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Реферат Курсовая Конспект

По синтаксису современного английского языка

По синтаксису современного английского языка - раздел Иностранные языки, Министерство Образования И Науки Республики Казахстан...

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

СЕМИПАЛАТИНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ ШАКАРИМА

КАФЕДРА ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКИ ПЕРЕВОДА

EXERCISES IN ENGLISH SYNTAX

CБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ

По синтаксису современного английского языка

 

Семей – 2013

Составитель: Калимова Жибек Усембаевна, доцент кафедры теории и практики перевода Семипалатинского государственного университета имени Шакарима.

Рецензенты:

Гайнуллина Ф.А., зав. кафедрой иностранной и русской филологии, доцент КазГИЮУ

Исмаилова Г.К., зав. кафедрой филологии СГУ имени Шакарима

  Ж.У. Калимова. Учебно-методическое пособие по синтаксису современного…  

П Р Е Д И С Л О В И Е

Сборник не ориентирован на какой-либо определенный учебник по грамматике и может использоваться одновременно с изучением теории по любому… Сборник имеет целью привить студентам умение распознавать и объяснять… Сборник включает 13 разделов. Первые 7 разделов сборника посвящены синтаксису простых предложений, которые включают в…

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

Exercise 1. Classify the sentences according to the purpose of utterance.

Exercise 2. . Define the kinds of sentences according to the purpose of the utterance.

Laura was terribly nervous. Tossing the velvet ribbon over her shoulder, she said to a woman standing by, "Is this Mrs. Scott's house?" and the woman, smiling queerly, said, "It is, my lass." Oh, to be away from this! She actually said, "Help me God!" as she walked up the tiny path and knocked. Then the door opened. A little woman in black showed in the gloom. Laura said, "Are you Mrs. Scott?" But to her horror the woman answered, "Walk in, please, miss," arid she was shut in the passage. "No," said Laura, "I don't want to come in. I only want to leave this basket."The little woman in the gloomy passage seemed not to hear her. "Step this way, please, miss," she said in an oily voice, and Laura followed her. (Mansfield).

Exercise 3. Point out two-member sentences (say whether they are complete or elliptical) and one-member sentences.

Exercise 4. Analyze sentences in the following conversation

Come this way. This is John Clayton, number 2704. Cabman: That's it. How do you do? Sherlock Holmes: Won't you sit down? It won't keep you long. It's good of you to come. Cabman: Thank you, Sir.

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

THE SUBJECT

Exercise 1. Point out the subject and say by what it is expressed.

Exercise 2. State the nature of it. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 3. Oral exercises on the use of the “introductory it”.

* Here "it" is the subject of the principal clause of a complex sentence.

Exercise 4. A. Oral exercises on the use of the “ emphatic it”.

B. Find the column II the appropriate ending of what is given in the column I. Translate sentences into Russian.

Exercise 5. Point out the predicate and say to what type it belongs. Translate into Russian.

 

Exercise 6. Point out the subject and the predicate.

 

Exercise 7. Point out the simple and compound predicate.Define the form of the finite verb. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Exercise 8. Point out the link-verb of the compound nominal predicate. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Exercise 9. Translate into English, using a compound nominal predicate.

  Exercise 10. Explain the way the predicate-verb is used in the singular and… I. The family werestill at table, but they had finished breakfast. (Twain) 2. There wasa crowd of soldiers along the…

Exercise 11. Mind the agreement of the predicate with the subject and use the proper form of the verb.

Exercise 12. Use the appropriate form of the verb.

Exercise 13. Translate into English. Mind the agreement of the predicate with the subject.

THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE

THE OBJECT

Exercise 1. Point out the object. Define the kind of the object.

Exercise 2 .Oral exercise on the position of the indirect object. Place direct object before the indirect object to make the latter more… Model: Give me the book.—Give the book to me.

Exercise 4. Comment on the kind of the object and say what it is expressed by. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 5. Point out the Complex Object and say by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 6. Translate into English.

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences (add a cognate object, using it with the words given in brackets).

1. A young man died ….(of a hero).

2. The old man sighed …..(deep).

3. He has lived….(long and interesting).

4. After the excursion we all slept….(sound).

5. Listening to the funny story he laughed_____(hearty).

6. Looking at the baby the mother smiled….(happy).

7. Ye struck his enemy….(deadly).

8. The troops won….(glorious).

 

Oral exercises on the use of the Complex Object

Exercise 8. Form a complex object expressed a) by an Infinitive construction,

B) a participial construction, c) a gerundial construction.

To make, to keep, to find, to wait, to hear, to want, to expect, to see, to let, to get).

