§ 178. Here belong such pronouns as all, both, each, either, every and its compounds (everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere) which give a generalizing indication of persons, things, properties and circumstances.
This group includes pro-nouns (all, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything); pro-adjectives and pro-numerals (every, each, all, both, either); pro-adverb (everywhere) .
Alt, everybody, everything, everywhere, both may be said to have an inclusive, uniting meaning as opposed to every, each, either conveying a separating meaning '.
Unlike the indefinite and negative pronouns, the generalizing pronouns are not attached to any definite type of sentence.
Quantitative Pronouns
§ 179. Here belong much, many, (a) few, (a) little, several, enough, which may function as pro-nouns (much, many, (a) few, several, (a) little, enough); pro-adjectives (much, (a) little, enough); pro-numerals (many, several, (a) few); and pro-adverbs (much, (a) little, enough).
| £. g. pro-nouns: |
------------------ Many preferred the pianist with
his wonderful eyelashes. (Locke). Enough is as good as a feast.
(Proverb).
| pro-adjective: |
| pro-numeral: pro-adverb: |
/ don't see much nonsense when a girl goes and kills herself. (Priestley).
Many women think so. (Daily
| for being |
Worker). He cared but little
| opposemes of |
| È î ô è ê, |
conspicuous.
| § 180. Most quantitative pronouns form ñ comparison: | |||
| many | — more, | (the) most | |
| few | — fewer. | (the) fewest | |
| " much | — more, | (the) most | |
| little | — less. | (the) least. | |
| op. | 1 See  Í. Æ è ã à ä cit , p 67. | ë î, è. Ï | Èâàíîâà, Ë |
It is characteristic that the quantitative pronouns indicating indefinite quantities may have the opposemes of comparison, whereas the numerals indicating definite quantities admit of no comparison.
Contrasting Pronouns
§ 181. Here belonged/- (others, other's, others'), another (another's) and otherwise.
They are united by the meaning "not the (object, property, circumstance) indicated" and contrast therefore with the demonstrative pronouns:
This, that (book) — another (book)
these, those (books) — other (books)
these, those — others
thus, so — otherwise.
E. g. I don't care for that dress, show me another, something in grey.
Friday won't do. I am dining out Come some other day.
Not everybody thinks so. You evidently think î t h-e r w i s e.
Other, otheis, other's, another, another's are used as pronouns, other and another as pro-adjectives, and otherwise as a pro-adverb.
When the pro-noun other denotes inanimate things, it has only a number opposite, others, like nouns of the book type. When it denotes persons, it has also a case opposite, other's, like nouns of the boy type.
In serving others she could forget herself. (Randall). The î t h e r' s hand shook slightly. (Black).
Another peculiarity of other is its combinability. Like a noun it may be used with the definite article or a demonstrative pronoun, as in Please, tell the others how matters stand. (Galsworthy).
Sheila: You are pretending everything is lust as it was before*
Eric: I am not, Sheila, but these others are. (Priestley).
§ 182. The pronoun one stands somewhat apart, outside the classification discussed above.
We may speak of at least three-variants of this pronoun: 1) an indefinite pronoun, 2) an indefinite personal or generalizing personal pronoun, 3) a prop-word.
§ 183. As an indefinite pronoun it is usually a pro-adjective with the meaning "a certain" and refers to both living beings and inanimate things.
E. g. She married one Mr. Maitland. (Maxwell). One day an old man came to see me.
It has no grammatical opposites.
§ 184. As an indefinite or generalizhig personal pronoun one indicates only a person. It is a pro-noun. It has a case opposite one's and is correlated with the reflexive pronoun oneself.
In certain sentences the pronoun one may acquire the generalizing meaning of 'everyone' including the speaker.
E. g. One must do î ï e' s duty. To the best of î ï e's capacity one plans the next day. (Snaith).
In other cases one indicates 'an indefinite person', 'some person', 'any person', 'a person', etc., usually including the speaker.
One couldn't be excited about a person who looked so shy (Williamson).
Sometimes one serves to disguise the speaker, as in Î ï e just can't throw î ï e' s self-respect to the dogs because of this sandy-haired boy. (Williamson).
§ 185. The prop-word one (or substituting one) is a pronoun used anaphorically, i. e. to replace some antecedent, a noun (or a noun combination) previously mentioned as in The work is a remarkable one. (Galsworthy) One, naturally, assumes the meaning of its antecedent.
It replaces, as a rule, countable nouns, both those denoting living beings and those naming inanimate things.
She is a woman too, she looks a rather nice one (Randall). And she has a nice figure, a really nice one. (Randall) It has a number opposite ones: Let me have some pens — I'd like new ones.
The prop-word one may be preceded by the definite and the indefinite articles, the demonstrative pronouns, adjectives, nouns, numerals, participles, etc., like nouns, not pronouns.
My new dress, the nylon one, is a dream. (Daily Worker). This story, and it is a good and exciting one, will be a roaring success. (Daily Worker).
The function of one is often purely structural, to support the preceding adjectfve or to show that the preceding word is used attributively. Cf. the silk and the silk one.
Look at those bindings, absolutely tattered. It is time we had new ones.
§ 186. Summing up, we may say that the pronouns ere not united by any morphological categories, or syntactical functions. So they cannot be regarded as a part of speech.
On the other hand they constitute a separate class of words with peculiar meanings and references to the world of reality.
All of them are of double nature, as they combine their peculiar meanings with certain properties of definite parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs).
The drawing below gives an idea of this
| nouns | ÑË Ñ .. 3 î . a î t_ a. |
| adjectives | |
| numerals | |
| adverbs |