Практична фонетика англійської мови

Державний вищий навчальний заклад

“Запорізький національний університет”

Міністерства освіти і науки України

 

О.І. Лужаниця

 

Практична фонетика англійської мови

 

 

Навчальний посібник

для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології

 

 

Затверджено

вченою радою ЗНУ

Протокол № від

 

Запоріжжя

 

УДК: 811.111:81'342 (075.8)

ББК:Ш 143.21-923

Л 836

 

Лужаниця О.І. Практична фонетика англійської мови: Навчальний посібник для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології. – Запоріжжя: ЗНУ, 2010. – 75с.

 

Навчальний посібник містить теоретичні положення, основні поняття, та матеріали для практичного застосування курсу “Практична фонетика англійської мови”.

Призначений для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології денного та заочного.

 

 

Рецензент Г.І. Приходько

Відповідальний за випуск С.М. Енікєєва

Зміст

Вступ ……………………………………………………………… Part One. The sounds of English: consonants……………………… Noise consonants…………………………………………… Occlusive consonants: stops / plosives [p, b; t, d; k, g]……… Occlusive consonants: affricates [tʃ, dʒ]…………………… Constrictive consonants: fricatives [f, v; θ, ð; s, z; ʃ, ʒ; h] … English sonorants …………………………………………… Occlusive nasal sonorants [m, n, ŋ] ………………………… Constrictive oral sonorants [w, j, l, r] ………………………   Part two. Strong and weak forms ……………………………………   Part three. Joining sounds in connected speech………………………   Part four. Stress……………………………………………………… Word stress ………………………………………………… Sentence stress ………………………………………………   Part five. Intonation ………………………………………………… Додаток …..………………………………………………………… Термінологічний словник ………………………………………… Використана література …………………………………………..

 

 

Вступ

Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології, денного та заочного відділень (спеціальність “Англійська мова та література”).

Посібник доповнює основний підручник з курсу «Практична фонетика англійської мови» та є необхідною частиною загального курсу з англійської мови. Він містить теоретичні положення та загальні поняття з фонетики, а також тренувальні матеріали для практичного застосування.

Мета навчального посібника полягає в ознайомленні студентів з теоретичними основами фонетики з метою формування когнітивної бази про знакову будову англійської мови; у формуванні та закріпленні стійких навичок правильної англійської вимови. Велика увага приділяється характеристиці звуків англійської мови, особливостям їх артикуляції (ізольовано, а також і у зв'язній мові), роботі над інтонаційними моделями.

Посібник складається з п’яти частин. У першій дані загальні характеристики англійських звуків (приголосних), далі вивчаються процеси асиміляції та адаптації звуків у зв'язній мові, слабі та сильні форми; останні 2 частини присвячені особливостям наголосу (словесного і в реченні) та загальним інтонаційним моделям.

Фактично кожен розділ складається з двох частин. Перша - це теоретична частина, у якій характеризуються звуки та особливості їх вимови; друга - практична, де поданий матеріал для закріплення попередньої і відпрацювання звуків та інтонаційних моделей.

Вимовні навички та вміння студентів відпрацьовуються за допомогою фонетичної зарядки, віршів та інших вправ, направлених на відпрацювання вимови різного роду звукосполучень: однотипних та контрастних звуків, звукосполучень на стику слів, а також на розвиток суцільної вимови слів у фразі та тренування різних інтонаційних зразків.

Part One.

The sounds of English. consonants.

Noise Consonants

Occlusive consonants

Occlusive consonants are pronounced with a complete obstruction to the air…   According to the place of articulation According to the force of articulation …

Spelling

p – pat

pp – happy

gh – hiccough

Description

[p] is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive, bilabial (pronounced with the help of two lips), plosive. You produce it by stopping the airstream with your lips, building up pressure, and suddenly releasing the air.

Note!

· [p] is loud at the beginning of a word, before a vowel and [r], [l]

· [p] is quite at the end of the word, quite and almost silent before a consonant

 

Production

1. Put your lips together. Press them fairly firmly closed.

2. Build up air pressure in your mouth. Don’t let any air escape through your nose. Keep your teeth slightly apart. Allow the air pressure to force your lips apart making an audible explosion of air.