 

1 .Nothing will____me believe it was true. 2. I ____him laughing loudly. 3. The father_____his son to be an educated man. 4. I shall never be able to____my packing done by myself. 5. I am not going ____you go home alone so late at night. 6. We_____them cross the bridge. 7. We____him to come soon. 8. The public were ____for the curtain to rise. 9. He _____them walking alone a shady alley. 10. I didn’t intend to ____you waiting. 11. They_____on my writing another letter.

Exercise 10. Translate into English paying attention to the use of constructions with objects of all kind.

 

Exercise 11. Translate into English using a Complex Object.

THE ATTRIBUTE  

Exercise 1. Point out the attribute. State what it is expressed by. Translate the sentence into Russian.

8. That was a very different and a very much more difficult thing. 9. He pointed to the dog looking at me hopefully. 10. The methods used proved to…  

Exercise. 2. Change the following sentences into the corresponding noun-phrases with attributes.

1. The day was rainy. 2. The remark is very clever. 3 Her heart was kind .4. The bowl for suger. 5. The mountains were covered with snow. 6. The… 27. The snow was falling. 28. The doctor arrived. 29. The scholar has a famous…  

Exercise 3 . Point out the attribute and say what it is expressed by.

Exercise 4. Point out attributes and appositions.

1. On the third day there was sudden excitement down at the bend. 2. The landscape class, with stools and easels and sketch-boxes, trampled off…

Exercise 5. Point out the attribute and say by what it is expressed.

1.The first day's journey from Gaza to Ascalon was intolerably tedious. (Douglas) 2. What do you say to a stroll through the garden, Mr. Cockane?…  

Exercise 6. Point out the close and the loose apposition.

B. 1.WilliamLangland,the humanitarian poet of the XlVth cen­tury, deeply felt the social evils he saw around him. 2. Side by side with Langland… 3.The poet Pope was Shakespeare's second editor. 4.Jerome K. Jerome set… C. 1. Lally watched it all, she looked and , listened. (Coppard).2. That is his father, Sir Robert, a

Exercise 7. Point out the apposition and say whether it is close or loose.

THE ADVERBIASL MODIFIERS  

Exercise 1. State the kind of the adverbial modifier. Say what the adverbial modifier is expressed by.

2. All at once the sheep-dog leapt to its feet. (Bates). 3. Ben was too busy to hear him now ... (Aldridge). 4. Gabriel tried to cover his agitation by taking part in the dance with great energy. (Joyce).

Exercise 2. Insert the adverbial modifier in the appropriate place. Give more than variant if

Possible.

2. The climate has been damp (always, in these parts). 3. It rains in autumn (usually). 4. There is no deep river, except the Tamar (on the southern coast of England).

Exercise 3. Ask questions on the adverbial modifiers in bold type.

1. All the preparations happily completed, we left for the South.

2. I see them twice a week.

3. One must handle this apparatus with great care.

4. After a good rest I can go miles.

The tourists were tired having covered over 30 miles that day.

7. Though very busy they made up their minds to go to that concert by all means. 8. She opened the window to air the room. 9. We have been living here since 1930.

Exercise 5 . Make up sentences of your own using the following word combinations

As ad­verbial modifiers.

returning home, from time to time, from that day on, in a day or two, not until it was done, on that unforgettable day, with the flush of dawn;

Exercise 6. Point out the kind of adverbial modifier, and state by what it is expressed. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 7. Follow the direction for Exercise 6.

1.At the top of the stairs she paused to wave to him. (Douglas) 2. Marcellus accepted this information without betraying his amaze­ment. (Douglas)…  

Exercise 8. Point out all the adverbial modifiers expressed by Predicative Constructions. Translate into Russian.

4. I almost doubt whether I ought not to go a step farther, and burn the letter at once, for fear of its falling into wrong hands. (Collins) 5. Michelangelo went to Jacopo's side, ran his hand carresingly over the…  

SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS PARTS

Exercise 1. Point out homogeneous parts, define them and state what are they expressed by.

6. Algernon:Ah! that must be Aunt Augu­sta. Only relatives or creditors ever ring in that Wagnerian manner.(Wilde). 7. They could not have moved or…  

Exercise 2. Point out homogeneous parts and state how they are connected.

Exercise 3. Point out homogenous parts of the sentence, define them and say by what

They are expressed.

1.He had lived with this block for several months now, studied it in every light from every angle, in every degree of heat and cold. 2. He felt…  

Exercise 4. Point out the homogeneous parts in the following sentences. State their

1. The ascent was long and tiring. 2. Your objection is interesting, but not convincing. 3. They can, and get their small supplies from Calcutta. 4.…

Exercise 5. Join the following pairs and groups of sentences into one with homogeneous

Parts. Use the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, then, as well as or asyndetic type

Of connection.

