Stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The term plosive is reserved for oral (non-nasal) stops: that is, stops with a release burst.
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word. The term is also used for similar patterns of phonetic prominence inside syllables.
Strong forms are the forms which can be observed in accented words.
Strong vowels in weak positions are the vowels the quantity of which are reduced in unstressed positions.
Syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
Teethridge is he ridge of gum behind the upper front teeth.
Trachea (see windpipe).
Transcription is the system of signs in which sounds are symbolized. Transcription represents sounding speech.
Uvula is a fleshy conical body suspended from the soft palate over the back of the tongue.
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).
Velum is the soft palate. When the soft palate is raised the air passes out of the mouth cavity, when it is lowered the flow of air is directed through the nasal;l cavity.
Vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation.
Voiced consonants are those, which a re pronounced with the vocal cords brought together and vibrating.
Voiceless consonants are those which are produced with the vocal cords taken apart and not vibrating.
Vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! [ɑː] or oh! [oʊ], pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! [ʃː], where there is a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract.
Vowel reduction is the term in phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word.
Windpipe is a trachea or air passage.
Word stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word.
Використана література
Основна:
1. Ерко О.К. A Practical Course of English Phonetics / Практическая фонетика английского языка. Учебное пособие. - Славянский дом книги, Логос, 2005.
2. Фонетика английского язика. Нормативній курс: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / Васиьев В.А. – M.: Высшая школа, 1985. – 256 с.
3. Манси Е.А. English Phonetics: Ученик. – Киев: «ИНКОС», 2005. – 207 с.
4. Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., Кантер Л.А. Практическая фонетика английского язика. – М.: ВЛАДОС, 2001. – 381 с.
5. Лукина Н.Д. Практический курс фонетики английского язика. – М.: Астрель, 2006. – 270 с.
6. Карневская Е.Б., Раковская Л.Д., Мисуно Е.А, Кузьмицкая. З.В. Практическая фонетика английского язика. – Минск: Симон, 2008. – 356 с.
7. Baker A. Ship or Sheep? An Intermediate Pronunciation Course. – Oxford, 2008. – 215 p.
Додаткова:
8. Паращук. В. Ю. Теоретична фонетика англійської мови: Навчальний посібник для студентів факультетів іноземних мов. - Вінниця, НОВА КНИГА, 2005. - 240 с.
9. Шевченко, Т.И. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка:Учебник/Т.И. Шевченко. - М.: Вьісшая школа, 2006. — 191 с. (На англ. яз.)
10. Leontyeva S.F. A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics. – M., 1980. – 221 p.
11. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course (Sokolova M.A. et al). – M., 1991. – 281 p.
12. Соколова Б.А., Гинтовт К.П., Тихонова И.С. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. – М., 1999. – 286 с.
13. Jonathan M. English Pronunciation in Use. Elementary. – Cambridge: - Cambridge University Press, 2007. – 166 p.
14. Hancock M. English Pronunciation in Use Intermediate. – Cambridge: - Cambridge University Press, 2003 – 342 p.
15. New Headway Pronunciation Course. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. – 147 p.
Навчальне видання
(англійською мовою)
Лужаниця Олена Іванівна
Практична фонетика англійської мови
Навчальний посібник
для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології
Рецензент Г.І. Приходько
Відповідальний за випуск С.М. Енікєєва
Коректор А. О. Неманежина