УЧЕБНО МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

 

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

ФИЗИКО-МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА

С ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬЮ

Авторы-составители:   Сафонова Ирина Георгиевна

Раздел 1.

 

Текст 1.

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Robot

 

When most people think of a robot, they imagine a machine that looks and acts like a human. Most robots, however, look nothing like people. They can act only in the ways that humans program them to act. Still, robots are very useful machines. They do dangerous and repetitive work in factories, in hospitals, in the military, and in the space program. The word robot comes from the Czech word robota, which means “forced labor.”

Robots are controlled by computers, which are controlled by humans. Humans write computer programs that tell the robot how to do certain physical tasks. The computer sends signals to the robot to make it perform each step of a task. An electrical system in the robot drives its movements.

Some robots can be “taught” to do jobs. For example, a human might guide the mechanical arm of a robot through the movements needed to complete a task. Sensors on the robot send signals about the movements to the computer. The computer stores the pattern of movements. Later the computer can retrieve the pattern and tell the robot what to do.

Robots are useful because they can go places where human beings cannot. Robots have no need for food or oxygen, so they can be sent underwater or into space. For example, robots have explored the surface of Mars. Robots can also handle dangerous materials such as radioactive waste or harmful chemicals. They can even dispose of bombs or do spy work for the military.

Robots can also replace humans who would otherwise have to do dull, repetitive tasks. For example, robots with a jointed arm work on assembly lines to build cars and appliances. Sections of the arm turn at several joints. The robot's “hand” can move in all directions. Those movements allow the robot to use such tools as welders and paint guns. Directed by a computer, this type of robot can keep an assembly line going constantly.

Medical robots help doctors to perform surgery. Robots allow doctors to see inside the body through tiny incisions. They can also position surgical instruments inside the body with great accuracy.

Robots can do work for humans on farms and in homes. Robots can milk cows and mow lawns. There are small robots that act as automatic vacuum cleaners. Some humans own small robots as toys or electronic “pets.” Early types of robots, called automatons, date back to ancient times. Writings from ancient Greece and China tell of mechanical devices set in motion by steam, air, water, and falling weights. Later automatons were driven by springs, gears, pulleys, and levers. The most complex automatons appeared in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Even these devices, however, were really just mechanical toys that did simple tasks. Some could toll the hours, others could play music, and some could write with a pen on paper.

During the Industrial Revolution people built more advanced and useful machines to help do repetitive work. Modern electronic robots, however, were not invented until after the invention of the computer. With computers, machines could be programmed to do tasks automatically, or without a human present.

Although robots are becoming more complex, they still do not resemble the robots that are often presented in books, television shows, and movies. Many robots appear in science fiction, a type of story set in the future or in another world. Science-fiction robots can often think for themselves, listen, talk, and walk easily on two legs. Science-fiction robots that look exactly like humans are called androids. Two of the most famous science-fiction robots are R2-D2 and C-3PO in the Star Wars movies.

 

2. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. Robots are useful because

A most people think so.

B they look nothing like people.

C they do dangerous and repetitive work.

D they are controlled by computers.

2. Robots can’t

A do work on farms and in homes.

B store and retrieve patterns of movements.

C work without food or oxygen.

D handle radioactive waste.

3. According to the text medical robots

A replace surgeons.

B handle surgical instruments.

C allow doctors to see better.

D harmless to people.

4. Automatons

A were invented in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

B set in motion by humans.

C could be programmed to do task automatically.

D were known in ancient China.

5. Computers

A were invented after electronic robots.

B control robots.

C look exactly like humans.

D are more advanced than androids.

 

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

	совсем не похожи на людей
	повторяющаяся работа
	приводит в движение
	сохраняет образцы движений
	восстановить образец
	работать с опасными материалами
	избавляться от бомб
	роботы с рукой-манипулятором
	конвейер
	приборы
	сварочные устройства
	пульверизаторы
	крошечные разрезы
	доить коров и косить лужайки
	пылесос
	любимое домашнее животное

 

4. Выберите слова из списка и заполните таблицу, чтобы получились словосочетания. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.