Exercise 6.Analyse the following sentences according to the given form.

Clarice was waiting for me in my bedroom. (Du Maurier). It is a simple extended sentence. "Clarice" is the subject expressed by a proper… "for me" is a prepositional object expressed by a personal pronoun,…  

THE COMPOUND SENTECE

Exercise 1. Using suitable coordinating conjunctions, convert the following simple

Sentences into compound ones.

2. Thanks to the driver’s skill the old man was not knocked down. 3. Our work being completed, we may have a good rest. 4. For all his experience in this branch of science, he is sometimes compelled to consult the professor.

Exercise 2. Complete the following so that compound sentences should be formed.

2. Some people like hot weather, whereas (others, can’t stand…) 3. either you will buy the tickets, or (I, to ask…) 4. There are shedding leaves, for (autumn, to set in).

Exercise 3. Comment on the meaning of the coordinating conjunction and (addition, succes­sion or simultaneity; causative-consecutive or adversative meaning).

1. Rebecca's mother had had some education somewhere, and her daughter spoke French with purity and a Parisian accent. (Tha­ckeray). 2. She had already taken leave of him once ...; and now she had nothing to say, nothing whatever. (Bennett). 3. The relations between her and Fossette [the dog] were not marked by transports, and her rule over dogs in general was severe. (Bennett). 4. They were all tremendously great men, and the so-called experts were all tre­mendously sure they were right. (Berkeley). 5. A padding of unshod hoofs came up the lane, and three dim, dark shapes passed — ponies on an evening march. (Galsworthy). 6. The catastrophe came, and she was brought to the Mall as to her home. (Thackeray). 7. Susan was a princess and I was the equivalent of a swine-herd. 8. There was a pane missing in the kiosk and a cold wind blew in. (Braine). 9. That poor boy asked me to help him to get a chance to propose — and I sent them out for a walk. (Berkeley). 10. Constance, in addition to the sciatica, had caught a sneezing cold, and the act of sneezing caused her the most acute pain. (Bennett). 11. "He follows me around out here all Hie time, and I don't want him." (Dreiser). 12. On the instant she straightened up, and her eyes filled with a great pain. (Dreiser). 13. He laughed, and so did she. (Dreiser). 14. Then the bazooka shell burst on the tower and I was on my face again. (Greene). 15. The moon shone like day, and Nella had full opportu­nity to observe her quarry. (Bennett). 16. "... they've been married nearly ten years and they haven't had any children." (Braine) 17. "I gave Joe a lift home last night and we called at the St. Clair." (Braine). 18. Every bough was swinging in the wind, every spring bird calling, and a slanting sunlight dappled the grass. (Galsworthy).

Exercise 4. Make up one compound sentence by joining two simple ones with the help of the conjunction and; in the second clause use the English equivalent for the Rus­sian word «тоже».

Model: You don't like to have a tooth pulled out. I don't like to have a tooth pulled out. — You don't like to have a tooth pulled out, and I don't like it either.

1. You have not been to Uglich. I have not been there.

2. She does not like jazz-band. My people do not like jazz-band.

3. I never take medicine. She does not take medicine.

4. She is not fond of such kind of poetry. I am not fond of it.

5. My aunt never goes to football matches. My grandmother never 1 goes to football matches.

 

6. You never make spelling mistakes. My friend never makes spelling mistakes.

7. I do not go to the South in July. My sister does not go to the South in July.

 

Exercise 5. Join the following sentences into one using the conjunction so or neither. (Mind the order of words in the second clause of the compound sentence).

Model: 1) I am going to hear this concert. My sister is going to hear it too.— I am going to hear this concert, so is my sister.

2) Bananas don't grow in the North. Pine apples don't grow in the North either. — Bananas don't

grow in the North, neither do pine-apples.

 

1. He would have liked to be present at that lecture. I should have liked to be present at the. lecture too.

2. I have never been to Scandinavian countries. My. children have never been to Scandinavian countries either.

3.You are not responsible for this accident. Your husband is not responsible for it either.

4. But for the meeting I should have been at the concert yesterday. My fellow-students would have been there too.

5.I am greatly interested in this subject. My friend is also interest­ed in it.

Exercise 6. A. Oral exercises on the use of subject clauses.

Whatever she was right

That she was wrong

Who did it

What has been done is not clear yet.

admits of no doubt.

Which of them did it

Which way they went

Where it happened

When it took place

How they did it

Why he said so

B.

  It is not yet clear whether that where he will do it.
who which of the brothers   will come
when they why he
what she will answer
how they will react.

Exercise 7. Point out the coordinate clauses and comment on the way they are joined.

Exercise 8. Point out the coordinate clauses and comment on the syndetic and asyndetic connection. Translate into Russian.

