................................................................................... 47

Pecypc paoeo peu................................................................................................................. 48

3.3. peoc peaa oeaa eoea.................................................................... 48

3.4. Kooe poo oeaa.......................................................................................... 49

ccee aopo aeca ................................................................................................. 49

3.5. opeoc oea eoea poo ooe............................................... 52

Ocoe nomu.............................................................................................................................. 53

ompoe onpoc u me ucceoau................................................................................. 53

aa 4. eoc pya............................................................................................ 53

4.1. Tpoo oea ccee ooecx pecpco................................................... 53

4.2. Kooe eeoc eoea........................................................................................ 54

4.3. oaae eoc: pooc peaeoc pya.............................. 56

4.4. Teopea o peaeoc ooe pa........................................................................... 61

4.5. Koe eoc pa............................................................................................... 62

4.6. eoc ec eoeec aa1.......................................................... 65

Ocoe nomu.............................................................................................................................. 66

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau................................................................................. 67

aa 5. Moa...................................................................................................................... 67

5.1. Cppa cce oa..................................................................................................... 67

5.2. Mo eeoc eoea................................................................................................. 69

5.3. Mapa "ecpeca"............................................................................................................ 71

Opepooe ae ap "ecpeca" Pocc 90-x oo......................... 73

5.4. Teop oa......................................................................................................................... 73

5.5. Moa c pae.................................................................................................. 74

5.6. paa cxea cpoa eo pooceo eeoc.......... 75

Oco nomu.............................................................................................................................. 76

Kopoe onpoc u me ucceoau............................................................................... 76

aa 6. Ocoe o opaa pa.................................................... 77

6.1. B pa paee pa.............................................................................................. 77

6.2. pooce, exooec poo poecc............................................... 78

Kacca exoorecx poecco.................................................................................... 80

Kacca pyox poecco................................................................................................ 80

6.3. co pya................................................................................................................................. 81

6.4. Paoee eco................................................................................................................................ 82

Cpyypa pooceo oepa......................................................................................... 82

6.5. Kacca apa paoeo pee................................................................................ 85

6.6. Ccea op opao pa............................................................................................. 88

6.7. Cppa aa oa pox poecco op pa....................................... 94

6.8. Meo oppoa pa....................................................................................................... 96

Ocoe nomu.............................................................................................................................. 97

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau................................................................................. 98

7. cceoae pox poecco apa paoeo pee 98

7.1. Oa xapaepca eoo cceoa...................................................................... 98

pox poecco apa paoeo pee............................................................................ 98

7.2. Xpooepa................................................................................................................................ 100

7.3. oopa paoeo pee................................................................................................. 104

.............................................................................................................................. 105

7.4. oopa paoeo pee eoo................................................................................. 107

oex ae.................................................................................................................... 107

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 110

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau............................................................................... 110

aa 8. Hopae aepa opaa oppoa pa 111

8.1. Cppa opao................................................................................................................ 111

8.2. Tpeoa opaa ocoe a x papao............................................... 114

8.3. Meo caoe opax acoce............................................................. 115

8.4. epepoae ypyee opa1................................................................ 119

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 123

Kopoe opoc u me ucceoau............................................................................... 123

aa 9. Oa pox poecco ceoc epcoaa 124

9.1. Cppa op pee oceoaeoc.................................................................. 124

poepoa pox poecco............................................................................................ 124

9.2. poepoae pox peo......................................................................................... 127

9.3. pae cxe opeee ceoc epcoaa........................................ 129

9.4. Cppa aa oa op ocya ceoc.................................. 131

9.5. Oa aaa oa paee pa ceoc epcoaa....................... 133

9.6. Meo oa paee pa ceoc epcoaa poocex cceax................................................................................................................................................................ 136

9.6.1. ece poecc........................................................................................................... 136

9.6.2. Heece poecc....................................................................................................... 139

9.6.3. Mooae cce (eoa oa paee pya o ocya oopyoa).................................................................................................................................... 141

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 143

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoa............................................................................... 143

aa 10. Pacpeeee oxoo oaa pa.............................................. 144

10.1. p oppoa oxoo poo ooe.............................................. 144

10.2. Cacec aa pacpeee oxoo................................................................ 147

10.3. Cppa oxoa copa pep......................................................................... 153

10.4. op cce apaoo a..................................................................................... 158

10.5. apoae oo oa pa...................................................................................... 159

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 161

Kopoe onpoc u me ucceoau............................................................................. 162

aa 11. Ocoeoc opaa oa pa poeoc 162

11.1. Moocaooe ocae............................................................................................ 162

11.2. Aapape pooca.................................................................................................... 164

11.3. Aoapoae pooca....................................................................................... 168

11.4. Cce ocya oopoa paox ec..................................................... 173

11.5. paee pooco..................................................................................................... 178

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 181

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau............................................................................... 181

aa 12. Ocoeoc opaa oa pa ao-cceoaecx opaax.............................................................................. 182

12.1. Ocoeoc aeax cceoa.................................................................. 182

12.2. Ocoe op oa pa ae.......................................................................... 183

12.3. Cxe ceeo oep ex Pocc.............................................................. 185

12.4. Meo oe peaoc pa ex................................................................. 186

12.5. poep cep, pecpa a ax peao................... 188

12.6. Oocoae o ex cooec co ceo ao pao........ 190

12.7. Opaa ceeo oep ex peoax ao-cceoaecx opaax....................................................................................................................................... 190

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 191

Kompoe opoc u me ucceoau............................................................................... 191

aa 13. Coao-poe ooe............................................................. 191

13.1. Oa xapaepca coao-pox ooe1............................................... 191

13.2. poea oe.............................................................................................................. 194

13.3. Teopeece oco peoc coaoro apepca................................. 196

13.5. poe eaoo oee a pepx......................................................... 199

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 200

Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau.............................................................................. 201

aa 14. Cce pae eoeec pecpca...................... 201

14.1. Cppa cce pae eoeec pecpca............................................ 201

14.2. Po pa paee aoc................................................................................. 204

14.2.1. Ocoe xapaepc pa pya......................................................................... 204

14.2.2. epaoa2........................................................................................................................ 205

14.2.3. paee aoc...................................................................................................... 206

14.3. paee ao............................................................................................................ 210

pooc apaoo a a pep................................................................. 210

14.4. p coepecoa pae........................................................................ 212

eoeec pecpca pep................................................................ 212

14.4.1. B opaaox peopaoa............................................................................ 212

14.4.2. Cyoc peopaoa ypae........................................................................... 214

eoeec pecypca pep......................................................................................... 214

Ocoe nomu............................................................................................................................ 217

opoe onpoc u me ucceoau............................................................................... 217

epaypa...................................................................................................................................... 217

......................................................................................................................................... 223

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