 

human, computer, electrical, to complete, to store and retrieve, to explore, radioactive, harmful, with great, to milk, to mow, television

 

	system			waste
	patterns			being
	programs			lawns
	the surface			a task
	shows			chemicals
	cows			accuracy

 

5. Вставьте предлоги.

think___a robot; looks and acts___a human; to be controlled___computers; a mechanical arm___a robot; the pattern___movements; need___food or oxygen; to sent___space; the surface___Mars; dispose___bombs; to do work___the military; to work___assembly lines; move___all directions; to see___incisions; to position instruments___the body; types___robots; set___motion; invention___ the computer; to do tasks___a human present; set___ the future; think___themselves;

 

6. Заполните таблицу и перескажите текст, опираясь на данные в таблице.

 

	Robots	Automatons	Androids
Look
Can

 

 

Текст 2.

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Telecommunication

Communication ties together the parts of a society just as the nervous system ties together the parts of an individual. From earliest times, when… Telecommunication first came into existence with the development of the… After 1975, however, a new transformation of telecommunications began. The technology used to carry information…

Текст 3.

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Computers

Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical calculations—even an adding machine or a slide rule. Currently, however, the term… The “brains” of today's computers are integrated circuits (ICs), sometimes… Computers come in many sizes and shapes. Special-purpose, or dedicated, computers are designed to perform specific…

Текст 4.

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Computer applications

Modern computers have a myriad of applications in fields ranging from the arts to the sciences and from personal finance to enhanced communications.… Computers make all modern communications possible. They operate telephone… Scientists and researchers use computers in many ways to collect, store, manipulate, and analyze data. Running…

Текст 5.

Hardware /Part 1/  

Текст 6.

Hardware /Part 2/  

Текст 7.

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Bill Gates

American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest personal-computer software company. Gates wrote his first software program at the age of 13. In high school he… Largely on the strength of Microsoft's success, Gates amassed a huge paper fortune as the company's largest individual…

Текст 8.

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Software

Two types of software instruct a computer to perform its tasks—systems software and applications software. Systems software is a permanent component… A computer's operating system (OS) is the systems software that allows all the… An OS allows programs to run. When a program is running, it is in the process of instructing the computer. For…

Текст 9.

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Programming

Software is written by professionals known as computer programmers. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams, with each person focusing… Computer programs consist of data structures and algorithms. Data structures… Generally, programmers create software by using the following development process:

Текст 10.

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Programming languages

There are two general types of languages—low-level and high-level. Low-level languages are similar to a computer's internal binary language, or… The first high-level language for business data processing was called… A team led by John Backus within the International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation began developing a language…

Текст 11.

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The Internet

The Internet is a network of networks: the international linking of hundreds of thousands of businesses, universities, and research organizations… Most networks on the Internet make certain files available to other networks.… British physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1992 as a way to organize and access information on…

Текст 12.

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The social impact of computers

Until the mid-1980s few people had direct contact with computers. Then people began to purchase PCs for use at home, and in the 1990s the Internet… Many people have increasingly felt the need to “be connected” or “plugged in”… Schools at all levels recognize the importance of training students to use computers effectively. Students can no…

Текст 13.

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Computer crimes

Computers, with all the benefits they offer, also unfortunately can enable cybercrime, or computer crime. Of course, the computers and their… Computer software is often much more expensive than the computer hardware that… Digital piracy is also a growing problem for the music industry. Worldwide, audio CD sales had decreased by more than…

Текст 14.

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Information technology

The computer industry itself - the development and manufacturing of computer hardware and software - had a major impact on society in the late 20th… The industry spawned many new companies, called start-ups, to create products… The information technology (IT) sector experienced tremendous growth in the late 20th century. By the early 21st…

Текст 15.