Exercise 9. Translate into English using various types of compound sentences.

 

THE COMPLEX SENTECE

THE SUBJECT AND PREDICATIVE CLAUSES

Exercise 5. Point out subject clauses and the connectives they are introduced by: 1. Whatever he thought of her would not go beyond him. 2. … “ How that woman ever got into it (the world) with that name, is unaccountable to me”.

Exercise 7. Point out predicative clauses; state by what connectives they are introduced.

Exercise 8. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate connectives to join the predicative clauses: 1. He says Lowell did that during the twenty minutes she was there. That is ……

Exercise 9.Make up complex sentences with predicative clauses out of the following pairs of utterances. Choose connective words from the guiding question, otherwise usethat, whether, if, as if, as though.

Model: 1.What isthe condition? Must Mr. Halloway take part in the conference? – The condition is that Mr. Halloway should take part in the conference.

2. How did he look? Was he about to raise an objection? - He looked as if he were about to raise an objection.

 

1.Where can you find a man? Is this the puzzle? 2. What is the reason of Jim’s sulky look? Has he quarreled with Rosy? 3. Was the house deserted? How did it look? 4. How long will it take them to finish the calculation? Is this the point? 5. What is the question? Has he formed a definite opinion of this matter? 6. Didn’t she consider the young man suitable? Was this the problem? 7. Were they willing to agree? What was your understanding? 8. Is Mary pleased? What is your impression? 9. How did they get that information? Is this the puzzle? 10. Is John guilty? How does he look? 11. Will Pete accept our condition or won’t he? What is the problem? 12. Had Milly recovered from her flu? How did she feel? 13. Should your son first finish school? What is your plan? 14. Should we start anew? Is this the best way? 15. Were they expected at that time? How did it seem?

 

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences adding predicative clauses.

1.The difficulty is that ... . 2. The matter was that ... . 3. The thing is that ... . 4. The question was why (where, ... . 5. The problem was how…

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences into English using predicative clauses.

2. Вот ничего, чего я не мог. бы сделать (Б. Шоу) 3. Он чувствовал себя так, как будто заболевает (Драйзер). 4.Вот это меня и удивляет (Б. Шоу).

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English using subject and predicative clauses.

2. Вопрос в том, что оставил ли свой адрес. 3. Кажется, как будто он никогда и не был болен. 4. Путешествие по Средней Азии – как раз то, о чем он всегда мечтал.

THE OBJECT CLAUSE

Exercise 1. State whether the object clauses are introduced asyndetically or syndetically. In the latter case pick out connectives. Translate the sentences.

1. Florence: You must do whatever your conscience tells you to be right, Dr. Cumming.(Berkeley) 2. What Miss Fulton did, Bertha didn’t know .(Mansfield) 3. What is guarantee that my orders are not changed? (Hemingway) 4. She found that I listened to what she said…(Conan Doyle) 5. I do not blame the dog because I take it that it is his nature. (Jerome) 6. “I only want to remember what you have seen”, he said…(Greene) 7. I couldn’t tell who the speakers were. (Greene) 8. Lord : One can always tell from a woman’s bonnet whether she has got a memory or not. (Wilde) 9. Lady Hunstanton: I hope I shall remember that(Wilde) 10. Lady Hunstanton: I think there must have been thunder in the air. (Wilde) 11. Nella inquired where the Baroness meant to take lunch. (Bennett) 12. Lady Windermere: ... I don't see why a man should think he is pleasing a woman enormously when he says to her a whole heap
of things that he doesn't mean (Wilde). 13."I see how it is… (Bennett) 14. I was horribly afraid lest some one might walk up Salisbury Lane ... (Bennett). 15.I wondered if the bishop' wife saw theflush on my face ... (Du Maurier). 16. The bishop's wife wants to
know when we are going to give a fancy dress ball at Manderley,"I said... (Du Maurier). 17. Really impossible to tell which of the two was the better museum specimen ... (Galsworthy). 18. Lady Britomart: Andrew, I am exceedingly sorry I allowed you to call on us. (Shaw). 19. Dinny

felt suddenly that she was on very thin ice. (Galsworthy).

20...."I'm terribly glad I've met you at last."(Galsworthy). 21. "I wonder if you two ,ever began to understand each other." (Galsworthy).

Exercise 2. Oral exercise on the use of the object clause.

Exercise 3. A. Join the following simple sentences into one complex sentence containing

A subject, an object or a predicative clause.

1. What kind of books are you fond of? 1 should like to know it (2). 2. He told us many things about his journey. We are greatly inter­ested in it. 3. His children should be decent and educated people. He dreams about it. 4. What was going on in the street? I wondered at it. 5. Travelling by land is more interesting than travelling by sea. I don't think so. 6. He will keep his word. You may rely on it.