Challenge Materials

Pick a partner and practice passing, for if you pass proficiently, perhaps you'll play professionally.   Plague-bearing prairie dogs.

Spelling

b – boat

bb – rubber

pb – cupboard

Description

[b] is voiced, weak (lenis), occlusive, bilabial (pronounced with the help of two lips), plosive. You produce it by stopping the air stream with your lips, building up pressure, and suddenly releasing the air, using voice.

Note!

· [b] is loud at the beginning of a word, before a vowel and [r], [l]

· [b] is partially devoiced at the end of the word and is quite before a consonant

Production

1. Follow all the steps for [p], but start to produce voice at the same time that your lips close.

2. Don’t press the lips as firmly or hold them together as long as you did for [p].

 

Challenge Materials

  A big black bug bit a big black bear, A big black bear bit a big black bug. …  

Spelling

t – to tw – two th – thomas ed – liked

ght – tight tt – tattoo pt – ptomaine bt – doubt

 

Description

[t] is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive, forelingual apical (pronounced with the help of the blade of the tongue or the tip of the tongue), alveolar (the tongue touches alveolars or the upper teeth), plosive.

Note!

· [t] is loud before a vowel

· [t] is quite at the end of the word and before a consonant

Production

2. Hold your tongue firmly in place against the gum ridge. Force some air from your lungs and allow pressure to build up behind your tongue. 3. Let the air pressure overcome your tongue and force it away from the gum…  

Challenge Materials

Tim, the thin twin tinsmith.   Toy boat. Toy boat. Toy boat.

Spelling

d – dog

dd – ladder

ed – poured

Description

[d] is voiced, weak (lenis), occlusive, forelingual apical (pronounced with the help of the blade of the tongue or the tip of the tongue), alveolar (the tongue touches alveolars or the upper teeth), plosive.

 

Note!

· [d] is loud before a vowel

· [d] is partially devoiced at the end of the word and is quite before a consonant

Production

2. Hold your tongue firmly in place against the gum ridge. Force some air from your lungs and allow pressure to build up behind your tongue. Let…

Challenge Materials

  A dozen double damask dinner napkins.  

Spelling

k – key c – cat ck – lock cc – occur ch – echo

qu – queen (with [w]) que – plaque cqu – lacquer kh – khan x – lax (with [s])

 

Description

[k] is voiceless occlusive, backlingual velar (pronounced with the help of the back of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum), plosive.

Note!

· [k] is loud before a vowel and [r], [l].

· [k] is quite at the end of the word and before a consonant

Production

1. Open your mouth slightly.

2. Raise the back of your tongue and press it against the soft palate.

3. Build up air pressure behind the tongue. Don’t let any air escape through your nose.

4. Let the air pressure force your tongue away from the palate. Make sure the release is sudden – an explosion.

Challenge Materials

  Kris Kringle carefully crunched on candy canes.  

Spelling

g – go gg – egg gu – guess

gue – plague x – exam (with [z]) gh – ghost

 

Description

[g] is voiced, weak (lenis), occlusive, backlingual velar (pronounced with the help of the back of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum), plosive.

Note!

· [g] is loud before a vowel and [r], [l].

· [g] is partially devoiced at the end of the word and is quite before a consonant

 

Production

1. Open your mouth slightly.

2. Raise the back of your tongue and press it against the soft palate.

3. Build up air pressure behind the tongue. Don’t let any air escape through your nose.

4. Let the air pressure force your tongue away from the palate. Make sure the release is sudden – an explosion. Produce voice as the tongue begins to block the airstream.

Challenge Materials

  Girl gargoyle, guy gargoyle.  

Occlusive consonants

There are only 2 affricates in English: [tʃ, dʒ]. They are affricates because they are articulated by stopping the flow and then releasing…   According to the place of articulation According to…  

Spelling

ch – chair tch – watch, kitchen tu – nature

ti - question c- cello te – righteous

 

Description

[tʃ] is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive-noise consonant, affricate, forelingual palato-alveolar apical (pronounced with the help of the blade or the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate).

