Язык журнальных статей

Каков бы ни был английский журнал: общественно-политический, литературно-критический, научно-популярный, сатирический — язык его статей имеет общие черты,

описанные нами выше, и определяющие в их взаимообусловленности принадлежность к публицистическому стилю. Конечно, профиль журнала накладывает свой отпечаток на использование этих средств. Так например, в статьях научно-популярного характера мало эмоциональной лексики, более строго выдерживается логическая последовательность в изложении, более развернута система союзной связи, чем в статье сатирического журнала.

В нижеследующем отрывке научно-популярной прозы эти черты особенно наглядно проступают:

What happened during all this time to the original Indo European language? Let us imagine the typical case of a single group. After years of wandering, these pioneers settled in Italy. They spoke "Indo-European," as they always had. But they were now well-nigh completely cut off from the parent group. They may have travelled on foot, in oxcarts, or on horseback. Most of their way lav through regions difficult, at times almost impossible, of passage. They had undergone numerous hardships. Many had died and a new generation was in control. Perhaps some of them had stopped en route where the landscape pleased them. Others had pushed on tirelessly, resolved to find a land more to their liking. Those who finally reached Italy could not have found the way back even if they had wanted to

What would happen to their language in the new environment? It would inevitably change. Words are produced by numerous and complex motions of the speech organs. Any slight slurring of the sound results in a difference of pronunciation. No two of us speak exactly alike. Some people, for example, cannot pronounce r. As a result, when the new Italian community was completely cut off from the parent stock, new speech habits set in. Similarly, every other community speaking "Indo-European" would develop a different set of individual speech habits when it broke away from the parent stock.

Furthermore, with the new surroundings and new experiences of each group, new ideas would demand expression and would bring forth new words. After the lapse of several hundred years, each group have a different language and would no longer be able to understand the others.

Our Italian group would split up still further. Some would remain in sight of the Alps to the north, others would go down the coast to the east or to the west of the Apennines, still others would make their way to the extreme south of the peninsula. What would be the result? In course of time, more different languages. These would be closer to one another than any one of them would be to the parent tongue, but they would still be different languages. In those days, when travel was slow and difficult, a few hundred miles would be sufficient to isolate one community from another, especially if a mountain range or some large rivers intervened (Wilton W. Blanche. General Principles of Language.)

Из эмоциональных средств языка здесь можно указать на вопросы в повествовательном тексте: What happened during all this time to the original Indo-European language?; на эмоциональную лексику: well-nigh, hardships, pushed on tirelessly, и пр. Черты научной прозы появляются здесь в четкой организации союзной связи: As a result, furthermore, и в соответствующей терминологии: Indo-European, parent tongue, speech organs и пр.

Язык журнальных статей общественно-политических журналов почти не отличается от газетных статей, описанных нами в разделе «Газетный стиль». В них еще в большей степени, чем в газетных статьях, появляются литературно-книжные раритеты, неологизмы (даже такие, которые требуют пояснения в тексте), вводные предложения, привычная образная фразеология и другие компоненты публицистического стиля.

В качестве иллюстрации покажем лишь отдельные отрывки одной журнальной статьи, так как размер почти всех журнальных статей таков, что не дает возможности привести их целиком на страницах этой книги. Приведем выдержки из статьи, помещенной в английском журнале "Spectator" по поводу предстоящих выборов президента в 1956 году. Название статьи содержит неологизм, который поясняется в тексте.

POWER TO THE EGGHEADS by Richard H. Rovere

In early September, before Mr. Eisenhower fell ill, the Democratic nomination for President was an honour which almost any prudent politician would have gone to some length to avoid. It then appeared quite certain that it would go by default to Adlai Stevenson. Stevenson was ready to accept it out of a sense of obligation to the party and out of his intellectual's conviction that it is a good thing to keep controversy alive. He knew very well how dim the outlook for victory was. This knowledge, it may reasonably be assumed, was not as dismaying to him as it was to others. Stevenson is anything but an irresponsible man, but his personal responses tend to be ambivalent; he is at once exhilarated and appalled by the thought of being President of the Units States, and it would no doubt be difficult for him to say which reaction is the more powerful. It could well have been, though, that the prospect of a lively autumn dialogue with the President, coming to a close with Stevenson graciously extending his best wishes to Mr. Eisenhower upon his re-election, was a more appealing one than campaigning for the

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office and winning it. It is in any case a stock joke among Stevenson's friends that nothing could have brought more melancholy into his life than the improvement of his party's chances of winning the 1956 election. 'Now he's really frightened', they say.

To speak of 'Stevenson's following' is really to speak of a new American class, a kind of élite that has appointed Stevenson its spokesman and has increased its power through his leadership but that would exist and he heard from even if there were no Stevenson. The term 'egghead' has been coined as a designation for the type, and it is fitting at least in the emphasis it places on one part of the anatomy. As the word is used in the press, it is intended to stand for the intellectuals, and if a broad construction is put upon 'intellectuals', then one could define the Stevenson following in this way.

The eggheads may be found almost anywhere; they are housewives, doctors, dentists, clerks, schoolteachers, newspaper reporters, lawyers, clergymen, even now and then business people. They are men and women — but particularly women — who are in the mainstream of American life, or at any rate middle-class American life, but who have in common a certain degree of alienation and who, with their numbers constantly being swelled by the universities, are numerous enough and influential enough in their communities to demand a voice in public affairs. ("Spectator", 18.XI.1955)

В этой статье много таких высоко-литературных слов, как default, ambivalent, exhilarated, appalled, elite и многие другие. Из традиционной образной фразеологии в этой статье использованы также to keep (a weather) eye on ..., to be a goat, pearl of great price, redneck types, has these people in his pocket и другие.¹

Журнальные статьи литературно-критического характера чаще используют эмоционально-оценочные элементы языка; в них больше слов с абстрактными предметно-логическими значениями. В них реже встречается традиционная фразеология. Они ближе к эссе как по своему содержанию, так и по своим формально-языковым данным.