B. Complete the following sentences supplying subject, object or predicative clauses.

1. He has made up his mind ... 2. I didn't hear' ... 3. A little bit of pluck is ... 4. The trainer's instructions to the sportsman were ... 5. It was of vital importance ... 6. The trainer explained to them ... 7. I'll do just ... 8. His aim was ... 9. I take it ... 10. It is a pity ... 11. Do you understand...? 12. He felt ... 13. See to it ... 14. ... I really cannot imagine.

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate connectives to join the object clauses.

Exercise 5. Make up complex sentences with Object clauses according to the patterns:

Pattern I

Principal Clause Subordinate Clause

the verbto wish a)Subjunctive Mood of the type

were, spoke (had been, had spoken)

B) would+ Indefinite Infinitive

C) could+ Indefinite Infinitive or Perfect Infinitive

Might + Indefinite Infinitive or Perfect Infinitive

I wish (wished) she had been (could have been) here then. 1. The children wished… now. 2. My parents wish … last summer. 3. The father…  

Pattern II

Principal Clause Subordinate Clause

proposal, request, recommendation, b)Subjunctive mood of the type desire etc be, speak e.g.He suggests (suggested) that they should accompanyhim here.

Pattern II

Principal Clause Subordinate Clause

b) les t+ should+Indefinite Infinitive e.g. I’m afraid(that) they will (may) be late. I was afraid (that) they would be (might be) late.

Exercise 6 Translate the sentences into English using object clauses (for the verb forms see the patterns in Exercise 5).

Exercise 8 .Complete the sentences adding object clauses.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English using object clauses with the anticipatory

It.

1. Денни подарил Эндрю свой микроскоп, так как счи­тал маловероятным, что сам когда-нибудь будет им поль­зоваться (по Кронину) 2. Эндрю показалось странным, что один и тот же мужской голос отвечал, что инспектора нет дома (по Кронину). 3. Пайл совершенно ясно заявил Фуонг, что готов жениться на ней, если она предпочтет его Фауле-ру (по Г. Грину). 4. Кону нравилось, когда вся его семья могла выезжать в собственной машине (по Кронину). 5. Соме считал необходимым, чтобы члены акционерного общества знали эту горькую правду (по Голсуорси).

5. Эндрю сказал даме, что позаботится о том, чтобы ее дочь была помещена в одну из лучших больниц Лондона (по Кронину).

THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES

Exercise 1. Pick out the attributive clause and classify the clauses into restrictive and non-restrictive ones.

Exercise 2. Pick out the attributive clauses; point out the words the clause refer to; say whether clauses are introduced a) asyndetically, b) syndetically; define the connective.

1. Perhaps, he was just killed someone who wanted his money (Greene). 2. … Gabriel went away to a remote corner of the room where Freddy Malin’s mother was sitting (Joyce). 3. She has an opportunity which is offered to very few us (Maugham). 4. Ben… was having trouble with the valve that supplied the right amount of air (Aldridge). 5. Those were the days when there was something like singing to be heard in Dublin (Joyce). 6. That was the knife he had had no time to use (Aldridge). 7. He wanted to explain all he had felt and thought…(Aldridge). 8. She belonged to a world about which he knew nothing at all (Greene). 9. They had agreed that during the first evening they would avoid asking questions about how and why Emil had left Vienna (Warner). 10. The only person in the household with whom he seemed to feel at ease was Hannah(Warner). 11. We shall still… cherish in our hearts the memory of those dead and gone great ones whose fame the world will not willingly let die (Joyce). 12. I felt the same walking down Piccadilly after the war as I did as a youngster back from India (Galsworthy).

Exercise 3. Define the kinds of attributive clauses. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. It was the hour of rest in the immense courtyard which lay open to the sky (Greene). 2. The procession of cars well ahead of us by the time we started (Greene). 3. Then Harris, who was sitting next the window, drew aside the curtain and looked out the street (Jerome). 4. There is no doubt that my wife was bitterly jealous (C. Doyle). 5. There are times when all of us are afraid of him (C. Doyle). 6. … I have no distinct remembrance whether it pleased or frightened me (Dickens). 7. I had a strong impression that my company was not wanted (Greene).8. We were expected to work all the time, which appears reasonable enough (Braine).9. In the distance lay the park, where the trees were weighted with snow (Joyce). 10. A similar revolver she could concealed… in Miss Dunbar’s wardrobe after discharging one barrel, which she could easily do in the woods without attracting attention (C. Doyle).

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences adding attributive elauses with the connectives suggested in brackets. Give variants wher­ever possible, changing the place of the preposition and joining the clauses asyndetically.