Note!

[tʃ] is voiceless in all positions.

Production

1. Open your mouth slightly.

2. Place the tip of your tongue against the gum ridge, and lift the sides to touch the teeth, as though you were going to make the sound [t].

3. Build up air pressure.

4. Release the air pressure very suddenly, but only allow a very small portion of your tongue tip to leave the gum ridge. Although you started with [t], you’ll finish with [ʃ].

Challenge Materials

  Out in the pasture the nature watcher watches the catcher. While the catcher…  

Spelling

j – jam, judge g – gem, gypsy dg – edge, judge ge – age, George dj - adjacent, adjective

di – soldier, margin, cordial ch – Norwich ld – soldier gg – exaggerate du – gradual

 

Description

[dʒ] is voiced, weak (lenis), is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive-noise consonant, affricate, forelingual palato-alveolar apical (pronounced with the help of the blade or the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate).

Note!

· [dʒ] is loud word initial position before a vowel, in intervocalic position, or before [r], [l]

· [dʒ] is partially devoiced at the end of the word

 

Production

Follow the same steps used for [tʃ]. Produce voice as soon as you feel your tongue touch the gum ridge.

 

Challenge Materials

The passengers of the jet-engine airplane flying to Germany were agitated having become hostages of the hijackers.

Constrictive consonants

Constrictive consonants are pronounced with an incomplete obstruction to the air stream, when the air passage is constricted; they are also called…   According to the place of articulation   …  

Spelling

f – four, fat, definite ff – affair, sniff gh – enough

ph – phone, photo lf – half

 

Description

[f] is voiceless, strong (fortis), constrictive fricative, forelingual labio-dental (articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth).

Note!

[f] is voiceless in all positions.

Production

1. Very lightly, rest the cutting edge of your upper front teeth against your lower lip.

2. Let your tongue rest against the floor of your mouth.

3. Start the breath stream moving, and force it between your lower lip and upper teeth. Don’t allow any air to escape through your nose. Make sure you use a light touch. If you press too hard, not enough air comes through.

Challenge Materials

  Love's a feeling you feel when you feel you're going to feel the feeling…  

Spelling

v – very, vast, cover

f – (only in of)

ph – Stephen, nephew

vv - savvy

Description

[v] is voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual labio-dental (articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth).

Note!

· [v] is loud word initial position before a vowel, in intervocalic position

· [v] is partially devoiced at the end of the word

Production

1. Very lightly, rest the cutting edge of your upper front teeth against your lower lip.

2. Let your tongue rest against the floor of your mouth.

3. Start the breath stream moving, and force it between your lower lip and upper teeth. Don’t allow any air to escape through your nose. Make sure you use a light touch. If you press too hard, not enough air comes through. As soon as you feel your teeth and lip touch, add voice.

Challenge Materials

 

Seventy seven benevolent elephants

 

Valour and virtue are opposed to villainy and vulgarity.

 

Very well, very well, very well … However, however. however…

 

[s]

Spelling

s – size, snake ss – pass, grass c – lacy, cent cs – scenery, scent

ps – psychology tz- waltz sch – schism x – exit (with [k])

 

Description

[s] – voiceless, strong (fortis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, alveolar (articulated by the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge).

Production

2. Drop the tip of your tongue down and slightly back, but keep the sides lightly pressed against the middle and back upper teeth. Your tongue… 3. Make a shallow groove lengthwise along the middle of your tongue. Keep the… 4. Blow the breath stream at the cutting edge of the teeth” create a hissing sound.

Challenge Materials

  She saw Sherif's shoes on the sofa. But was she so sure she saw Sherif's shoes…  

Spelling

s – roses, mews, hose, music

ss – scissors

z – zero, lazy, zoo

zz – dizzy, blizzard

X - exact , Xerox,

Description

[z] – voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, alveolar (articulated by the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge).

Note!

· [z] is partially devoiced in word final positions, e.g. his, lose.

Production

Follow the same steps used for [s]. Start voicing as soon as the air begins to move.