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The future of computers

Research and development in the computer world moves simultaneously along two paths—in hardware and in software. Work in each area influences the… Many hardware systems are reaching natural limitations. Memory chips that… For these and other reasons, many researchers feel that the future of computer hardware might not be in further…

Раздел 2.

 

Текст 1.

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Where to next?

Back in 1975, Paul and I dreamed that computers would be ubiquitous and indispensable. We imagined that handheld computers would take notes and… At the time these were only dreams, but many have already come true, and we're… Smart homes embedded with PC intelligence will keep our families secure and eliminate many of the chores that get in…

Текст 2.

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Four common PC problems you can fix yourself

That doesn't mean they will be cheap if someone else does the job. Replacing a hard drive is probably a minimum $250-$300 job at a computer shop. … However, some jobs can be done by the average Joe or Jane. On a scale of 1 to… A word of caution: Static electricity can kill the circuitry inside your computer. Before you reach for anything…

Текст 3.

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Computer viruses

Types of virus From worms to macros, there's a whole host of viruses out there to catch... … Worms

Текст 4.

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Man and machine

In 1997, then world chess champion Garry Kasparov played against IBM’s Deep Blue supercomputer – and lost. After six games, the mighty Kasparov lost… The RoboCup football championship features robots playing the beautiful game.… In the RoboCup junior championships, independent robots compete one-on-one on a miniature football table with a…

Текст 5.

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The digital decade

2005 was a very big year. A big year for the personal computer, growth of over 11 percent in Windows PCs, a big year with the introduction of the… I thought I would start off and show a scenario that we think will be real by… Down here we've got a little bit of a map, and because everyone in the family has decided that they're willing to…

Текст 6.

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Mac Pro: The ultimate in desktop computing

With two, 64-bit, dual-core Intel Xeon “Woodcrest” processors and it's sleek design, the Mac Pro is the computer equivalent of a Ferrari, Maserati… The Mac Pro is encased in real metal rather than cheap pressboard or molded… Up front, there are two optical drive slots. You can put two 16x SuperDrives (CD-DVD, R/W) in there or one CD and one…

Текст 7.

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The hard disk that changed the world

The RAMAC, designed in Big Blue's San Jose, Calif., research center, is the ultimate ancestor of that 1.8-inch drive that holds 7,500 songs inside… Yet those who beheld the RAMAC were astonished. "It was about the size of… That feature, and the fact that every year scientists have managed to compress more and more information on hard…

Текст 8.

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The unified communications revolution

But communication is still a significant challenge. In a single day, you probably send and receive email, make phone calls from your desktop and… The irony is that rather than making it easier to reach people, the… In the coming years, unified communications technologies will eliminate the barriers between the communications modes…

Текст 9.

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Technology is the tool, people are the key

Gartner, Inc., a technology research firm, says that worldwide, IT spending will top $2.6 trillion in 2006. This figure includes spending on… The solution, say analysts, is to use technology to untie the knot sometimes… Among those strategies is developing technology that helps people manage multiple streams of information, enables them…

Текст 10.

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Console wars: Which is best?

MICROSOFT XBOX 360 Xbox 360 is the first console to take advantage of the new high definition… Even those without a high def screen will notice a considerable step up in graphical prowess for the games they play…

Оглавление

Раздел 1. 3

Robot 3

Telecommunication. 6

Computers. 8

Computer applications. 12

Hardware /Part 1/ 14

Hardware /Part 2/ 17

Bill Gates. 20

Software. 23

Programming. 25

Programming languages. 27

The Internet 30

The social impact of computers. 33

Computer crimes. 35

Information technology. 37

The future of computers. 39

Раздел 2. 43

Where to next?. 43

Four common PC problems you can fix yourself 45

Computer viruses. 47

Man and machine. 49

The digital decade. 51

Mac Pro: The ultimate in desktop computing. 54

The hard disk that changed the world. 55

The unified communications revolution. 56

Technology is the tool, people are the key. 58

Console wars: Which is best?. 60