1. He had to defend his views before his colleagues (мно­гие из которых) . . 2. They had an arrangement (по ко­торому) . . 3 The travellers arrived at the town (о котором)… . 4. The old man returned to the village (в которой) ... _ 5. In the provincial museum (в котором) ... they saw many relics of the Patriotic War of 1812. 6. The textbook (о которой) ... has at last been published. 7. He is not the kind of man (на которого) ... . 8. Give me the name of the student (с ко- торым)... . 9. Here is the book (за которой) ... . 10. We have done the best (что) ... . 11. I'll go anywhere, (куда) ... 12. By the time (когда) ... . 13. His room was in the corri- dor (в дальнем конце которого) ... . 14. Не came very late (что) ... . 15. I remember the day (когда) ... . 16. The sec­retary spoke very rudely (что)... . 17. This is the same moot problem (по поводу которой) ... .

Exercise 5. Make up complex sentences with relative attributive clauses according to the patterns.

Pattern I

antecedentintroduced bythat or all introduced bythat or everything

Pattern II

antecedent nounintroduced bythat or onlyasyndetic subordination any

Exercise 6. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate connectives or join the attributive clauses asyndetically, giving variants wherever possible.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences adding an appositive attributive clause or a relative attributive clause.

11. The problem which ... was to be discussed the next day. 12. The proposal that ... was accepted with enthusiasm. 13. I don't like the…

Exercise 8. Leave out the commas and explain the difference in the type of attributive clause and in the meaning which may result from the change.

In the first sentence the attributive clause is non-restric­tive. It gives additional information about the antecedent (the officer) and suggests…   1. The sonnet form, which was first used by the Portu­guese poet Luiz de Сатоёпэ in the 16th century, had been popular…

Exercise 9. Translate into English introducing the attributive clause

1. Машина, которая стоит напротив нашего дома, принадлежит моему знакомому. 2. Мои знакомый, машина которого сейчас стоит против нашего дома, опытный… 3. Мой знакомый, которому принадлежит эта машина, в прош­лом году ездил на ней в Крым.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into English using attributive clauses.

Exercise 11. Complete the sentences adding subject clauses, predicate clauses, object

Clauses or adverbial clauses of time and condition joined by when and if.

 

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF COMPARISON AND MANNER

Exercise 1. Point out the adverbial clauses of comparison or manner and define the

Conjunctions.

1.The intervals were never as long as they had seemed(Greene). 2. Roy was as sick as he expected to be (Aldridge). 3. It proved more difficult to get out of the Phat Diem area than it had been to get in (Greene). 4. Roy watched these two men as had never watched them before (Aldridge). 5. Roy was stretched to his full length moaning sometimes, as if he were in pain (Aldridge). 6. “He will not be long”, she said as though I needed comfort for his absence (Greene).

 

Exercise 2. Classify the subordinate clauses joined by as into adverbial clauses of comparison and manner, adverbial clauses of time or cause or attributive clauses.

1. Roy did as he was told, and as he felt the weight taken off his back he found it more difficult to stand (Aldridge). 2. Write that you decline to support this scheme of hers, as you hold it to a dishonest scheme (Whide). 3. The Coroner himself had had business relations with French persons in his capacity as a solicitor, and could assure such of the jury as had never been in France that they ought to allow for these different standards ( Sayers). 4. Scotty had liked Andy just as they had all liked him, but it was clear that he liked Andy no more (Aldridge). 5. I never saw such luck as that fellow had (Cronin). 6. Roy was so tired as he walked in the night that sleep seemed all the ultimate good that man could require (Aldridge). 7. I want you in my room and as Helen Burns is with you, she may come too (Bronte).

Exercise 3. Make up sentences with adverbial clauses of comparison according to the

Patterns.

Pattern I

Principal clause Subordinate clause

As if Subjunctive Mood of the type

e.g. She speaks (spoke) English so well as if she werea native. She looks(looked) so pale as though she had been ill for some time. A.1. She dances so well as if… 2. Why do you keep whispering as if … 3. He treated me so badly as though … 4. … as if…

Pattern I

Principal clause Subordinate clause

As if

As though Indicative Mood

e.g.He acts as if heis a coward.

He acted as if he was a coward.

B.1. He teaches them so well as if … 2. … as if he knows me. 3. She is reciting the poem in such a hurry as if … 4. … as tough he has lived here for ages. 5. They were packing so hastily as though … 6. … as if he is deaf. 7. … as if she does not know me. 8. Don’t run so fast as if … 9. She passed by without greeting as if… .

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences using adverbial clauses of comparison and manner.

 

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION

Exercise 1. Point out the adverbial clauses of condition and define the conjunctions. Point

Out the sentences with asyndetic subordination.