Challenge Materials

  Fuzzy Wuzzy was a bear, Fuzzy Wuzzy had no hair, Fuzzy Wuzzy wasn't very…  

Spelling

th – bath

tth – matthew

Description

Production

1. Open your mouth until your teeth are slightly apart.

2. Round the tip of your tongue. Don’t try to point it too sharply.

3. Place your tongue so that it protrudes very slightly between your upper and lower front teeth.

4. Force the breath stream to come out between your tongue and teeth. Don’t press too tightly; you’ll end up forcing the sound. Don’t let any air escape through the nose.

Challenge Materials

  Theo thrust a thumb through two or three thick straw thatches.  

Spelling

th – with

the – bathe, father

 

Description

[ð] is voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, interdental (articulated the same as [θ], but with the voice).

Note!

· [ð] is partially devoiced in word final positions, e.g. breathe, with.

Production

1. Open your mouth until your teeth are slightly apart.

2. Round the tip of your tongue. Don’t try to point it too sharply.

3. Place your tongue so that it protrudes very slightly between your upper and lower front teeth.

4. Force the breath stream to come out between your tongue and teeth. Don’t press too tightly; you’ll end up forcing the sound. Don’t let any air escape through the nose. Add voice as soon as you feel your tongue touch your teeth.

Challenge Materials

We wonder whether the weather will weather the wether Or whether the weather the wether will kill.   Sweater weather, leather weather.

Spelling

sh – shoe, dish, she ch – machine, Chicago chs - fuchsia sch- schedule, schnapps t – nation

c – ocean s – sure, tension ss – assure, fissure sc - fascist x – luxury

 

Description

[ʃ] is voiceless, strong (fortis) constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar (articulated by the tip and the front of the blade against the back part of alveolar ridge, while the front part is raised in the direction of the hard palate).

Production

2. Round your tongue slightly, and raise the sides of your tongue so that they are against the upper molars. 3. Raise the front of the tongue so that it points to the area just behind… 4. Keep the sides of the tongue up and start the breath stream flowing. Force the air against the front teeth, but…

Challenge Materials

  I wish to wish the wish you wish to wish, but if you wish the wish the witch…  

Spelling

si – vision s – usual, measure z – seizure, azure

ge – prestige, gendarme, beige j - bijou

 

Description

[ʒ] is voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar (articulated the same as [ʃ], but with the voice).

 

Note!

· [ʒ] is partially devoiced in word final positions, e.g. prestige, rouge.

 

Production

Follow the same steps used for [ʃ]. This time add voice at the same instant the air starts to move.

Challenge Materials

  Eat with pleasure, drink in measure.  

Spelling

wh – who, whole

h – how, ahead, behave, manhood, hot

Description

[h] is voiceless, strong, (fortis), constrictive fricative, glottal (produced with the gloits).

Production

1. There is no special position or movement for [h]. Start with your tongue resting on the bottom of your mouth.

2. Open your mouth; constrict your vocal cords as though you were going to whisper.

3. Force the air out of your mouth. Don’t produce voice, and don’t let any air out of your nose.

 

Challenge Materials

  John, where Peter had had "had had", had had "had";…  

English Sonorants

Sonorants are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise; the air passage is rather wide when they are produced. When producing sonorants…  

OCCLUSIVE NASAL SONORANTS

[m, n, ŋ]

These sounds are articulated with a complete obstruction, thus they are occlusive, with the soft palate lowered when the air escapes through the nasal cavity, and thus they are nasal.

[m]

Spelling

m – mean, man mm – summer, hammer mn – autumn, column

Mb – comb, thumb lm – calm gm - diaphragm

 

Description

[m] is occlusive nasal, bilabial sonorant (articulated with the lips slightly pressed together, forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the mouth cavity; the soft palate is lowered and the air passes out through the nasal cavity).

Notice!

· [m] sounds longer at the end of an isolated word or a sense-group after a short vowel or before a voiced consonsnt or a vowel, e.g.: dim [dim:], lambs [læm:z], mole [m:əul]

· [m] sounds shorter before a voiced consonant, e.g.: lamp.