 

Exercise 2. Make up sentences with adverbial clauses of condition according to the

Patterns.

Pattern I

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Subjunctive Moodof the typeSubjunctive Moodof the

Should/would+ non-perfect were, spoke (had been, had spoken)

Or perfect infinitive

If I had read the article, I should know its contents. If I had been free(were free), I should have done it yesterday.  

Pattern II

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Subjunctive Moodof the type

Should/would+ non-perfect could, might + non-perfect or

Or perfect infinitive perfect infinitive

e.g. I should(would) helphim if I could (might). If he could (might) have helped you, he would have done it. B.1.If they could have sent the telegram, … 2. …. They would have started in time. 3. … if the girl might stay there…

Pattern III

Principal clause Subordinate clause

or perfect infinitive were, spoke (had been, had spoken) e.g. He could (might) accompany you there if he were free. Hecould (might) have accompaniedyou there if hehad been (were) free.

Pattern IV

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Subjunctive Moodof the typeSubjunctive Moodof the

Should/would+ non-perfect were to + non-perfect infinitive

Infinitive

D.1. If I were to come across this book, … 2. I should be delighted if I … 3. … she would let me know at once. 4. If the party were to arrive next week, … 5. … if you were to take part in the discussion. 6. … we should see all the places of interest. 7. Were I … I should certainly join in. 8. The doctor promised that if I were to … 9. Were you in my place … 10. If I were to arrange an evening party, … .

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences using adverbial clauses of condition.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

Exercise 1. Point out the adverbial clauses of concession and define the conjunctions.

1. And though I had been to school in the cities and had come to Europe, I was still a son of the tribe (Abrahams). 2. Even though it was winter,…

Exercise 2. Make up sentences with adverbial clauses of condition according to the

Patterns.

Pattern I

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Indicative Mood any connective Indicative Mood

e.g. The boy plays chess well though heis only ten years old. A. 1. Although Belgium … small it has a large population. 2. I won’t do it…

Pattern II

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Indicative Mood any connective a) may (might) + non- perfect

Perfect infinitive or

B) should+ non-perfect infinitive

e.g. a) He will not succeed however hard he may try. He did not succeed however hard he may have tried. He knew he would not succeedhowever hard he might try.

Pattern III

Principal clause Subordinate clause

Subjunctive Moodof the typeSubjunctive Moodof thetype

Should (would) speak were. spoke

  e.g. They would not come on time even though we warned them. They would not have come on time even though we had warned them.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences using adverbial clauses of concession.

1.Что бы ты там ни говорил, я буду поступать так, как решила. 2. Кто бы ни пришел, не мешайте мне. 3. Где бы он сейчас ни был, немедленно найдите его и приведите сюда. 4. Когда…

COMLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT

  1.When they reached the front it was dark, and the shutters were closed, so…  

Exercise 2. Use inverted word order in the complex sentences with adverbial clauses of

result according to the patterns:

Pattern I

Principal clause

e.g. Her joy was so great that she stood fascinated. - So great was her joythat she stood fascinated.   A.1. The summer night was so hot and still that through every opened window came in but hot air (Galsworthy). 2. His…

Pattern II

Principal clause

So + predicative + subject expressed by a pronoun

  B.1. She was so amused by his bland impudence that she laughed and overlooked…

Pattern III

Principal clause

So +adverbial modifier + subject expressed by a noun or pronoun

speak that we could hardly understand him. C.1.He ran so quickly the I couldn’t catch him (Hornby). 2. Marigny looked at…

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunctions and separate the adverbial

Clauses of result by a comma wherever necessary.

Exercise 4. Translate sentences into English using adverbial clauses of result. Give variants

With inverted word order wherever possible.

THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

Exercise 1. Point out conjunctions used to join the adverbial clauses of time.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using the appropriate tense of the verb. Refer the action in

The subordinate clause to the future.

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using adverbial clauses of time by since. Give variants

With different verb forms wherever possible.

Models: I haven’t seen them since that incident. -I haven’t seen them since that happened.

1.You have never reproached me once since our separation (Saxton). 2. I found Mr. Chon’s go-down. Nothing had changed since my last visit (Greene).…   Exercise 4.Make up sentences with adverbial clauses of time according to the patterns.

Pattern I

Principal clause Subordinate clause

It is … since a) Past indefinite b) Present perfect (non-continuous or continuous) e.g. a) It is two hours since I saw them last.

Pattern II

Principal clause Subordinate clause

 

It was … since a) Past Perfect

b) Past Indefinite

E.g. a) It was eight hours since the children had left.