 

Production

1. Close your lips, but keep your teeth very slightly apart.

2. Lower your soft palate, and rest your tongue on the floor of the mouth.

3. Produce voice, allowing the air to come out through your nose.

Challenge Materials

Mommy made me eat my M&Ms.

 

There was a minimum of cinnamon in the aluminum pan.

 

Meter maid Mary married manly Matthew Marcus Mayo, a moody male mailman moving mostly metered mail.

 

Mary Mac's mother's making Mary Mac marry me. My mother's making me marry Mary Mac. Will I always be so Merry when Mary's taking care of me? Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?

[n]

Spelling

n – not, no nn – sunny, penny kn – know, knife

gn – gnaw, sign, gnat pn – pneumonia mn - mnemonic

 

Description

[n] is occlusive nasal, forelingual apical alveolar sonorant (articulated with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge (apical articulation), forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the mouth cavity; the soft palate is lowered and the air passes out through the nasal cavity).

 

Notice!

Like in case with [m] the sonorant [n] may have variants of different length, depending on its position in the word (see [m]).

Production

1. Open your mouth slightly. Place the tip of your tongue on the upper gum ridge. At the same time, place the sides of your tongue along the upper inside surface of the molars.

2. Lower the soft palate so that air can leave via your nostrils.

3. Produce noise.

 

Challenge Materials

Ann and Andy's anniversary is in April.

 

You know New York . You need New York . You know you need unique New York .

 

Ninety-nine new-born babies need ninety-nine new napkins

 

Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear.

 

[ŋ]

Spelling

N + velar consonant

ng – long, tongue, finger, sing, tongue

nk – sink

nc – uncle, anchor

nx – anxious (with [k])

Description

[ŋ] is occlusive nasal, backlingual, velar sonorant (articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) raised and touching the soft palate (the velum), thus forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the mouth cavity; the soft palate is lowered and the air passes out through the nasal cavity).

 

Notice!

Like in case with [m, n] the sonorant [ŋ] may have variants of different length, depending on its position in the word (see [m, n]).

 

Production

1. Open your mouth fairly wide.

2. Place the back of your tongue against your soft palate, as though you were going to say the first sound of the word go.

3. Lower your soft palate, produce voice, and let the air and sound leave through your nose.

Challenge Materials

  Mrs King is bringing something pink for Mr King to drink. The king would sing, about a ring that would go ding.

CONSTRICTIVE ORAL SONORANTS

[w, j, l, r]

These sounds are articulated with an incomplete obstruction, thus they are constrictive, with the soft palate raised and the air escapes through the mouth, and thus they are oral. When the air stream passes along the sides of the tongue lateral sonorant is formed [l]; if the air goes down the centre of the tongue medial sonorants are formed: [w, j, r].

[w]

Spelling

w – warm, sweet, wet, twelve wh – what, where u after k - quit

u after q – question, liquid u after g – language o - one

 

Description

[w] is a constrictive oral medial bilabial sonorant, articulated with the lips forming a round narrowing, the back the tongue being raised towards the soft palate or even higher; the sound is very short and weak.

Notice!

· the words spelt with ‘wh’, such as when, what, why may be pronounced with [hw] or voiceless fortis labio-velar fricative [w]

· when [w] occurs after voiceless consonants [w] is devoiced, e.g.: twelve, queen, square.

 

Production

1. Round your lips and purse them. Raise the back of your tongue toward the soft palate, but don’t let it touch. Keep your mouth slightly open.

2. Blow air out of your mouth with enough force to make an audible rush of air.

3. As you create the sound, open your mouth slightly. Keep this sound very short. Add voice as soon as you purse your lips; continue to voice it as your lips open slightly.

 

Challenge Materials

  Which is the witch that wished the wicked wish?  

Spelling

y – yard, yes u – mute, use ie – view ew – few eu – feud

eau – beauty ui – suit ia - familiar io – opinion j - hallelujah

 

Description

[j] is a constrictive oral medial medialingual palatal sonorant, articulated with the front of the tongue held against the hard palate at approximately the same height as in [i]; the sides of the tongue being raised; the sound is very short and weak.

Notice!

· [j] after voiceless consonants is partially devoiced, e.g.: pew, tune.

Production

1. Open your mouth slightly.

2. Place the tip of your tongue behind your lower front teeth.

3. Raise the front of your tongue toward the hard palate. Keep the tip in place behind your lower front teeth and pull your lips slightly back.

4. Produce voice and let your tongue and lips glide to the position of the next sound. Don’t let any air out your nose.

 

Challenge Materials

Young Frankenstein yearned fir used electrodes from Uganda to restore his youthful looks.

 

More than a few army units situated in Europe reduced unusually yields of uranium.

 

Some musicians use popular folk tunes to produce music which goes beyond the usual.

Onions grown in the yard usually produce yearnings for yeasty bouillons.

 

You can be a Yo Yo hero.

[l]

Spelling

l – like, glad, left

ll – tall

ln – kiln

Description

[l] is a constrictive oral lateral, fore-lingual apical alveolar sonorant (articulated with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge (apical articulation) sonorant.

Note!

[l] has two variants in English:

· clear [l] used before vowels and [j], e.g.: lesson, live, value

· dark [l] used before consonants and word final positions, e.g.: children, bell.

 

Production

2. Open your mouth wide enough to slip the tip of your finger between your lips. 3. Keep the sides of the tongue down. 4. Produce voice. Don’t let any air through your nose.

Challenge Materials

  Yally Bally had a jolly golliwog. Feeling folly, Yally Bally Bought his jolly…  

Spelling

r – run, red rr – berry, ferry wr – write, wrong

rh – rhythm linking r – far away, poor animal

 

Description

[r] is a constrictive oral medial, forelingual, cacuminal, post-alveolar sonorant, articulated with the tongue tip raised towards the back part of the alveolar ridge, forming a rather wide air passage, while the front of the tongue is to some extend depressed (cacuminal articulation).

Note!

[r]in south-east England, South Africa and Australia is silent when there is no vowel following it, e.g.; wonderful [`wʌndə,ful], marvelous [`ma:vələs], understand [,ʌndə`stænd].

Production

1. Open your mouth slightly. Protrude your lips just a bit.

2. Raise the tip of your tongue to a point slightly behind the gum ridge, but don’t make contact. At the same time, spread the sides of your tongue so that they touch the upper teeth. You don’t want air to escape from the sides of your mouth.

3. Produce voice.

 

Challenge Materials

  Round and round the rugged rock the ragged rascal ran. Rory the warrior and Roger the worrier were reared wrongly in a rural brewery.

Part Two.

Strong and weak forms

In English there are certain words which have two forms of pronunciation: strong and weak (full and reduced) forms. These words include form-words… These words have strong forms when they are stressed. Each of these words…  

Part three.

Joining sounds in connected speech.

In assimilation the phoneme whose articulation is modified under the influence of a neighboring phoneme is called the assimilated phoneme; the… The term assimilation may also be extended to include cases when two adjacent… Although assimilation is common to all languages, it does not act in the same way in all languages. In modern English…

S] / [z] sounds in plurals, 3d person singular, possessive case

· the sound in the flection is assimilated under the influence of an unvoiced consonant, thus becomes [s] 3.When two sounds come together as a result of the juxtaposition of two words,… [s] - let’s stay [`letsstei]

Linking sounds.

a) linking [w]: the sound [w] links words ending in [u:] or [u], e.g. who, you, how, go when the next word begins with a vowel: Who is? [hu`wis] You are [ju`wa:]

Part four.

Stress Word stress

It is l-o-n-g-e-r – com-p-u-ter It is LOUDER - comPUTer It has a change in pitch from the syllables coming before and afterwards. The pitch of a stressed syllable is usually…

DEGREES OF WORD STRESS

English is commonly believed to have three levels of stress – primary stress (in stressed syllable), secondary stress (in half-stressed syllables), and weak (in unstressed syllables).

The mark (`) is used to indicate primary stress, secondary stress is marked by (,). A large group of polysyllabic simple words nave both primary and secondary word stresses, eg ,conver`sation.