  B.1.It was ages since … 2. It was a long while since … 3. It was over twenty…  

Pattern III

Principal clause Subordinate clause

 

Scarcely

Past perfect hardly when Past indefinite

 

E.g. He had scarcely entered the room when the bell rang.

Scarcely had he entered the room when the bell rang.

C.1. Mary had hardly seen her mother entered when … 2. … when she cried. 3. The doctor had scarcely examined the patient … 4. … when the train arrived. 5. Scarcely had … 6. The postman had hardly knocked at the door … 7. Hardly had the day broken … 8. … when the door was flung open. 9. … when the boy awoke.

 

Pattern IY

Principal clause Subordinate clause

 

No sooner + Past perfect than Past indefinite

e.g. He hadno sooner entered the room than the bell rang. D.1. She had no sooner left the house … 2. … than they rushed out of the room.…  

Exercise 6. Translate into English using while, as, when, as long as, till(until), before.

 

THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE

Exercise 1. Point out the adverbial clauses of place and define the conjunctions together

With the prepositions, if any.

1. We were invited to go back where he came from (Hughes). 2. From where he sat he could see a cluster of apple trees in blossom (Galsworthy). 3.…  

Exercise 2. Define the type of the subordinate clauses joined by where and state whether

Where is a conjunction, a connective or a relative adverb.

1. No one knew where the fighting was (Mitchell). 2. Turning to the right she ran down the side garden path to where she had seen the face…

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences and define the type of the subordinate clauses

Introduced by where.

 

Exercise 4. Translate into English using adverbial clauses of place.

1.Оставайся там, где ты есть! 2. Мы решили, в конце концов, оставить вещи там, где они были. 3. Ученик смотрел куда угодно, но только не туда, куда…  

THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CAUSE

Exercise 1. Point out the adverbial clauses of place and define the conjunctions together

With the prepositions, if any.

Exercise 2. Analyze the order of clauses and say whether the position of the adverbial

Clauses joine3d by different conjunctions is free or fixed.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the conjunctions because, for, since andas. 1.He refused to take money… he couldn’t give any guarantees that the treatment… Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English using adverbial clauses of cause:

THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using the appropriate tense of the verb. Refer the action in

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the sentences using adverbial clauses of time by since. Give variants

With different verb forms wherever possible.

He admitted that he had forgotten their faces since their meeting. - He admitted that he had forgotten their faces since they (had) met. 1.You have never reproached me once since our separation (Saxton). 2. I found…  

Exercise 4. Make up sentences with adverbial clauses of time according to the patterns.

Pattern I

Principal clause Subordinate clause

 

It is … since a) Past indefinite

e.g. a) It is two hours since I saw them last. b) It is two hours since she has been in the room. A.1. It is ten months since… 2. It is over a year since … 3. It is ages since… 4. It is eight hours since … 5. It is…

Pattern II

Principal clause Subordinate clause

 

It was … since a) Past Perfect

B) Past Indefinite

E.g. a) It was eight hours since the children had left.

  B.1.It was ages since … 2. It was a long while since … 3. It was over twenty…  

Pattern III

Principal clause Subordinate clause

 

Scarcely

Past perfect hardly when Past indefinite

 

E.g. He had scarcely entered the room when the bell rang.

Scarcely had he entered the room when the bell rang.

C.1. Mary had hardly seen her mother entered when … 2. … when she cried. 3. The doctor had scarcely examined the patient … 4. … when the train arrived. 5. Scarcely had … 6. The postman had hardly knocked at the door … 7. Hardly had the day broken … 8. … when the door was flung open. 9. … when the boy awoke.

 

Pattern IY

Principal clause Subordinate clause

No sooner + Past perfect than Past indefinite   e.g. He hadno sooner entered the room than the bell rang.

Exercise 5. Classify the subordinate clauses introduced by when into object clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses of time.

Exercise 6. Translate into English using while, as, when, as long as, till(until), before.

PARENTHETICAL CLAUSES

Exercise 1. Point out parenthetical clauses. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Exercise 2. Point out parenthetical clauses. Translate into Russian.

С О N T E N T

Section 1. The Simple sentence _________________________________

Section 2. The Subject ________________________________________

Section 3. The Predicate_______________________________________

Section 4. The Object _________________________________________

Section 5. The Attribute _______________________________________

Section 6. The Adverbial modifier ______________________________

Section 7. The Homogeneous parts of the sentence__________________

Section 8. The Compound sentence ______________________________

Section 9. The Complex sentence.

Complex sentence with Subject clauses ________________

Section 10. Complex sentence with Predicative clauses ____________

Section 11. Complex sentence with Object clauses_________________

Section 12. Complex sentence with Attributive clauses_____________

Section 13. Complex sentence with Adverbial clauses______________

 


 

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