 

Position of the word stress

Word stress in English as well as in Ukrainian is free, in the sense that the primary stress is not tied to any particular syllable in all the words. But it always falls on a particular syllable of any given word. The position of the word stress is the product of its historical development.

 

Some 'rules' of word stress

  Here are some general tendencies for word stress in English:  

Sentence stress

e.g. a'bout but: 'What are you 'talking about'? In phrases or sentences where no special meaning is given to any word, the… We were par'ticularly 'keen on 'listening to 'one 'speaker of 'this 'kind.

Part five.

Intonation

In linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.

In English there are 3 main tones:

- the falling tone

- the rising tone

- the level tone

 

The use of the falling tone

The falling tone is used in the following communicative types of sentences: (1) in categoric statements, or assertions; (2) in special questions; (3) in commands: (4) in exclamations (or statement-like exclamations); (5) in sentences expressing offers to do something or suggestions that something should be done.

The use of the rising tone

The rising tone is used in the following communicative types of sentences: (1) in general questions; (2) in requests; (3) in non-categoric statements, or in sentences in which something is implied; (4) in greetings pronounced on parting; (5) in special questions expressing a friendly interest in the hearer or forming a series, as if in a questionnaire, or implying a mild reproach; (6) in questions expressing a request to repeat a previously made statement; (7) in echoing questions.

The use of the level tone

The level tone is used in sentences pronounced when the speaker stops to think, when he hesitates, when he pronounces the sentence with indifference, when he does nor know what to say, or when he speaks to himself without paying any attention to the listener, and in reciting poems.

There are exceptions, so all types of sentences should be analyzed in a detail.

 

TYPES OF SENTENCES AND INTONATION PATTERN

Intonation in statements.

It’s ֽdifficult. I `wanted to `go there imֽmediately. It `was not so ֽeasy.

Intonation in special / wh-questions.

  2. However, if the speaker is checking that he or she has heard something… `How `old are you?

Intonation in yes/no (general questions) questions.

Is anyone `absent to ֽday? Have you been `studying ֽlong? 2. However, when general questions are said with the Low Fall they are… `Shall we post`pone?

Intonation in a list, enumeration.

Low Rise is usually used in the non final intonation segment showing that there is more to be said, that enumeration will be continued; the final… I `bought some `socks, `shirts and ֽties. All he `does is `sleep, `eat and ֽplay.

Intonation in a surprise

1. High Fall expresses mild / affronted surprise, e.g.: Look! It’s `stopped `raining! Oh `yes, so it `has! He’s `broken a `leg! How `awful!

Intonation in exclamations

`Good `evening! `Good `morning! How `late you `are!

Intonation in suggestions.

1. The common intonation pattern in suggestions is the High Fall, e.g.:

`Let me `read!
`Let's `go `home!

2. The rising tone in suggestions is an emphatic usage, the speaker sounds friendly

`Have a ֽholiday, Mrs. `Bloggs!
`Stop ֽwashing, Mr. `Wong!

Intonation in commands

Try the other key. Come and have dinner with Tom. 2. High Fall tone suggests a course of action; the speaker doesn't worry whether he will be obeyed or not, e.g.:

Intonation in thanks, responses

In thank you and replies to thank you phrases the intonation goes down at the end as in most widely used statements, which express finality, completeness, and definiteness.

- Thank you.

- You are welcome.

- My pleasure.

 

Intonation in if-sentences

If the principle clause implies continuation, or each of the clauses is semantically independent they arrange separate intonation groups. The principle clause may be pronounced with the falling, rising or even… The subordinate clause usually implies non-finality and suggests not only continuation, but also sounds somewhat…

Intonation in Requests.

Don't move. Come and stay with us again soon. 2. High Fall tone is used in cases the speaker tend to sound polite, e.g.:

Poem of English Pronunciation

Dearest creature in creation, Study English pronunciation. I will teach you in my verse

Tough Stuff

Nor is mould like should and would, River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb, Doll and roll and some and home.

Термінологічній словник

  Affricates are consonants that begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as… Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called…

Sound is a material unit produced by speech organs.

  Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a…